Soviet sayansi Igor Kurchatov: yonena, chidwi mfundo, zithunzi

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich anali kholo la Soviet makampani mphamvu za nyukiliya. Iye watenga mbali yaikulu pa chilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu mtendere nyukiliya ndipo pa mapeto a 1940s inatsogolera chitukuko cha woyamba Soviet atomiki bomba.

Nkhaniyi mwachidule anafotokoza njira moyo kuti anali Soviet sayansi Igor Kurchatov. Wambiri ana angachite chidwi.

wamng'ono wasayansi

January 12, 1903 m'mudzi wa Simsk Bzalani (tsopano SIM) mu Urals anabadwa Igor Kurchatov. mtundu wake - Russian. atate wake, Vasily (1869-1941), panthawi zosiyanasiyana ankagwira ntchito za nkhalango wothandizira ndi dziko yoyeza. Amayi, Mariya Vasilevna Ostroumova (1875-1942), anali mwana wa wansembe. Igor anali wachiwiri mwa ana atatu: mlongo wake Antonina ndinali wamkulu, ndi m'bale wake Boris - ndi junior.

Mu 1909, banja anasamukira ku Simbirsk Simbirsk anayamba kuphunzira pa masewera olimbitsa thupi, kumene Igor maphunziro a ku pulayimale. Patatha zaka zitatu, atasamukira ku Crimea chifukwa cha ukupeza a alongo, Kurchatov unasamutsidwira Simferopol zolimbitsa thupi. Poyamba, mnyamata anali kuchita bwino pafupifupi amalanga onse, koma pambuyo wachinyamata ndinawerenga bukhu la sayansi zomangamanga, sayansi anasankha ntchito ya moyo wake. Mu 1920, pamene ntchito masana ndi kuphunzira pa sukulu usiku, Igor maphunziro Simferopol zolimbitsa thupi ndi n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi. Mu chaka chomwecho analowa University Tauride.

ufulu kanthu

Igor Kurchatov (chithunzi limasonyeza kenako m'nkhani) anali mmodzi wopambana mu dipatimenti ya sayansi ndi masamu. Zachitika pa phunziro lanu, ndi wophunzira wina nyakuonera wa yunivesite sayansi labu ndi kupatsidwa mpata kuchita zinthu zatsopano. Kuyambira zatsopano oyambirira Kurchatov anaphunzira kufunika cholinga cha umboni wazotsatira kuthandiza maganizo sayansi, zomwe ndi zothandiza kwambiri maphunziro ake ena. Mu 1923, Igor maphunziro yunivesite ndi digiri mu sayansi, kudutsa zaka zinayi mu zaka zitatu.

Kupita ku Petrograd

Kufika posachedwapa Petrograd, analowa Institute Polytechnic kukhala panyanja wamanga. Monga mu Simferopol, Kurchatov ankayenera kugwira ntchito kudzisamalira komanso kuphunzira. Iye anavomereza kuti Magnitometeorologicheskuyu Observatory mu Pavlovsk, zomwe zinamuthandiza kuti apeze zofunika pa moyo ndipo kuchita zimene iye amakonda. Popeza ntchito Observatory anayamba nthawi yambiri, Kurchatov kumbuyo maphunziro awo ndi teremu chachiwiri ndinataya Institute. Kuyambira pamenepo, anaganiza kuganizira sayansi.

Pambuyo ntchito, wofufuza pa Baku Polytechnic Institute ku 1924-1925 gg. Igor Kurchatov anali akufotokozera thupi-zaumisiri Institute ku Leningrad, ataima chapatsogolo kuphunzira sayansi ndi umisiri wa nthawi mu USSR. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, mu 1927 anakwatira Marina Dmitrievna Sinelnikova ndi ntchito lecturer pa dipatimenti ya makina sayansi ya Leningrad Polytechnic ndi pa Institute Pedagogical. Apa anakhala zaka ake abwino ndiponso wapanga ena atulukira zofunika kwambiri.

Igor Kurchatov: yonena mwachidule wasayansi ndi

Mu zaka za m'ma 1920 - 1930s oyambirira Kurchatov anachita chidwi chakuti ndiye ankatchedwa ferroelektrichestva - kuphunzira katundu ndi makhalidwe a zipangizo zosiyanasiyana pansi zochita za magetsi. maphunziro Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti chitukuko cha semiconductors ndipo anafotokoza ake sayansi ya nyukiliya. Pambuyo zatsopano koyamba ndi cheza beryllium, misonkhano ndi makalata ndi mpainiya sayansi Frederikom Zholio mu 1933 Kurchatov anayamba ntchito zibereke kutsitsa mphamvu ya maatomu. Pamodzi ndi ofufuza ena, kuphatikizapo Boris m'bale, iye akupanga yojambula mu phunziro mtima isomeric, nyukiliya bromine isotopes kuti likhale kulemera chomwecho ndi zikuchokera koma ndi makhalidwe osiyana thupi. ntchito Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti azimvetsa bwino a dongosolo atomiki la Soviet asayansi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo (1934-1935). Kurchatov pamodzi ndi asayansi ku Institute of Analandira (gulu sayansi ndi maphunziro unakhazikitsidwa mu USSR ngati onyenga mabungwe zofanana zochokera upainiya mu phunziro cheza Mariey Kyuri ku France ndi Poland) anachita kafukufuku nyutironi, ndale subatomic tinthu limene pang'ono ankadziwika pa nthawi. Neutrons ndi mphamvu apamwamba ntchito bombardment nyukiliya atomiki phata, monga ureniamu, kuti anagawa atomu ndipo pamene anachita nyukiliya, ndi kumasula yambiri mphamvu.

Ndikudabwa chida

Mu 1930s, ndi ofufuza monga Joliot, Enrico Fermi, Robert Oppenheimer ndi ena azindikira kuti anachita nyukiliya mankhwala oyenera angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga bomba la mphamvu sikunachitekepo zachiwawa. Kurchatov monga mmodzi wa ŵa makampani Soviet nyukiliya anali ankaona de A facto mtsogoleri wa kafukufuku amaona mderali. Pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kusowa ndalama komanso kuponderezedwa ndale chikhalidwe cha boma Stalinist a nthawi imeneyo, Soviet Union lagged kumbuyo dziko lonse mu mtundu kuti zikhale atomu.

maso comrade

News za kutsegula mu 1938 a nyukiliya fission German akatswiri Otto Ganom ndi Fritz Strassmann kufalitsa mwamsanga kwa mabungwe a sayansi. Mu Soviet Union uthenga nkhawa ndi nkhawa za ntchito zotheka wa kupezeka.

Mu 1930s mochedwa, Soviet sayansi Igor Kurchatov, chithunzi aikidwa m'nkhani, gulu la ofufuza ku Leningrad anapanga yojambula mu zimene nyukiliya wa isotopes nyukiliya wa thorium ndi ureniamu. Mu 1940, awiri anzake fission wa ureniamu isotope mwangozi anapeza ndi pansi pa utsogoleri wake, analemba yochepa Nkhani za mu kope American wa "thupi Review", komwe panthawiyo anali kutsogolera magazini sayansi kufalitsa nkhani za patsogolo kafukufuku nyukiliya.

Patapita masabata angapo kudikira, Igor Kurchatov anayambitsa yankho kufufuza zofalitsa zatsopano kuphunzira uthenga wa zatsopano pa fission wa phata la. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anapeza kuti American magazini maphunziro salinso kufalitsa deta ngati pakati pa 1940 Kurchatov kukauza utsogoleri Soviet kuti United States poyankha kuopseza kukula ya nkhondo yachiwiri ndi olamulira Germany-Italy-Japan, mwina kuyesetsa kumanga bomba la atomiki. Izi zachititsa kuti intensification wa kafukufuku Soviet Union. Leningrad zasayansi Kurchatov inasandulika chilikati cha zimenezi.

Demagnetization ya Black Sea zombo

Kukwezeleza asilikali German m'dziko la USSR mu July 1941 chepetse chiwerengero cha zomwe zilipo m'magulu onse a Soviet Union, kuphatikizapo mu asayansi. Ambiri ofufuza ndi sayansi Kurchatov anaikidwa kuthana ndi ntchito panopa usilikali, ndipo iye anapita kuphunzitsa okwera Sevastopol anachotsa maginito zombo kuthana ndi mabomba maginito.

Ndi 1942 Soviet nzeru khama mu United States linatsimikizidwa ndi chakuti "Manhattan Project" akupita patsogolo mu chitukuko cha zida za nyukiliya. Pa pempho asayansi ndi andale Igor Kurchatov anaitanidwa ku Sevastopol ndipo anaikidwa mlengi mkulu wa Center pa chitukuko cha anachita ankalamulira nyukiliya. likulu anadzakhala mtima wa Institute of Atomic Energy Soviet.

kuchuluka Rosenberg

The Institute wamanga gulu la Kurchatov cyclotron ndi zipangizo zina zofunika kasamalidwe wa riyakitala nyukiliya. Pambuyo kuyezetsa bwino ndi ntchito ya United States kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, mabomba a atomiki Soviet Union kuchita khama kwambiri kuteteza US nyukiliya. December 27, 1946 Kurchatov ndi gulu lake anamanga woyamba riyakitala nyukiliya ku Europe. N'zotheka wodziwitsidwa isotope wa nyukiliyazo basi zokuthandizani kupanga zida za nyukiliya. September 29, 1949, anachita mayeso bwino bomba la atomiki, Soviet Union wakhala mwalamulo kulowa zaka nyukiliya. Mu November 1952, zinachitikadi kuphulika kwa American bomba wa hydrogen, yomwe inali nthawi zambiri zamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo August 12, 1953 zinali zodzaza ndi zikayenda ngati Soviet Union.

Atalenga zida za nyukiliya Kurchatov anatsogolera gulu mu Soviet asayansi pa ntchito abata maatomu. Iye anathandiza pulani ndi kumanga nyukiliya zomera mphamvu. Mu 1951 Kurchatov bungwe lina la misonkhano yoyamba mphamvu za nyukiliya ku Soviet Union ndipo anadzakhala m'gulu, umene uli June 27, 1954 anapezerapo woyamba nyukiliya magetsi ku Soviet Union.

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich: Chidwi Mfundo

Nyukiliya sayansi inali yamtengo wapatali chithunzi mabwalo ulamuliro wa boma la Soviet. Kuwonjezera m'bungwe la presidium wa Academy of Sciences wa USSR, zinadziwika katatu Hero wa Socialist Labor, anali kazembe Council Wamkulu ndi wandale kulemekezedwa. talente yake monga mtsogoleri ndi pafupi zofanana monga ndalama sayansi ndi kumulola kuti bwinobwino kutsogolera mabungwe kunadetsa lalikulu.

Kurchatov anali kwambiri otsenon anzake mu mabungwe sayansi. Frederic Joliot-Curie, maulemu chifukwa chogwira ntchito kuberekana m'dera limeneli kwa nthawi yaitali anali makalata naye. Kumapeto kwa 1950 Kurchatov nawo misonkhano ya mayiko mphamvu nyukiliya pamodzi ndi asayansi ena anaitana zoletsedwa padziko lonse zida za nyukiliya. Iye analimbikitsa loletsa pa kuyezetsa mumlengalenga. Mu 1963, boma la Soviet Union ndi United States zinasaina pangano loletsa chiyesedwe cha zida za nyukiliya mu mlengalenga, m'mlengalenga ndi pansi pa madzi.

Civil ntchito mphamvu nyukiliya, anafufuza anayamba motsogozedwa Kurchatov, ndi mphamvu (yoyamba unayambitsidwa mu 1954), nyukiliya zoyendetsedwa Chombo "Lenin". Komanso kafukufuku imatsogoleredwa wasayansi maphatikizidwe, kuchita osauka njira muli plasma kutentha kwambiri mkulu chofunika kuti ayambitse ndi kulimbikitsa ndondomeko kaphatikizidwe mu Zisudzo riyakitala.

Machitachita osati ongolankhula

Pambuyo zikwapu awiri mu 1956 ndi 1957. Kurchatov anapuma ku ntchito yogwira, pamene kupitiriza kuchita sayansi ya nyukiliya komanso kamangidwe ndi kumanga angapo a Soviet zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. February 7, 1960 ku Moscow, akuti anamwalira ndi matenda a mtima, Igor Kurchatov.

Wambiri wasayansi sunali polojekiti, amene anapereka moyo wake wonse. ntchito yake ongolankhula chapadera kwambiri, kokha wachiwiri ndi zambiri lagged kumbuyo ntchito za apainiya a sayansi ya nyukiliya wa XX m'ma. Only ntchito chiphunzitso kuchita, anawulula kufunika kochita zinthu zake.

sinawonongeke

Soviet sayansi Igor Kurchatov amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito mu opondereza ndi silifooketsa anthu ofuna zinkakhalira sayansi Iosifa Stalina boma. Iye anatha kusonkhanitsa gulu la asayansi kwambiri mu zikhalidwe n'kovuta ndi Komanso kulimbikitsa akatswiri amenewa kulenga kulenga, lokhalamo anthu ammudzi. Iye anatha kukhala mu zisomo wabwino ndi kunena pa purges Stalinist utsogoleri angapo sayansi ndi ndale kwa dzikoli ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuika patsogolo zofuna zawo.

mphunzitsi Sakharov a

Kurchatov anali ndi zonse zonena asayansi odzipereka amene adakhulupirira chakuti malo abwino kwa kukula ndi kuyezetsa mfundo thupi ndi zasayansi. Zikomo wasayansi othandiza okonda ouziridwa mbadwo wonse wa sayansi Soviet mfundo zake ndi mfundo kudutsa mbiya ya ndondomeko kulenga. Iye anali mphunzitsi asayansi ambiri, kuphatikizapo nyukiliya sayansi Andreya Saharova.

Igor Kurchatov anathandiza dziko ake alowe nyengo sayansi ya theka lotsiriza la zaka mazana makumi awiri, anapanga mzere awiri a mphamvu atomiki ku Soviet Union. Ngati anaganizira yekha kupanga zida, mtendere ntchito mphamvu nyukiliya (nyukiliya mphamvu) kuti mwina si anatulukira.