Synchrony - izo ... synchronic ndi diachronic zilankhulo mu

Zilankhulo - si sayansi yosavuta. Zikuoneka kuti kuphunzira chinenero si zotheka mpaka mapeto, koma kwambiri akatswiri ndi zaka zambiri kuyesera mme- zochita za chitukuko, kukhazikitsa ena regularities, kudziwa zinthu zokhudza kusintha kwa iye. Mu ntchito ofufuza ambiri kawirikawiri ankakumana ndi mawu akuti "diachrony ndi synchrony", lomwe limapanga malire kuphunzira m'zinenero ziwiri. Chimene chinapangitsa mawu awa ndi chifukwa iwo bwanji chiphunzitso cha zilankhulo?

Yambani mafotokozedwe

chilankhulo Synchronic ndi diachronic ikukhudzana bwanji ndi mfundo nthawi. Mbali yoyamba, chinenero ndi kuwamva monga dongosolo malo amodzi, ndi cholinga cha kuphunzira zilankhulo ndi uliri pa mphindi iliyonse.

Pankhani ya diachronic zamoyo zambiri, zonse zotsatira zake imakonzedwa mu mtundu wa zinayendera, kenako chinenero wofunika ake panopa zinthu. Ngati Pali kufanana ndi ntchito ya I. A. Boduena de A Courtenay, Polish zilankhulo za 19 m'ma, tikuona kuti synchronic ndi diachronic - izo ziri chimodzimodzi chinthu monga statics ndi mphamvu, motero.

Ferdinand de Saussure ndi chiphunzitso chake

Kwa nthawi yoyamba anayambitsanso mfundo izi mu zilankhulo Swiss Ferdinand de Saussure. Synchronic ndi diachronic, mu maganizo ake, ali limodzi: izo - ndi nthawi komanso kusanduka, ndi yogwira pano ndipo nthawi yomweyo tinachita m'mbuyomu. Saussure limanena kuti diachrony - ndi zamoyo zinachita angapo amene pa nthawi ina mukhoza kuona mmodzi siteji ya chitukuko. Kuchotsedwa magawo onse a kutali kusonyeza kusintha amene anali pochitika chinenero pamaso anafika uliri pakali pano.

A synchronicity - mndandanda wa magawo munthawi yomweyo zogwirizana, ndiko kuti, palibe chitukuko ndiponso zochita za nthawi, pali chinenero boma pa mphindi.

The watsopano munda wa zilankhulo

Iwo akupitiriza ntchito yake Saussure oyamba a m'madera awiri latsopano la zilankhulo, amene amaphunzira synchronic ndi diachronic zilankhulo mu. Mbali yoyamba, mu zilankhulo synchronic, cholinga ndi pa zinthu kulankhulana chinenero, ndiye dongosolo lonse wonse. Komanso, synchrony zachokera amaonera chinenero onse atolankhani ake, kuvomereza chake cha chikumbu-mtima chofanana.

Pankhani ya diachronic zilankhulo, iwo ntchito ndi chimodzimodzi zinthu, koma amaona iwo zonse, popanda nkhani zazindikirika ndi gulu kutsitsimuka. zinthu chinenero kutsatira wina ndi mzake si dongosolo - kuti ndi nkhani yolembedwa waukulu zilankhulo diachronic.

Nkhani za synchrony ndi diachrony

Synchrony - kuphunzira zinthu ndi chinenero chimodzi, osati kupopera pa Anatipatsa, ngakhale zokhudza zinenero nthawi yomweyi ya nthawi. Diachrony angathe ntchito ndi zinenero angapo pa nthawi yomweyo, akuyerekeza zamoyo wa zinthu zawo. Information za chinthu awo kuphunzira zilankhulo synchronic amalandira yekha nzika, pakati pa zomwe zimachitika kulankhula, pamene diachronic amakakamizidwa kuunikira ndi awonera m'mbuyomo, ndipo ganizirani chitukuko atsopano a chinenero - ndiko kuti, ndi polingalira mbali kuposa synchronic.

Ndi chifukwa chiyani?

Synchronic ndi diachronic zilankhulo kufotokoza kwa zigawo zenizeni za izo. Statics, mwachitsanzo zilankhulo synchronic, ntchito ndi galamala onse - kuti kwathunthu amasonyeza ubale mbali zonse za chinenero. Payokha, ndi Dziwani kuti synchrony umafuna wosalira deta makonzedwe, mwinamwake dongosolo la chinenero ndipo osati kutiumba.

zilankhulo Diachronic komanso tikunena phonetics, chifukwa phokoso osati anakonza chikhalidwe wina: nthawi inseparably chikugwirizana ndi mumaganiza mafashoni ndi zinthu zenizeni, zonse kusintha kwa katchulidwe lapansi. Ndicho chifukwa chake iwo ali chinthu chachikulu cha kuphunzira zilankhulo zazikulu.

Limodzi kapena payekhapayekha?

Saussure, amene anayambitsa mfundo zilankhulo, synchrony ndi diachrony, anatsindika kuti Mulimonsemo sangathe aziwathira, chifukwa zinthu izi za zilankhulo ndi zosiyana kwa wina ndi mzake. Koma iye anavomereza ndi chakuti akatswiri a zinenero zambiri kudalira zilankhulo synchronic, akhoza kupereka mayankho a mafunso ambiri a chinenero, pamene phunziro la mphamvu ya chinenero - basi Pokumbukira chida anapereka zamoyo wa zinthu anthuwo, ena omwe si nthawi zonse Kufikika maganizo.

Inde, malo amodzi kulenga chinenero zofunika kwambiri bwino, koma popanda diachrony sizikanatheka kusanduka wake zina.

Ubale wa synchrony ndi diachrony

Pa nthawi yomweyo sitingathe kunena kuti synchrony - chabe kusonyeza zikuchitika chinenero. zilankhulo Synchronic angasonyeze boma la chinenero cha m'ma 11, ndi 16 - mu imeneyi nthawi iliyonse. Mwa njira, ntchito anthu zigawo synchrony agona ndi chitukuko cha kulankhula wina gawo adzaoneka kuti pambuyo kutha kapena mutate (mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi zamakono Russian chinenero anamuchotsa wa za mawu phokoso wosinthika katchulidwe ka ena consonant osakaniza, Tizitha gulu ndipo makanema ojambula a zopanda moyo). Kuti mwa izi "ofooka", ndi variable mchitidwe n'zotheka kuphunzira zamoyo wa chinenero, ndiko kuti, m'nkhani yake diachronic mbali.

Synchronic ndi diachronic amanena

Kodi nthawi zambiri tanenera kale, synchronic ndi diachronic mu chinenero zogwirizana. Variable zinthu zake chifukwa kusanduka, pamene khola gawo kusungidwa mu synchronic zigawo, kupanga khalidwe la chinenero, kulenga chimene chimasiyanitsa izo kwa onse ena m'zilembo ngakhale ofanana banja. Synchronic ndi diachronic mu zilankhulo okha azigwirizana, kulola, pa maziko a kusanthula zamoyo wa chinenero ndi kuganizira malingaliro a magawo ake synchronic pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana chitukuko, kulosera khalidwe lake tsogolo: kusankha latsopano "ofooka" maulalo, umene posachedwapa gonjerani reconsideration, ndi zambiri mphamvu kulimbikitsa zomwe zadutsa magawo angapo a chinenero kusanduka. Pakuti zilankhulo wamphamvu muyenera kuika zawo osati pa zinthu payekha, komanso pa chitukuko cha dongosolo lonse.

Kuphunzira chilankhulo Russian: Limbo

Tsopano ife tikudziwa kale mfundo synchrony ndi diachrony, amayesetsa kufufuza tonse pafupi kwa Russian chinenero ku mawonedwe mwa awa awiri mbali ya zilankhulo. Choyamba, kutsutsana zimene gulu la zilankhulo wa Russian, ikuchitika kwa nthawi yaitali: wina ananena kuti ndi gulu Finno-Ugric (koma ndiye atolankhani Russian ayenera kumvetsetsa ndi zilankhulo za Scandinavia, amene, mwatsoka, iwo palibe) ena amanena kuti anali wopanda chikoka Chitata (apa ndi nkhani mofanana ndi Scandinavians - m'chilankhulo cha Chitata TV makono Russian komanso chodziwikiratu kuti amvetse).

Ndi kubera Chikhristu pa dziko Russian pali gawo loyamba la chinenero synchronic: mu chilankhulo cha Ancient Lazaro kuoneka akagwidwa ndi zikanga mpingo buku la Old Church, omwe anatsala mlendo kwa ambiri a nzika wamba.

Kagawo chachiwiri: zenera kwa Europe

Yotsatira synchronic odulidwa mzere wobwezera zaka 17 ndi 18. Inde, ali kutali poyamba, koma patangopita zaka zochepa mu Russia, yomwe mbiri akhala boma mwachilungamo chatsekedwa, kusintha chinenero kwenikweni chinachitika. M'zaka za m'ma 17, Petro Choyamba, kudula pawindo ku Ulaya, ndi ndikukhazikitsa m'chinenero chawo anabwereka ndalama yaikulu mawu, ndi mawu chabe chiyambi yachilendo.

Kuyambira ndi aliyense mfumu yatsopano ya chinenero cha Chirasha likupitirirabe kwambiri mfundo yachilendo, kuwonjezera turnovers latsopano lexical, ziwembu, waives zina nyumba yake (mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi anali kutulutsa otchedwa vocative, akadali ukupezeka Chiyukireniya ndi Polish: .. Mamo, m'bale, etc.), kusintha akuphatikizapo phonetic (ngati ife tikufanizira Chirasha kwa zaka za m'ma 17 ndi odulidwa wake woyamba synchronic, izo ziwoneka kuti theka la za mawu koyamba zikumveka chachotsedwa chinenero kuti wosalira izo, adaonjezeredwa, ndi njira, kuphatikiza mawu consonant).

Synchronic kagawo wa chinenero chamakono Russian

Synchrony - oonetsa chifukwa cha chitukuko chinenero diachronic. Ngati Tikayerekeza chachiwiri synchronic kagawo wa Russian ano, n'zoonekeratu kuti chinenero cha zaka zingapo zapitazi, ngakhale zambiri m'Chingelezi chosavuta. Zikomo kwa Petro, panali woyamba ambiri galamala yomwe inali ndi malamulo kuvomerezedwa kwa onse. Today pali azimuth ndi devaluation malamulo okhudzana kuti ena onyamula sangamvetse bwino kwambiri chinenero. Inde, pali archaisms, ena nyumba ndi mawu amene ali olimba kwenikweni kufotokoza, koma pa nthawi yomweyo mantha chiwawa woyankhula, ndi kukakamizidwa kusanduka, osati kusintha kwa oweruza. Pakali pano, ndi diachronic kusanthula zikusonyeza kuti apitiriza tapemphera pobwereka mawu achilendo, iwo pang'onopang'ono m'malo zaka zakubadwa Russian, patapita kanthawi kuyamba kutha ena patsogolo mbiri, kupereka njira globalized m'Chingelezi chosavuta.

Pomaliza

Kotero tadziwa tsopano tanthauzo la "synchronicity", tiyenera kudziwa kusiyana kwa mawu mu nyimbo ndi diachrony wake. Komanso osati anamvetsa theorist awa zachikunja, komanso imachitika yaing'ono Kupenda Russian chinenero. Tikukhulupirira, awa ndi mawu ovuta akhala pang'ono pafupi ndi bwino.