Ravelin - ndi ... otchuka Russian ravelins

Ravelin - izi ndi imodzi mwa miyambo ya otchedwa nyenyezi linga kuti anatuluka m'nyengo ya masiku ano (XVII-XIX m'ma). Kodi ravelin? ndi tanthauzo la liwu chiyani? Ndipo kodi ntchito izo anachita malinga ndi?

Zochitika nyenyezi linga

Ndi kukula mofulumira zida zankhondo m'zaka XVI, amagwirizana ndi maonekedwe ndi bwino nthawi zonse kachitidwe phata mpanda. Medieval malinga ndi nyumba sanathe kuti athe kukumanizana mfuti yatsopano nkhondo. Makoma a m'malinga sizimene anapitiriza kuukira wamphamvu. Choncho, makoma anayamba kumanga m'munsi-powasamalira yaikulu makulidwe awo. nsanja wamtali posachedwa m'malo bastions, umene nthawi kuti kwambiri lalikulu ndi bwino mozama mawu a mawonekedwe.

Pali zinthu zingapo (mitundu) nyenyezi linga. Ali:

• makoma;
• nsaru;
• ravelins;
• redyuity;
• ndi citadel.

Kodi ravelin? Ndipo kodi umagwira pa mpanda wa? Zambiri za Tikambirana zina.

Ravelin - ndi ...

Mawu amenewa ndi a Latin (ravelere) kapena Italiya (ravellino) chiyambi. Tanthauzo la "theka mwezi" (ka malo oyenera pa syllable lomaliza) - "wolekanitsidwa" kapena "kudula." Umo ndi momwe angathe kumasuliridwa ku Latin.

Ravelin - ndi koposa zonse, ndi mapulani mawu amene ankagwiritsa ntchito mu zochitika asilikali. Kowonjezera mpanda, inali pakati pa bastions zoyandikana ndi chemba kutsogolo kwa mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Mu ndondomekoyi, kawirikawiri triangular mu mawonekedwe.

Nthawi zambiri Ravelin ali maonekedwe a mphamvu mwala wozungulira ndi casemates kwa kuwayika sharpshooters ndi zida zankhondo. Komanso kutalika kwa wozungulira ayenera mamita 1-1.5 pansipa mpanda waukulu wa linga wa. The ravelins mpanda tinapangidwa kugwira ntchito zingapo zofunika. ali:

• kuphimba chapakati mpanda ku mwachindunji zida zankhondo moto;
• m'mbuyo kuukira asilikali mdani;
• ndende ntchito asilikali counterattack.

Ravelin chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Ulaya kwa pafupifupi zaka mazana anayi (kuchokera XVI kuti XIX). Ambiri a iwo akupezeka masiku ano, makamaka pa dera la Russia.

Mumadziwika ravelins Russia

Mwina chidwi kwambiri zitsanzo ravelins pa dera la Russia ano anamangidwa ku St. Petersburg - Alexis ndi St. John. Iwo ankatchedwa ndi mayina a wotsatira wa abale a Peter Wamkulu: motero, mu ulemu wa atate wake, ndi m'bale polemekeza mfumu. Mmodzi wa iwo (St. John) angaonedwe mwa linga lero.

Alexis Ravelin kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, tsoka, anawonongedwa. Modabwitsa, anatumikira osati monga dongosolo kumbuyo, komanso kundende linga. Mu izo, ambiri Decembrists ndi otsutsa boma tsarist zidalengedwa. Prison Alexeyev Ravelin chinakhalapo mpaka 1884.

Wina Ravelin odziwika lili Sebastopol. Iwo mpanda wamphamvu inamangidwa mu 1840 poteteza mzinda wa Bay kuchokera matenda zombo za adani kwa nyanja. Otchedwa Konstantinovsky batire Sevastopol zatenganso mbali yaikulu mbiri kawiri: pamene Crimea (1854-1855) ndi nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.

Pomaliza

Ravelin - akundithandiza dongosolo la kumbuyo linga, omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito kuyambira cha m'ma XVII. Ntchito yaikulu pa malo izi ziwiri: m'mbuyo Adani ndi kuteteza malo achitetezo kwa mdani zida zankhondo moto.