Russian zojambulajambula, mwini frescoes ndi zithunzi Gury Nikitin: yonena, zilandiridwenso ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Russia nthawizonse wakhala wotchuka chikhalidwe chake olemera ndi khamu lalikulu la matalente. Gury Nikitin - mmodzi wa kanjedza wotchuka kwambiri ndi zofunika kupenta Russian ndi iconography. Moyo ndi Ntchito ya wake zinachitika m'zaka XVII ndipo anasiya kufufuza owala mu mbiri chikhalidwe cha Russia. Ngakhale umboni wa mmisiri, amene abwera mpaka tsiku lino, wopereŵera kwambiri, ntchito yake, kalembedwe munthu nthawizonse kukhala mkulu wauzimu wa nthawi yotsiriza manda.

yonena

Tsiku lenileni limene iye anabadwa silidziŵika Gury Nikitin. Ziri zinali chiyambi cha chaka 1620/1625. Tauni kunyumba ya wojambula m'tsogolo Kostroma. Nikitin - ndi pseudonym wa mmisiri, kapena kani, dzina lapakati (Nikitich - Nikitin). dzina lake lenileni - Kineshemtsev. Isanafike wakwezedwa zaluso adakhalabe masitolo ena ritelo mu mchere ndi nsomba tithe.

banja

Atate Gury Nikitin (Nikita Kineshemtsev) adafa 1653 pa mliri, kotero mutu wa mayi anali Solomonic banja. M'bale Guria Luka, kapena ngati icho chinali kutchedwa kunyumba, Auchka. Iye ankachita nawo shoemaking.

Kuwonjezera amake ndi m'bale, Guria anali asuweni Michael ndi Fedor. Iwo anali olemera ndithu anthu. Pambuyo pa imfa yawo Gury Nikitin tinatengera ena masitolo mzinda ubweya, mapeyala tithe nsomba.

Za moyo wake iconographer amadziwika kuti iye anali sanakwatirepo ndipo analibe ana. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi kulowa mu bukhu Landratskoy anapanga yaitali pambuyo pa imfa yake. Iwo n'chakuti chaka chenicheni imfa ya chizindikiro zojambulajambula (1691) ndi kusowa kwa olowa.

chilengedwe

Gury Nikitin adakali oyambirira kukhala kulenga talente. Kodi iye anaphunzitsidwa, silidziŵika. Mphunzitsi wofufuzayo ntchito yake VG Bruce likutifotokozera kuti mphunzitsi Nikitin angakhale Vasily Ilyin - Kostroma kudziwika wojambula ndi zojambula za nthawi.

Koma m'njira zambiri anathandizira Kukwezeleza kulenga mayi wa iconographer m'tsogolo. Kumizidwa mu dziko lawo, achinyamata Guri ndi nyumba zabwino, chakudya, ndiponso ochezeka banja. Ndipo mu nthawi zovuta kulenga zofanana Russian akazi opanda thandizo, zinali zovuta. Kenako, chifaniziro cha akazi ndi amayi adzalandira malo apadera mu ntchito ya Nikitin.

mayendedwe ake kuti luso sizinali zophweka. Pambuyo Guri kubanja yosavuta ntchito kalasi, kutali iconography lapansi. Ndithu zinachitikira wojambula analandira pamene mbali ya munda anali utoto Kostroma Moscow mipingo (Utatu Church, Angelo Cathedral mu Moscow Kremlin). Kuwonjezera ojambula zithunzi kuchokera Kostroma, pali ntchito amisiri aluso a Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Moscow.

Izi m'patali kulenga kayendedwe ka nyengo chinali Nikitin yoyamba olimba sitepe mu mbiri ya luso. Anasonyeza monga zojambulajambula, anaimba Guri analandiranso kalata ambiri ochokera ku mipingo Orthodox Russian ndi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich kwa murals ndi kulemba / kubwezeretsa mafano.

kalembedwe munthu

Ponena za ukulu ndi ikuimira Russian chizindikiro kupenta, otsutsa nthawi zonse inde wapadera kuti anali Gury Nikitin. zojambula wake - ndi mix wapadera decorativism ndi monumentality mankhwala amodzi. Ndi N'zosadabwitsa maluwa a luso lake chinachitikira ndi kuwuka kwa kukongoletsa ndi yaikulu luso Russia (theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVII.)

Ntchito yonse ya chabwino wojambula ndi chizindikiro zojambulajambula ali kalembedwe wapadera, kalembedwe payekha. Amangira zikuchokera zojambula pa mfundo ya si ofanana chosokonekera, anagwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanitsa kuwala ndi mthunzi. Otsutsa lozani mphamvu mkati, lingaliro la mungoli mu wakuuzani zithunzi. Komanso, frescoes Gury Nikitin kuphimba osiyanasiyana mitundu, amene Ndithu timapitiriza zotsatira kukongoletsa Nyimbo ya.

ntchito yogwiritsa

Tchulani wa zolengedwa woyamba luso Nikitin amatanthauza 1650. Iwo amagwirizana ndi penti khonde la mpingo wa Chiwukitsiro ndi Woyera Utatu Cathedral mu Kostroma. frescoes wotchuka Gury Nikitin pa Mtanda Woyera Cathedral mu Romanov (tsopano Tutaev) (Muzipemphera. 1650-ntchentche.), Mu Danilov obisika mu Pereslavl (1662-68gg.), Mu Cathedral wa Akukwera (Rostov Kremlin, 1670) ndi mpingo wa Eliya Mneneri (Yaroslavl, 1680). ndi mafano tchuthi anali utoto kwa Nikitin lomaliza.

1666 kunali kovuta, yoyenera kwa mpingo Russian. Nikitin anatenga nawo mbali pa ntchito yomanga zojambula pa tchalitchi cha. manja ake a zithunzi za asilikali ophedwa ndi zidutswa zingapo yaikulu zikuchokera "Chiweruzo Last".

iconography

Nyumba zojambulajambula ndi chizindikiro zojambulajambula, sanali kutali Cathedral wa Epiphany. Kumene, mfundo imeneyi mwachindunji nawo ulemerero wa kachisi wa Guria. Zojambulazo chidwi kwambiri, zithunzi Gury Nikitin kwa tchalitchi ndi zaka 1667-1672.

M'zaka zimenezi iye analemba paini lopinda zithunzi anatumidwa ndi Mfumukazi Mary Ilinichny. The zikuchokera unaperekedwa kwa iwo mwa njira yotero kuti malo anali ankafotokozedwa chithunzi cha Virigo wa Kazan, kumanja - Nikolaya Chudotvortsa, ndi lamanzere - ofera a Agrippina ndi Evdokia. Komanso wakhala analenga zithunzi asanu ndi awiri a kholo la Antiokeya Macarius.

A zambiri ndi mafano anali zojambulidwa ndi Nikitin kwa Mfundo Cathedral. Mwa iwo: "chiweruzo chotsiriza", "malodza", "Zinafika wa Woyera. Mzimu "," Kazan zozizwitsa. "

ntchito yake yomaliza ankaona kuti fano la "Testament Utatu Old" Gury Nikitin kwa Utatu-Sypanovskogo Cathedral mu Kostroma, wolembedwa mu 1690.

ntchito zimachitika

Pali ntchito luso lake Wolemba zimachitika Gury Nikitin. Komabe, iwo sanalandire Attribution chokwanira. Zikuphatikizapo "Theodore Icon ya Amayi a Mulungu ndi nthano" (1680), "Ofera Kirik ndi Iulita" (1680s), "kukwezedwa pa Mtanda" ndi Zojambula pakhoma la Ipatiev amonke Kostroma. Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, ena mwa iwo (mwachitsanzo, "Theodore Icon ...") sali bwino ntchito za mmisiri, ndi skilful ntchito yobwezeretsa analipo m'mbuyomo.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Gury Nikitin ankakhala unamwali ndi kusakwatira, koma achibale ake analibe atsogoleri akale. Inde, ndi zojambulajambula sanatenge malonjezo. chigamulochi anakhalabe chinsinsi m'nthawi ya ziboliboli. Komabe, chikumbukiro mbiri mtundu Nikitin pambuyo deti la imfa ya bambo wa banja anapatsidwa dzina Helena-skhimnitsy. Ofufuza amasonyeza kuti dzina mpingo Guria mayi (Solomonic), umene uli kale ali patsogolo anapita ansembe a.

Mu 1659, pamene Moscow adamfunsa amisiri aluso kwa kupenta a tchalitchi ku Kostroma ndinapita Yemelyan Pushkarev. Komabe, iye anali mapazi zilonda, ndipo posakhalitsa kuti ndibwerere. Atabwerera analimbikitsa angapo ambuye-m'dziko, amene anali Gury Nikitin. chithunzicho ali bwinobwino zapita chitsimikizo, ndipo mu 1660 analandira udindo wa mafano zojambulajambula Ine Nkhani.

Gury Nikitin anali mkulu waboma (kapena kapitawo) Artel Kostroma amisiri. Ngakhale ambiri maudindo kwa positi, chithunzicho ankachitira mozama kwambiri ntchito yawo ndipo sangakwanitse mpumulo, ntchito pa ndime ndi anzanu ndipo ngakhale zambiri. Pamene kupanga Ipatiev ansembe yotchedwa ndi Mpingo wa Eliya Mneneri, iye chiwembu contours a frescoes awo tsogolo ndi dorisovki ophunzira kumanzere.

Dzina "Guri" amatanthauza "mmisiri mtima." Iko kunali ndi Gury Nikitin. yonena wake ndi patchy, koma zokumbukira a m'nthawi amati zojambulajambula anali achipembedzo ndi munthu woopa Mulungu. Ndi mafano kulemba zonse anapita moyenera, ndi mbali za luso wauzimu. choncho pamene anayamba kulemba chifanizo cha Lady athu a Theodore Lenti, pambuyo kuvomereza ndi mgonero. Nthawi ina, gulu achipembedzo Yaroslavl, chithunzichi anasonyeza zozizwitsa za machiritso.

Gury Nikitin ankakonda zofunika kubwezeretsa zithunzi akale ndi murals. Iye asamalira cholowa chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale, kotero kusunga mbali izi stylistic ntchito ya akalambula, onse kanjedza zazikulu ndi kayendedwe chipsinjo. N'chifukwa chake ena ntchito zojambula anakhalabe osadziwika.

Otsutsa Udindo Gury Nikitin dzina pa mndandanda wa kwambiri amisiri Russian mafano. Pamodzi ndi Theophanes Chigriki, Andrei Rublev ndi Simoni Ushakov , iye anali kusokoneza kwambiri iconography Russian ndi moyenerera udachita malo a ulemu pakati pa ambuye wa luso lawo.

Today

katswiri ambiri Gury Nikitin anapulumuka. The yaikulu ndi ofunika pa nyumba ya wojambula mu Kostroma. Kotero, tsopano mu Utatu Ipatiev aang'ono inu mukhoza kufika pa ulendo ndi kuphunzira za zipilala apadera a zomangamanga Russian ndi kupenta. centerpiece, ndithudi, wapatsidwa kwa review wa frescoes Gury Nikitin.