The dialectic ya Socrates monga luso kukambirana kulenga. zinthu Constituent. The dialogues ya Socrates

Munthu aliyense kamodzi pa moyo wanga atamva Socrates. Izi nzeru zapamwamba Greek anasiya kufufuza yowala m'mbiri osati Greece, komanso onse mu nzeru. Chochititsa chidwi phunziro la dialectic ya Socrates monga luso kukambirana kulenga. Njira anakhala maziko a ziphunzitso za nzeru zapamwamba wakale Greek. Nkhani yathu khama Socrates ndi ziphunzitso zake zimene inakhala maziko a chitukuko zina nzeru za sayansi.

Socrates: namatetule ndi disinterested

Za nzeru zapamwamba wotchuka ananena kwambiri makhalidwe ake mu chitukuko cha nzeru komanso sayansi anatchulidwa kangapo. Socrates chodabwitsa ankaona kuchokera kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino osiyana, ndi nkhani ya moyo wake anapeza mfundo zosaneneka. Kuti timvetse tanthauzo la mawu akuti "dialectic" ndipo n'chifukwa Socrates ankaganiza kuti iye anali yekhayo njira kudziwa choonadi ndi kubwera ukoma, muyenera kudziwa pang'ono za moyo nzeru zapamwamba wakale Greek.

Socrates anabadwa cha m'ma BC wachisanu m'banja la zosemasema ndi mzamba. Popeza cholowa cha atate wake, ndi lamulo, iye amayenera kutenga mkulu wa nzeru zapamwamba, ku m'badwo oyambirira analibe mtima wofuna kudzikundikira chuma, ndi nthawi yake yonse yopuma chifukwa chololera maphunziro. Socrates ali ndi luso kwambiri makupeka, amatha kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Komanso, iye anaphunzira luso ndi ataonera nkhani ankaphunzitsa, ndi Sophists amalimbikitsa ulamuliro wa anthu "Ine" malamulo onse, malangizo.

Ngakhale moyo eccentric a anthu osauka okhala m'mizindayo Socrates anali wokwatira ndipo anali ndi ana angapo ndipo linkatchedwa msilikali wolimba amene anatenga gawo mu Peloponnesian nkhondo. Mu moyo wake onse wafilosofi sanadzisiyira Attica ndipo ankaganiza miyoyo yawo kupitirira malire ake.

Socrates ananyoza chuma ndipo nthawi zonse opanda nsapato mu zovala kale bwino ankavala. Iye sanali kusiya ntchito ya sayansi kapena ntchito, monga nzeru zapamwamba ankakhulupirira kuti chidziwitso sangakhoze kuphunzitsidwa, ndi kudzala munthu. moyo n'kofunika kulikankhira pofunafuna chowonadi, ndi kuchita izi ngati kungokangana ndi zaphindu kukambirana ndi njira yabwino kwambiri. Socrates kawirikawiri mlandu kusatsatira mwa ziphunzitso zake, koma iye anali wokonzeka kuti agwirizane kukambirana ndi kumva maganizo a mdani wa. Oddly zokwanira, kunapezeka kuti njira yabwino mogwira mtima. Pafupifupi aliyense amene kamodzi anamva Socrates, anamuitana munthu wanzeru.

Imfa nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri moti sindingathe zodabwitsa chabe, wakhala kutambasuka zachilengedwe a moyo wake ndiponso ziphunzitso. Atadzudzulidwa kuti Socrates akuononga malingaliro a achinyamata ndi milungu yatsopano amene si milungu ya Athens, nzeru zapamwamba anamuweruza. Koma iye sanayembekezere chiweruziro ndi mlandu ndi chilango akufuna ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa poizoni. Imfa mu nkhani iyi, ndi mlandu chinaoneka monga kulanditsidwa ku zachabechabe lapansi. Ngakhale kuti anzake anapereka kupulumutsa nzeru zapamwamba m'ndende, iye anakana ndipo stoically anaphedwa pambuyo kukhazikitsidwa kwa mbali poizoni. Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, mu chikho zinali hemlock.

A zikoti zochepa chithunzi mbiri ya Socrates

chakuti nzeru zapamwamba Greek anali umunthu modabwitsa Ndizachidziwikire pambuyo malongosoledwe a moyo wake. Koma ena chikunena zimaonetsa Socrates makamaka yowala:

• Iye nthawi zonse anali yekha mawonekedwe labwino, akuchita zosiyanasiyana zokambirana komanso kuti zimenezi ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri thanzi la malingaliro;
• nzeru zapamwamba kutsatira zina pa makina chakudya kuti lilibe pa muyeso, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kupereka thupi zofunikira zonse (mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti izi ndi zimene Adam'teteza ku mliri pa Peloponnesian nkhondo);
• Iye analankhula kudwala magwero olembedwa - iwo ali, monga Socrates, kufooketsa malingaliro;
• Ku Atene anali wokonzeka nthawi pokambirana ndi kufufuza za akhoza kuyenda makilomita ambiri, kupempha anamatetule losadziwika.

Kuyambira cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, pa nthawi ya chitukuko apamwamba maganizo, ambiri ayesetsa kuti mufotokozere ndi Socrates ndi ntchito zake ndi makhalidwe pamaso, ndi predispositions. Koma akatswiri si anavomera, ndipo cholephera iwo anatsutsika wolakwa pa mlingo wa mfundo zodalirika "mtima."

Pamene tinalandira ziphunzitso za Socrates

The nzeru za Socrates - ndi dialectic - Kodi maziko a nzeru ambiri ndi malangizo. Wakhala anakwanitsa kukhala maziko akatswiri a masiku ano ndiponso odziŵa kulankhula pagulu, pambuyo pa imfa ya Socrates, otsatira ake kupitiriza ntchito ya mphunzitsi, kupanga sukulu zatsopano ndi yosintha njira kale. The vuto amaonera chiphunzitso Socrates 'ndi yonena za ntchito zake. Ife tikudziwa za nzeru wakale Greek kudzera Plato, Aristotle, ndipo Xenophon. Aliyense wa iwo amaona za ulemu kulemba essays angapo pa Socrates ndi ziphunzitso zake. Ngakhale kuti wafika nthawi yathu mu kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, musaiwale kuti wina wolemba likubweretsa kutanthauzira choyambirira cha mtima wake ndi zowawa za subjectivity. N'zosavuta kuona amayerekezera Mabuku a Plato ndi Xenophon. Iwo ali osiyana kwathunthu pofotokoza Socrates yekha zochita zake. Mu ambiri mphindi kiyi olemba wachibadidwe kutsutsana nazo kuti kwambiri amachepetsa kudalirika kwa ntchito ali mudziwe awo.

Nzeru za Socrates: chiyambi

Zosowa zakale dialectic ya Socrates anakhala zatsopano ndi atsopano masiku anakhazikitsa miyambo ya nthanthi ya Greece wakale. Ena a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira zikamera wa totere wotchulidwa monga Socrates kwambiri zachilengedwe ndi kuyembekezera. Malinga ndi malamulo ena a chilengedwe chonse cha khalidwe lililonse pa nthawi imene ambiri ankafunika. Ndipotu palibe wina lachipembedzo chiyani osadzuka balamanthu ndipo amapita kulikonse. Uli ngati mbewu zinagwa pa nthaka yachonde zomwe zimamera ndi kubala zipatso. analogies amenewa angathe kuchitidwa ndi zikayenda onse sayansi ndi zoyambitsidwa, monga iwo m'malembo zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu mfundo zina kusintha mbiri wotsatira wa chitukuko wonse.

The Tinganenenso chimodzimodzi za Socrates. M'zaka za zana lachisanu BC, luso ndi sayansi kutukuka kwambiri. Zonse pali magulu atsopano nzeru zaumunthu, nthawi yomweyo wapeza otsatira. Mu Athens, izo anali wotchuka kwambiri ndi kuchita mpikisano wa oratory kapena kukambirana pa nkhani mwamsanga chidwi kuti ndondomeko lonse. Choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti dialectic ya Socrates adanyamuka m'mbuyo ake. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amati, malinga ndi malemba a Plato, Socrates ankaphunzitsa monga nkhondo pakati pa nzeru za anthu ambiri Sophists, Preti chikumbumtima ndi kumvetsa Athens mbadwa.

Magwero a dialectic ya Socrates

dialectics zotengera malingaliridwe Socrates kwathunthu chosiyana kwa chiphunzitso cha sophists wa predominance wa munthu "Ine" pa anthu onse. Chiphunzitsochi anali wotchuka kwambiri mu Attica ndipo kwambiri anayamba ndi Agiriki. Iwo ankanena kuti makhalidwe a sukhala ndi malangizo alionse, chifukwa cha zochita zake zochokera zilakolako ndi luso. Komanso, nzeru za nthawi zinali maganizo awo pa kufufuza zinsinsi za chilengedwe ndi chofunikira cha Mulungu. Asayansi mpikisano waluso polankhula, kukambirana chilengedwe cha dziko, nafunafuna mmene ndingathere zinapatsira ndi maganizo ofanana anthu ndi milungu. The Sophists ankakhulupirira kuti malowedwe mu zinsinsi apamwamba a anthu kupereka mphamvu zazikulu ndi kulipanga kukhala mbali ya chinthu chodabwitsa. Ngakhale uliri panopa, munthu ali womasuka ndipo akhoza amawathandiza zochita zake zokha zosowa zawo zobisika.

Socrates anali woyamba kuyang'ana anasolola za akatswiri pa munthu. Iye anatha kupangitsa dera chidwi la Mulungu kwa munthu ndi yosavuta. Chidziwitso cha munthu wamkulu njira yoyenera kukwaniritsa nzeru ndi ukoma, amene Socrates kuvala mlingo chomwecho. Iye anakhulupirira kuti zinsinsi za m'chilengedwe ayenera kukhala patsogolo Mulungu, koma munthu ayenera loyamba kuphunzira dziko kupyolera yekha. Ndipo kunali kuti iye membala a mtundu wabwino, chifukwa chidziwitso chokha chingatithandize kusiyanitsa chabwino ndi choipa ndi mabodza choonadi.

Ethics ndi dialectic ya Socrates mwachidule za zazikulu

Mfundo yaikulu ya Socrates mwa kungoona mfundo yosavuta anthu. Ankaona kuti anayenera mokoma kukankhira ophunzira ake kufunafuna choonadi. Pambuyo Pofunafuna ili ndi ntchito yaikulu ya nzeru. mava awa ndi chifaniziro cha sayansi ndi njira wosatha anali mwamtheradi atsopano azimuth mwa anzeru a ku Girisi. Wafilosofi kudzitcha yekha mtundu wa "Mzamba" imene mpheto yosavuta limakupatsani abadwe ngati njira zatsopano maganizo ndi chiweruzo. Socrates sanatsutse kuti munthu ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu, koma ankanena kuti nzeru ndi kumvetsetsa palokha ayenera kutsogolera malamulo a khalidwe chimango kutembenukira mu mndandanda wa mfundo abwino.

Kuti ndi nzeru za Socrates amatsogolera munthu pa njira ya kafukufuku, pamene sititha ndi chidziwitso anafunika kamodzinso kuyambitsa mafunso. Koma njira iyi akanapereka chiphaso makhalidwe lofotokozedwa nzeru. Nzeru zapamwamba ananena kuti kudziwa zabwino, anthuwa sangachite zoipa. Choncho amaika moyo wake chimango, amene kudzakuthandizani kuti kulibe anthu, ndi kumubweretsa phindu. mfundo zoyenera kutsatiridwa ndi limodzi ku kudzikonda, iwo ali, malinga ndi ziphunzitso za Socrates, kutsatira mzake.

Koma chidziwitso cha choonadi ndi kubadwa kwake ndi Zimatheka chifukwa cha kulingalira m'zigawozigawo wa nkhaniyi. The dialogues ya Socrates pa mutu womwe ndi chida kupeza choonadi, chifukwa yekha mu mkangano, aliyense mdani ananena mfundo yake maganizo, tikhoza kuona kubadwa kwa chidziwitso. Dialectics amafuna zokambirana kudziwa choonadi chonse, aliyense mkangano zikuchoka counterargument, ndipo akupitiriza kukwaniritsa mtheradi cholinga - kuphunzira.

Mfundo za dialectics

zinthu Constituent dialectic Socrates wosavuta. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito m'moyo wawo wonse, ndi mwa iwo anadzudzula choonadi ophunzira ake ndi otsatira. Iwo akhoza mwachidule motere:

1. "Kudziwa wekha"

mawuwa anakhala maziko a nzeru za Socrates. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti kunali koyenera kuyamba nazo Kafukufuku onse, chifukwa chidziwitso cha dziko lilipo kwa Mulungu yekha, koma munthu ndinadzozedwa tsoka osiyana - ayenera kufunafuna kudziwa okha ndi maluso awo. Wafilosofi ankakhulupirira kuti ndi mlingo wa kudziletsa kudziwa aliyense wa anthu zimadalira chikhalidwe ndi maganizo a mtundu wonse.

2. "Ine ndikudziwa kuti ine sindikudziwa kanthu"

Mfundo imeneyi imapanga anasankha Socrates mwa nzeru ena wina ndi anzeru. Aliyense wa iwo amati thupi apamwamba a chidziwitso choncho okhonza kuzitcha okha anzeru. Socrates anali kufunafuna njira kuti sangathe anamaliza zolemba. Malire a kutsitsimuka kwa munthu ikhoza kusunthidwa yekha osawerengeka, kotero nzeru zatsopano kudziwa amakhala chabe sitepe pa njira mafunso latsopano ndi kusaka.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale Delphic masomphenya ndinaganiza Socrates ndi wanzeru. Pali nthano imene imati, pakumva za izo, nzeru zapamwamba anadabwa kwambiri ndipo anaganiza pikhadacita zoterozo makhalidwe ndi aulemu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anafunsa mafunso ambiri Attica anazindikira kuti anthu ambiri anzeru, nadza ku mapeto zodabwitsa: anamuzindikira monga anzeru, chifukwa iye sichidziwa kudzitamanda A kudziwa kwawo. "Ine ndikudziwa kuti ine sindikudziwa kanthu" - izi ndi nzeru apamwamba, kudziwa mtheradi alipo wokha kwa Mulungu ndipo sangathe yopatsidwa kwa munthuyu.

3. "Ukoma - kuti kudziwa"

Mfundo imeneyi ndi yovuta kwambiri kuwerenga mabwalo onse, koma Socrates kuti nthawi kukangana mfundo za nzeru za anthu. Iye anati munthu aliyense amayesetsa kuchita zokhazo zimene mtima amafuna. Ndipo akungofuna wokongola ndi zodabwitsa, kotero kumvetsa ukoma, amene ali okongola kwambiri, tidzapeza zaphindu zonse pa mfundo imeneyi.

Tinganenenso kuti aliyense wa amenewa ya Socrates zikhoza kuchepetsedwa kwa zinsomba zitatu:

• kudziletsa nzeru;
• nthanthi kudzichepetsa;
• kupambana kwa kudziwa ndi ukoma.

The dialectic ya Socrates ankaimira kayendedwe ka chikumbumtima kumvetsa ndi kukwaniritsa mfundo. Nthawi zambiri, cholinga chachikulu amakhalabe kovuta, ndi funso - funso lofuna.

The njira Socratic

Dialectics, analengedwa ndi nzeru zapamwamba Greek limaphatikizapo njira kutenga njira wodzilamulira nzeru ndi kupeza choonadi. Iwo ali zipangizo zofunika zochepa, amene lero akhala bwino ntchito mwa nzeru ena a mafunde osiyana:

1. Izitu n'zovutitsa

Popanda mphamvu kuseka pa nokha n'zosatheka kumvetsa bwino za mfundo. Ndipotu, malinga ndi Socrates, motsimikiza kudziletsa chitsimikizo cha chikonzero cha kumabwezera mmbuyo chitukuko ndi maganizo ndi sikulola kukayikira. Kuchokera pa njira ya Socrates, Plato ankanena kuti nzeru umachokera modzidzimutsa. Iwo amatha kupanga munthu kukaikira ndi patsogolo motero yokulirapo pa njira ya kudziletsa anapeza. The dialectic ya Socrates ntchito nkhani wamba ndi anthu a Athens, kaŵirikaŵiri kwachititsa kuti ngakhale ndi chikhulupiriro kwambiri kudziwa za Agiriki anayamba kuona kukhumudwa mwa Iye yekha yemweyo. Tinganene kuti mbali imeneyi ya njira ya Socrates ndi zofanana mfundo yachiwiri dialectic lapansi.

2. maieutics

Maieutics akhoza kutchulidwa sitepe yamasika Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, imene munthu amapanga choonadi ndi njira kumvetsetsa nkhaniyo. Zochita izo zikuwoneka motere:

• anthu kuchotsa kudzikuza;
• akukumana anadabwa ndi kutikhumudwitsa umbuli wake ndi kupusa;
• akubwera kuti m'pofunika kufufuza choonadi;
• Iwo traverses kuyankha njira mafunso amene amafunsidwa ndi kuchepetsa;
• Yankho lirilonse latsopano zinagwira funso zotsatirazi;
• pambuyo mafunso angapo (ndipo ambiri a iwo akhoza kumatanthauza mu kukambirana tokha) chizindikiro cha choonadi chawochawo wabadwa.

Socrates ankanena kuti nzeru - izo sikumatha kuti imeneyi si kuwasandutsa mtengo malo amodzi. Pankhaniyi n'zotheka kulosera za "imfa" a nzeru zapamwamba, amene wayamba motsimikiza.

Maieutics ndi limodzi kuchokera kukambirana ndi. Kuti iwo akhoza kukhala odziwa, ndi Socrates anaphunzitsa anzake ndi otsatira kufunafuna choonadi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mofanana ndi mafunso abwino ndi ofunika ndi ena, ndi iyeyo. Nthawi zina, ndi funso kudzifunsa kuti wayamba yovuta ndiponso kutsogolera bwino.

3. kupatsidwa ulemu

Chinthu chapadera wa dialogues Socratic kuti choonadi n'kosatheka. Ndi cholinga, koma nzeru palokha ndi chobisika kayendedwe kumafano izi. Mwaphuma kupeza ndipo pali dialectic mu mawonetseredwe yosavuta za izo. Kumvetsa, monga Socrates - uwu si kuloŵerera choonadi, monga chakudya, koma tanthauzo la zinthu zofunika ndi njira iyo. M'tsogolo, munthu amafuna yekha chitsogolo, omwe sayenera anasiya.

Dialectics: magawo a chitukuko

The dialectic ya Socrates anali woyamba, ndipo wina akhoza kunena, sitepe zachirengedwe chitukuko cha nzeru latsopano. Iwo anatuluka mu zana lachisanu BC ndipo kenako anapitiriza kukhala mwachangu. masiteji mbiri ya dialectic ya Socrates ena anzeru okha kuti yachitika atatu aakulu, koma zoona zake ankaimira mndandanda zosavuta:

• nzeru wakale;
• nzeru akale;
• Kubadwa Kwatsopano nzeru;
• nzeru Modern;
• German nzeru chakale;
• nzeru Marxist;
• Russian nzeru;
• amakono Western nzeru.

mndandanda limalongosola umboni kuti dera iyi mu magawo mbiri imene anthu wadutsa. N'zoona kuti aliyense wa iwo dialectic ya Socrates analandira kutsogolera kwambiri chitukuko, koma nzeru ano zikugwirizana ndi izo ambiri mwa mfundo ndi mawu amene anaonekera kwambiri kenako imfa nzeru zapamwamba wakale Greek.

Pomaliza

Socrates mphatso za chitukuko cha nzeru ano sayansi kwambiri. Iye analenga latsopano njira sayansi kufufuza choonadi ndi mphamvu anthu inasanduka yekha, kumupatsa mpata wophunzira mbali zake zonse za "Ine" ndi kuonetsetsa wokhulupirika kuti: ". Ndikudziwa kuti ine sindikudziwa kanthu"