Siriya Turkmens - ndi amene iwo? mbali iti akumenyana ndi Turkmens Suriya?

Kukhalapo kwa anthu otere monga Turkmens a ku Suria, omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi zochitika ku Syria, angaphunzire posakhalitsa, bomba la Russia litaponyedwa pansi ndi malire a Turkey. Oyendetsa ndege omwe anatha kuchotsa anawombera mlengalenga. Mmodzi wa iwo anafa, tsogolo lachiwiri kwa kanthawi chidziwitso chinali chotsutsana. A Turkmens a ku Syria, omwe adawombera ku Russia, adanena kuti adapha anyamata oyendetsa ndege. Pambuyo pake, kuchokera ku malo odalirika, adadziwika kuti woyendetsa galimotoyo adapulumutsidwa ndikuchotsedwa pa ntchito yopeza ndi kupulumutsa.

Kodi a Turkmens a ku Syria ndi ndani? Kodi ndi malo ati omwe atengedwa mu nkhondo yamakono?

Ngati mulowa m'mbiri ...

Kutchulidwa koyambirira kwa maonekedwe a mafuko a Turkmen ndi Oghuz m'deralo amatha zaka za m'ma 900. Kwenikweni, maiko a ku Middle Asia a Middle East ndi Asia Minor anayamba m'zaka za zana la 11, pamene Seljuks anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wawo ndi ankhondo a ku Turkey. Polamulidwa ndi a Mongol, ufumu wa Seljuk unasokonezeka. Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Osmani (kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1400 mpaka 1922), anthu a ku Turkmen a Siriya adalimbikitsa oyendayenda m'mayiko a Syria masiku ano (Aleppo, Hama, Latakia, Homs, Tartus, Idlib, Jarablus), malinga ndi zida za Asilamu omwe adachita Hajj pachaka. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo oimira ambiri a anthu awa amakhala m'madera awa.

Panthawi ya ku France, anthu ena anasamukira ku Damasiko.

Mbewu zosakhutira

Asanayambe nkhondo yapachiweniweni, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi a gawo la Suriya linakhala ndi anthu a ku Turkmen. Malingaliro osiyanasiyana, chiŵerengero chawo chiri pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ndi theka, milioni imodzi ndi theka amalankhula chinenero chawo. Chipembedzo chochuluka ndi Sunnis (nthambi yochuluka kwambiri ya Islam), palinso Alawites (imodzi mwa kayendedwe kachisilamu ka chipembedzo cha Islamic).

Ambiri oimira dziko lino ali ndi bizinesi ya nsapato, ali ndi mafakitale ku Aleppo, ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe amenewa ndi Turkmen. Pali ena mwa ndale, chikhalidwe, chida ndi asayansi (makamaka omwe kale anali mtumiki wa chitetezo cha Syria, Hasan al-Turkmani).

M'zaka za m'ma 30, chifukwa cha ndondomeko yotsatiridwa ndi boma la Syria, oimira anthu awa analibe ufulu wambiri. Iwo analibe mwayi wophatikizana m'magulu ndi maphwando. Iwo analetsedwa kulankhula, kufalitsa mabuku, kuphunzira mu chinenero chawo.

Kufikira nthawi inayake pamsasa wawo, osakhutitsidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma anali atakwera.

Nchiyani chinayambitsa nkhondo yaikulu?

Pakati pa 2006 ndi 2011, magawo oposa theka la mayiko a Suriya anali akulimbana ndi chilala. Kuperewera kwa luso la zachuma kunachititsa kuti nthaka zisasokonezeke, kuwonongeka kwa mbewu ndi ziweto. Malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations ndi Red Cross mu 2010, pafupifupi anthu milioni anali pafupi ndi njala.

Anthu akumidzi ankapita kumidzi. Ku Aleppo mu 2011 kunali nthumwi 200,000. Ulova unali 20%. Maboma andale omwe sanagwirizane ndi akuluakulu a boma anakanidwa.

Kufuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa zisankho zolankhulirana, magulu a anthu a Sunni, Alawites, Kurds ndi Akristu ogwirizana ndi kuuka ku nkhondo.

Zifukwa za kuphulika

Zomwe amakhulupirira zimayambitsa kuti chifukwa chachikulu cha kuyamba kwa Chiarabu ndi kuphulika kwa chisokonezo cha chisokonezo cha anthu ndi ulamuliro wodalirika wa pulezidenti wodalirika, ziphuphu m'mipando yambiri ya mphamvu, kuwonjezereka kwa kutsutsana kwachipembedzo, ndi zina zotero.

Malingana ndi asayansi a ndale, mavuto a mkati mwa Syria anali umboni wabwino wokonkhezera nkhondo yapadera.

"Moto ku chingwe" unachotsedwa kunja.

Monga atolankhani a Wall Street Journal, Nur Malas ndi Carol Lee akuchitira umboni, kwa zaka zingapo oimira a Purezidenti wa United States Administration akukambirana nkhani zachinsinsi ndi ogwira ntchito za boma la Syria kuti alandire anthu okonzeka kuthandiza zankhondo ndi kuchotsa pulezidenti wadzikoli.

Mbiri ya zionetsero

Mwezi umodzi chisanakhale chisokonezo (kumapeto kwa January 2011), bungwe loopsya la "Revolution Syria" linayambira pa Facebook, likuyitanira kutsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa Bashar Assad.

Poyamba, milandu yotsutsana ndi boma inafalikira, kufikira zochitika zomwe zinachitika pa March 15 ku Daraya. Kupanduka kumeneku kunkafanana ndi zochitika ku Tunisia ndi ku Egypt. Pasanapite nthawi, zionetserozi zinasandulika kudziko lonse lapansi.

Kulimbana ndi matanki a zigawenga, madzi ndi magetsi anatsekedwa makamaka m'madera opanduka, chitetezo cha chakudya ndi ufa zinalandidwa ndi magulu a chitetezo.

Asilikali a boma anazunguliridwa midzi ya Daraya, Aleppo, Khama Duma, Homs, Latakia, ndi ena. Asilikali omwe anakana kuwombera anthu amaphedwa pomwepo.

Otsutsa ndi opondereza ochokera ku gulu lankhondo omwe anapanga nkhondo zowonongeka, anatumiza gulu lankhondo kumenyana ndi boma. Kotero Army Free ya Syria inalengedwa. Nkhondo zachiwawa zinayambika m'dziko lonseli.

Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwawa

Akuluakulu a boma adachitapo kanthu mwaukali kuti awononge chisokonezo, zabodza zowonjezereka m'dziko lonselo za nkhanza za magulu ankhondo omwe nthawi zonse amachitira ndi anthu okhala m'midzi yaupandu.

Polimbana ndi Suriya, mayiko a EU anadandaula. Koma kuchuluka kwa nkhondoyi kunali kukulirakulira, chiŵerengero cha ozunzidwa chinali kukula.

Kumapeto kwa 2011-2012, boma linayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo ndi mabanki otsutsana ndi opandukawo. Pa December 26, matanki akuwombera m'nyumba za Homs.

M'madera ena, ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi boma la Assad zikuchitika, omwe akupangapo akupanga pogroms m'maboma a Syria. United States ndi Great Britain, ndipo amachotsa akazembe awo ku Damasiko.

Mu April 2012, Assad akuyesera kuthetsa mkangano mwamtendere. Chisokonezo chimalengezedwa m'dzikoli, ndipo oyang'anitsitsa a UN akuvomerezedwa.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'zaka za zana la makumi asanu ndi limodzi ku Syria, chisankho chikuchitika pazipani zambiri zomwe bungwe la National Unity (Baath Party) limapambana.

Ngakhale kuti boma linalengeza mtendere, zipolowe zimapitirizabe.

Kutengapo mbali mukumenyana kwa mayiko ena

Nkhondoyi ikuphatikizapo mayiko ena: Kulipirira ndi kumenyana ndi zigawenga za Asuri ndi mafuta a monkhachi a Persian Gulf. Iran ikuyimira boma la Syria. Russian Federation imapereka Assad ndi zida zoteteza.

M'chaka cha 2012, dziko la Turkey likulowa mliriwu: pa June 22, munthu wina wa ku Turkey anawombera ku Syria.

A UN ndi a Red Cross amavomereza kuti nkhondo ya ku Syria ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

Thandizo kwa a Russia

Mu March 2015, magulu odana ndi boma amayendetsa mizinda ya Siriya imodzi ndi imodzi. Mu Palmira amene anagwidwa, IGIL inapangitsa anthu kupha anthu ambiri, atapatsidwa anthu 400-450 , kuthandiza asilikali ndi boma (makamaka akazi).

Pambuyo pa IGIIL mu chilimwe cha 2015, anthu okwana 60,000 adasamukira ku El Khasaka.

Posakhalitsa chiwerengero cha anthu othawa kwawo, malinga ndi momwe bungwe la UN likuwerengera, linadza kufika 200,000.

M'chaka cha 2015, a US adapeza umboni wogwirizana ndi akuluakulu a Turkey ndi IGIL.

Mu September, Igil anagonjetsa gulu la asilikali a Assad m'chigawo cha Idlib, adagonjetsa munda womaliza wa mafuta ("Jazal"), womwe uli pansi pa asilikali a boma, mtsogoleri wa Abu al-Duhur.

Asad akupempha thandizo kwa anthu a ku Russia, ndipo pa September 30 ndege za Russia zinayamba kugwira ntchito pazitsulo za asilikali omwe ali ndi mphuno ngatipomwe. Patapita mlungu umodzi wa ndege yopita ku Russia, asilikali amphamvu a ku Syria anayamba kupondereza kwambiri asilikali a ku Syria, pamene asilikali a boma anayamba kubwezeretsa dera lonse la dzikolo.

Kodi mbali za Turkmens za ku Syria ndi ziti?

Malinga ndi a Associated Press, nthumwi za anthu awa ndizo mwa anthu oyamba omwe amathandiza kuti anthu apandukire zida zankhondo, mothandizidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi Ankara.

Mu 2012, Turkmens a ku Syria amapanga asilikali awo, oposa anthu zikwi khumi. Asilikali akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera angapo a Iraq ndi Syria. Asilikali akulimbana ndi Pulezidenti Assad ndi magulu a IG. Kuchokera ku magwero odalirika amadziwika kuti maphunziro a mabungwe awo a milandu ankachitidwa ndi aphunzitsi a magulu apadera ochokera kwa woyera wolowa manja.

Turkmens a ku Syria ndi Turkey

Pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Syria, vuto la anthu m'dzikoli linasokonekera kwambiri. Anayang'anizana ndi otsutsa akulu: ankhondo a Bashar Assad, omwe anali okhwima kwambiri a IG ndi magulu achi Kurdish. Ankara ankagwira ntchito monga mtsogoleri. Turkmens a ku Syria ndi Turkey - kugwirizana kotani? Oimira dziko lino akukhala ku Syria ndi Iraq ali paubwenzi wapamtima ndi anthu akukhala ku Turkey, omwe amavomereza kuwathandiza m'njira zonse kuti athe kudzipereka kuti asamuke pazinthu zopindulitsa.

Zikuonekeratu kuti Ankara sakuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi mavuto a anthu oponderezedwa ku Syria, koma ndi zofuna zawo - ndale komanso zachuma.

Pothandizidwa ndi zida za Turkmen pamalire, chodziŵika choyenera ku Kurdish chitetezo chimapangidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, akuphatikizapo kupereka mgwirizano wotsutsana ndi IG. Akatswiri a ndale samaphatikizapo kuti Ankara akuyesera kukhala woyambitsa kuwonjezereka kwa malingaliro osiyana pakati pa anthu a ku Turkmen, potsiriza kuti aphatikize dziko la Syria komwe amakhala.

Podziika okha ngati wotetezera anthu oponderezedwa, Ankara amadziwa zochitika zomwe akukonzekera ndi kuteteza zofuna zake.

Funso la Asuri

Malingana ndi zowonjezereka, Turkey imatenga mbali yogwira ntchito yotchedwa Syria.

Imodzi mwazinthu zowonongetsa "mdani", yokonzedwa ndi Ankara, ndi a Turkmens a ku Syria. Kodi ndi ndani omwe akuimira dziko lachitatu lalikulu kwambiri m'dzikoli pankhondo? Kodi adagwira nawo bwanji masewera ena? Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chili m'masewerawa?

Ankara anayamba kuthandiza anthu amtundu wina kumbuyo kwa zaka za m'ma 90, pamene bungwe lothandizana ndi "Bayir-Budzhak" linakhazikitsidwa.

Mu 2011, "Syrian Turkmen Movement" ikupangidwanso, cholinga chake ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kutenga nawo mbali pa kuukira kwa Assad.

Maofesi angapo akukhazikitsidwa m'mizinda ya Turkey ndi m'malire ndi "malo ofunika": kuwukira ku Aleppo kumatsogoleredwa ndi ofesi ya Gazantep, opanduka ku Latakia ku Yayaladagh, opanduka ku Al-Rakkah kuchokera ku Akjal.

Kuwonjezera apo, "Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement" ikulamulira ntchito za otsutsa ku Syria. Zina mwazokonzekera za bungwe - kutulutsidwa kwa nyuzipepala m'chinenero chawo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa wailesi, sukulu. Cholinga cha omenyera nkhondo ndi kutembenuka kwa dziko la kumpoto kwa Syria, zomwe m'tsogolomu zingathe kulekanitsa kugawanitsa, kudzilamulira komanso kutengapo malo kwa dziko loyandikana nalo.

A Turkmens a ku Syria amapanga gulu lawo lankhondo, ndikukambirana ndi magulu opanduka. Pakali pano pali magulu 14 apakati. Iwo ali ogwirizana mu "Brigade ya Mountain Turkmen". Otsatira a Latakia amalamulidwa ndi Muhammad Awad, ku Aleppo mkulu wa asilikali opandukawo ali Ali Bashar.

Ngakhale kuti magulu a asilikaliwa akhala akulimbana ndi maboma a boma, asilikali achi Kurdi ndi IGIL kuyambira 2012, mtsogoleri wa Mejlis adalengeza kulengeza kofunika kuti apange asilikali a Syria ku Syria mu August 2015. Nkhondo iyenera kuteteza anthu ku kuyeretsa kwa mafuko omwe adayendetsedwa ndi mdani, kuthamangitsa mizinda yomwe ikukhalamo. Kotero kuyeretsedwa kwa Turkmens a ku Syria ndi Kurds mu tawuni ya Tell Abyad anakakamiza anthu zikwi makumi awiri kuthawa. Ankhondo a ku Assad adawathamangitsa ku Homs, Raki ndi mizinda ina.

Chiŵerengero cha asilikali omwe anali ndi asilikaliwo chinali pafupifupi 5,000. Monga gawo la mabungwe otsutsa pali 1000. Mwinamwake, otumizidwa kuchokera ku Turkey apadera amayenera kutumizidwa kwa asilikali.

Turkish Gambit

Ndikuyenera kunena kuti zolinga za opanduka a ku Syria ndi Ankara ndizosiyana.

Choyamba, otsutsa sakuvomereza polojekiti ya Ankara, yomwe imapereka mgwirizano wa dziko. Ntchito zapadera zokhudzidwa zimakakamizidwa kulingalira kuti ma ward awo amakonda "Siriya imodzi". Choncho, pofuna kukondweretsa anthuwa, Ankara adayambitsa ntchitoyi "Syrian Turkmen Platform", pamsonkhano waukulu umene opandukawo adalonjeza zothandizira. Amalonda ena a ku Turkey akhala akulowa nawo pulojekitiyi, pokonzekera kuti atenge nawo nawo mbali mu ndondomeko ya dzikoli, atamasulidwa ku Assad.

Chachiwiri, ntchito ya IG, yomwe gulu la Turkmen likulimbana nayo, ndi yopindulitsa kwa Ankara. Ndipotu, atayambitsa ndege ku Russia mu November 2015, Turkey inathandiza IG. Malingana ndi deta lodalirika, ndalama ndi mabungwe ake apadera amapereka IG thandizo lalikulu. Ankara amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera malire zomwe zimaloleza mafuta kuchoka m'madera olamulidwa ndi IG kupita ku Turkey, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko kupita ku mayiko a IG imathandizira kutengako katundu, zida ndi mafananidwe omwe azimayi akufuna.

Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti Ankara azilamulira anthu a ku Turkmen ndikuthandizira maganizo otsutsana ndi boma.

Ndipotu, anthu akugwiritsidwa ntchito ku nkhanza zadziko la Ankara. Pogonjera, adayamba nawo nkhondo yamagazi.

Asilikali, Asilamu, Kurds ndi asilikali a IG amenyana ndi asilikali a Turkmen a Siriya chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu komanso kuwonjezeka kwa othawa kwawo. Ankara, mu mkhalidwe uno, ali ndi magawo ena a ndale.

Amankhulidwe onena za kuphedwa kwa anthu a Turkmen, omwe a mtundu wa Assad amawauza kuti apereke malo okoma kwa a Alawites, omwe ali achipembedzo chawo, Ankara akugogomezera udindo wake monga wotetezera chibale choponderezedwa. Choncho, boma likufuna kuitanitsa chithandizo cha nzika zake mukumenyana ndi ulamuliro wa Syria.

Mdani watsopano, yemwe analandiridwa kuchokera ku "zosavuta" kufikako kwa oyandikana nawo ndi a Turkmens a ku Syria - Russia. Ndipo alibe chochita koma kumenyana naye.

Chotsatira ndi chiyani?

Malingana ndi Reuters, kuyambira poyambira ntchito ku Suria (September 2015) pomangirira Purezidenti Assad tsiku loopsa la imfa ya oyendetsa Russia (November 24), Russia anaphwanya ma Turkmens maulendo 17 ku Russia. Malinga ndi woimira boma la Russia, pafupi ndi midzi ya Kesladshuk, Salma, Gmam, kumene anthu ambiri akuimira anthu awa, magulu otsutsa omwe akulimbana ndi pulezidenti wodalirika akuwongolera, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi mfuti ya mlengalenga kunali kotheka kuwononga bunkers ndi zida zosungidwa, malo olamulira, zomera , Pazimene anapanga mabotolo a ofera.

Malinga ndi atolankhani, zotsatira za kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa Russia ndi chiwerengero chochuluka cha anthu omwe anaphedwa, mabanja ambirimbiri anathawira kumalire.

Pa November 24, a Turkish Air Force, atangomva kuti akuswa malire, anawombera Russian SU-24. Oimira a Ministry of Defense a Russian Federation amakana kuphwanya malire. Bombali linagwa kuchokera kwa iye makilomita pang'ono ku Syria. Kuchokera pansi, kuchokera kumalo a gulu la Turkmen, mwadzidzidzi opitiliza ndege a ku Russia anatsegula moto. Mtsogoleriyo anaphedwa, woyendetsa sitimayo anapulumutsidwa. Chifukwa cha kuponyedwa kwa matope a helikopita ya Mi-8, nyanjayi yomwe inagwiridwa ndi mwana wamnyamata anaphedwa.

Tsiku lotsatira, Purezidenti wa Russian Federation adalengeza kuti ntchitoyi ikugwiridwa ndi IG yomwe ikuchitika ndi mabomba a ku Russia ku Latakia (malo omwe magulu achigawenga anali kuikapo).

Purezidenti wa Turkey adanena kuti anthu amtendere okha amakhala m'dera lino ndipo Ankara ali ndi udindo wowateteza.

Monga akunenera atolankhani Western, pambuyo zinachitikazi, ndi bomba la Siriya Chitekimeni Russian ndege amamuonera khalidwe chachikulu. Malinga ndi mboni, ndi mphamvu ya kunyanyala mpweya sanali kuyambira chiyambi cha nkhondo. Russian ndege mu Latakia anawononga malo a "Free Siriya Army" ndi nzika nyumba.

ntchito asilikali anakakamizika kusiya nyumba zawo kuti anthu oposa zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Malinga Anadolu Agency, kufunafuna malo mtendere mu masiku otsiriza wa November chaka chatha, nthumwi zoposa zikwi ziwiri za anthu anathawira woyang'anira dziko la kumwera.