Tcheyamani wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR - mndandanda wa mbali ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Tcheyamani wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR zoona, mutu wa boma la Soviet, kuyambira 1936 mpaka 1989. Nthawi imeneyi, iwo unali udindo waukulu anthu mu USSR. Chisankho cha mutsogoleli wadziko zinachitika pa msonkhano olowa imene onse a Komiti adalawa, ukadakhala wa Bungwe la Supreme.

Woyamba anali ndani?

Tcheyamani wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR anaonekera mu Soviet Union mu 1936. positi wakhala anayambitsa ndi lamulo lalikhulu ladziko latsopano. Ndipotu, iwo akhala kuchiyang'anira atsogoleri CEC wa Union of Soviet Socialist mayiko. Ilo linali dzina la malo ofanana pamaso. Ndipotu, onse kunyumba ndi kunja, munthu aliyense yemwe anali malo, ankaona mutu wa boma. Ndipo mu West amangonena kuti inunso Purezidenti wa Republic Soviet.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Soviet Union mwalamulo anachita mutu onse a boma. Zochita anapangidwa pamodzi ndi onse amene anali membala wa presidium, popanda kupatulapo. Ndi thupi limodzi kuti apereke malamulo anatsimikiza chitukuko cha chipangizo ndi dziko lonse, yoikidwiratu ndipo anauza mwa mayiko, iye kupereka malangizo ndi mendulo.

Pankhaniyi Ndipotu, ambiri a mphamvu mu manja a Mlembi General wa Soviet Communist Party, osati ang'onoang'ono amazilamulira anali mutu wa Bungwe la Commissars anthu.

M'mbiri yonse ya USSR malo Mlembi General wa Party ndi wapampando wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR kangapo anali pamodzi. Makamaka, zikatero unkachitika ndi 70 ana kuti kuwonongedwa kwa positi ndi zosokoneza pang'ono.

positi potsiriza anathetsa pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kusintha ndi kusinthidwa kwa Constitution la chaka cha 1988. mphamvu zonse za presidium sakubwera kwa wapampando wa Supreme Soviet la USSR. Pamene anakhazikitsa malo Pulezidenti wa USSR, anthu kuti agwilitse udindo uwu, panali nthumwi yekha ntchito. Iwo makamaka MUKACHULUKIDWE chakuti kuchititsa magawo anzake a Chambers lapansi.

Woyamba anali Mikhail Kalinin

Woyamba m'mbiri ya boma Soviet Mihail Ivanovich Kalinin anatenga malo. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Constitution la tcheyamani kale anali osankhidwa pa chigawo kuyambira ku Bungwe la Supreme, umene unachitika pa chiyambi cha 1938.

Kalinin anali kuimira otchuka kayendedwe chosintha. Wotchuka gulu ndi boma atsogoleri. Posakhalitsa pambuyo chikominisi anayamba kulamulira, anayamba kutchedwa "Onse-Russian zinyama."

wachiwiri wake woyamba Kalinin yoikidwiratu Nikolai Mikhailovich Board Wachiwiri Shvernika amene Kenako anasiya iye mu positi.

Pamene nkhondo ndi Nazi Germany, chinapezeka kuti Kalinin anali kudwala. Iye kuchotseredwa ntchito yake, amene adatenga Shvernik. Pasanathe miyezi itatu wapampando loyamba la Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR atamwalira ndi khansa matumbo.

chipani wopulumuka

Pambuyo Kalinin ndi Shvernika kutembenukira kutsogolera presidium anabwera umboni kwa kutalika kukhala mu Politburo a Komiti chapakati cha Party Communist, nkhondo ngwazi Kliment Voroshilov.

Ngakhale kuti Voroshilov anali nawo mapangidwe mndandanda imfa (siginecha ake pa mndandanda wa 185, malinga ndi zimene anachita kuwomberedwa anthu oposa 18 zikwi), chaka cha imfa Stalin iye anasankhidwa wapampando watsopano wa Bungwe la Supreme. Komano, zikuonekeratu. Ngakhale malamulo a debunking mwambo wa umunthu ku Soviet Union sichinafikebe, ndi chofunika kutsimikiziridwa ndi odalirika anthu mwa atsogoleri a boma.

Pa nkhondo ndi Germany ndi Voroshilov analamula Leningrad Front. Pa mutu wa presidium anakhala zaka 7, ndiye iye anatsalira membala.

Wokondedwa Leonid Ilyich

Mu 1960, Voroshilov m'malo ndi Leonid Brezhnev. Tcheyamani wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR, lomwe zalembedwa mu nkhani ino, popeza nthawi zambiri kenako unachitikira malo mlembi wamkulu. Woyamba mu munda anakhala Brezhnev, amene anakhala Mlembi General mu 1964. Chisankho Brezhnev wapampando wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR chinachitika pamene anali ndi zaka 54.

Mu 1964 izo m'malo ndi wina yotchuka kwambiri ndi otchuka pa nthawi andale Union, amene anayamba ntchito yake pansi Lenin, Anastas Mikoyan. Iye anatumikira mu positi zaka theka.

lothandiza Podgorny

Mu December 1965, positi anasankhidwa Nikolai Podgorny. Tcheyamani wa Supreme Soviet la USSR anali wochokera Chiyukireniya Communist Party Committee, lomwe apadera ali wamkulu m'munda wa makampani kuwala.

Anzawo anam'chitira mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Mikoyan mwachindunji adamnenera Iye atagona ndi wonyozedwa izo. Iye ananena nkhani ya mmene pankhondoyo Podgorny analangizidwa kuti atuluke shuga fakitale Voronezh. ntchito yoopsa chidachitika, koma Nicolai, woopa moyo wake, pa mbewu ndipo alibe anapita kukanena pa nthawi yomweyo, Yesu kuyang'anira kuthawa. Mikoyan mabodza amenewo sindikanakhoza kupirira.

Podgorny wapampando wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR watha kukhala mu 1977, popeza ntchito mu udindo uwu pafupifupi zaka 12. malo ake anataya pa XXV Congress wa chipanichi, pamene anafika Brezhnev ankaopa kuti Podgorny, kugwiritsa ntchito boma osauka a thanzi la Mlembi-General wa, akhoza kuyika amati malo ake. Choncho, pa msonkhano wa mamembala chipani anali mu chisomo, kuti Brezhnev ophatikizana maudindo onse. Motero, udindo, ndilo nkhani imeneyi, Brezhnev anabwerera. Iye anakhala wapampando wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR (1977 - 1982). Mu 1982, iye anamwalira. Policy panthawiyo anali ndi zaka 75.

Nthawi imeneyi wapereka thandizo Magomet Gettuev, wachiwiri wapampando wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR.

kaphatikizidwe miyambo

Pambuyo Brezhnev anakhala chipani mwambo kuphatikiza positi, omwe ali odzipereka kwa nkhani ino, ndi malo Mlembi General wa chipanichi.

Kupatula Vasiliya Vasilevicha Kuznetsova, amene mongoyembekezera unachitikira positi kuyambira November 1982 ndipo June 1983, kuyambira February kuti April 1984, ndipo kuchokera March kuti July 1985, kukuchititsa zimenezi unachitikira pafupifupi atsogoleri onse wotsatira wa boma la Soviet.

Azondi boma

M'chaka cha 1983, pa de A facto mutu wa boma anali mtsogoleri wakale wa dziko la Soviet ziwalo chitetezo Yuri Andropov. Komabe, mwachangu kugwira ntchito zawo Yuri sakanakhoza. Atangochoka udindo wake iye anapezeka ndi matenda aakulu. Iye anagwira pafupifupi popanda kuchoka panyumba pathu. Posakhalitsa zapita chifukwa cholephera impso, zaka zambiri adzazunzidwa ndi gout.

The sakhalitsa nyengo Konstantin Chernenko

Mu April 1984, iye m'malo mwa Konstantin Chernenko. Iye analamulira chaka chimodzi ndi masiku 25, anamwalira chifukwa chakuti mtima.

anabadwa nthumwi

Mu July, 85-chaka positi mutu wa presidium anatenga Andrei Gromyko. Andrei anali nthumwi, anayamba ntchito yake mu makomiti chipani nkhondo isanayambe, pamene Malenkov ndi Molotov. Gromyko anayamba kuimira zofuna za Soviet Union mu mabungwe zingapo zofunika mayiko - Bungwe la Security ndi UN.

Kenako, pafupifupi zaka 30, motsogozedwa ndi a Unduna Woona za okhonda. Iyo inali nthawi ya ntchito yake zamtendere anabwera mwina kwambiri kwambiri magawo "ozizira" nkhondo. Relations ndi United States ndi nucleated North Atlantic Alliance anali kuvutitsidwa kwambiri. kufunika chimodzi chokha mukumbukira kuti mu 60s oyambirira dziko anali pafupi pafupi kuyambira nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Komabe, atsogoleri a USSR ndi USA mapeto sanalole ndi oopsa Inde zochitika. yofunika kwambiri imeneyi nyimbo ndi akazembe amene anatsogolera njira izi.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti atatsala pang'ono udindo wake kwa plenum a Komiti chapakati ya Soviet Communist Party anali Gromyko akufuna kuti malo mlembi wamkulu wa wamng'ono, ndiye pang'ono odziwika Mihaila Gorbacheva.

Gorbachev nawonso alandira positi choyamba mu chipani, adalawirana Gromyko ku Unduna Woona za okhonda. Woika wamng'ono ndipo zingamuthandize, izo zinkawoneka kuti iye, Eduard Shevardnadze. Gromyko chomwecho mu kubwerera analandira malo wapampando wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet imene nthawi imeneyo pafupi kwathunthu anataya ufulu ndi kufunikira kwake. Ndipotu, Gromyko ntchito ngati ambiri ukwati.

Tcheyamani lotsiriza la Presidium wa USSR Supreme Soviet

Gromyko anali atachitanso kuti positi ndi Mikhail Gorbachev. Iye anakhala wapampando wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR (1985 -1988). Choyamba wachiwiri anaikidwa kukhala m'tsogoleri wina wotchuka chipani Anatoly Lukyanov, unaonekera patapita mbali ya kulanda boma, koma amnestied chisankho cha Purezidenti Boris Yeltsin ku Russia, komanso anthu ena ambiri a zokhumba za.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, zinthu anakula mu mayiko ambiri mitundu. Youth Zapita kulankhula ku boma la Kazakhstan, kale anayambika Karabakh ndi Chijojiya-South Ossetian mikangano. Iwo kukuwonjezera zinthu ku Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia ndi Transnistria. Amada zinthu zinali bwanji mu ambiri a mayiko a Soviet.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Gorbachev anapanga zinthu zofunika kwa chigamulocho wa Cold nkhondo. Makamaka, lopitirira mapangano leni Kusiya anali anasaina. Izi zinaphatikizapo chakuti dziko adzachotsa mivi intermediate- ndi wamfupi-osiyanasiyana. siginecha wake kugwirizana ndi kuika Pulezidenti US Ronald Reagan.

Komabe, demokalase kusinthika ndi kukonzanso incipient sikuloledwa Gorbachev yaitali kwambiri mphamvu. Ndipo ndithu udindo wa wapampando wa Presidium za Supreme Soviet posakhalitsa anathetsa. Choncho Gorbachev anali wandale wotsiriza amene anachita izo.

Ndicho chimene malo unachitikira mu zaka osiyana:

• Mikhail Kalinin;
• Nikolai Shvernik;
• Kliment Voroshilov ;
• Leonid Brezhnev;
• Anastas Mikoyan;
• Nikolai Podgorny;
• Vasily Kuznetsov;
• Yuri Andropov;
• Konstantin Chernenko;
• Andrei Gromyko;
• Mikhail Gorbachev.

Mu malo ya wapampando wa Presidium wa USSR anadza kwa pulezidenti. Iwo anakhala Gorbachev yekha. Ndiyeno Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin amene anasintha masamba angapo a mbiri Russian.

Pomaliza, mutu wa boma Gorbachev yekha anachoka mu 1991, pambuyo kusaina boma la pangano Bialowieza pa kutha kwa alipo USSR.