Plasma sayansi. Chikhazikitso cha Madzi a m'magazi Physics

nthawi imene plasma kugwirizana ndi ife ndi chinachake zonama, zovuta kuzimvetsa, wosangalatsa, ndi kale. Today lingaliro ili chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. The plasma ntchito mu makampani. Kwambiri wofuna ntchito zake luso kuyatsa. Mwachitsanzo - mpweya kumaliseche nyali, wotsegula pa msewu. Koma mu nyali fulorosenti alipo. Ndi mu kuwotcherera magetsi. Pambuyo kuwotcherera Arc - ndi madzi kwaiye madzi a m'magazi muuni. Munthu angathe tchulani zitsanzo zina zambiri.

Madzi a m'magazi Physics - ndi nthambi zofunika za sayansi. Choncho m'pofunika kumvetsa mfundo zofunika zokhudza izo. Izi ndi nkhani yathu.

Tanthauzo ndi mitundu ya plasma

Kodi plasma ndi? Khama mu sayansi wapatsidwa momveka bwino. Madzi a m'magazi boma la nkhani akutchulidwa pamene yotsirizira pali kwambiri (mwachinsinsi ndi chiwerengero cha particles), chiwerengero cha particles mlandu (chonyamulira) amatha kwambiri kapena zochepa ufulu kusuntha mkati thunthu. Tingasiyanitsire zotsatirazi mitundu ikuluikulu ya madzi sayansi. Ngati zonyamulira za particles wa mtundu wina (ndi chizindikiro wosiyana particles mlandu, neutralizing dongosolo alibe ufulu kuyenda), umatchedwa chigawo umodzi. Pankhani popenyana ndi - thuu kapena multicomponent.

plasma Features

Kotero, ife mwachidule pofotokoza mfundo plasma a. Physics - ndi sayansi yeniyeni, popanda matanthauzo sangachite. Tsopano ndikuwuzani za mbali yaikulu ya boma ya kanthu.

katundu wa madzi mu sayansi izi. Choyamba, mu boma pansi zochita za mphamvu mu atomu kale yaing'ono pali kayendedwe ka magalimoto - panopa kuti ukuyenda mwa njira yotero ndipo malinga ngati mphamvu zimenezi sadzakhala kutha chifukwa cha mosamala magwero awo. Choncho, madzi kenako amapita ku boma kumene kuli quasi-ndale. M'mawu ena, buku ake, chiwiya tosaoneka ndi maso, ndi ziro mlandu. Mbali yachiwiri ya madzi ndi ofanana chikhalidwe losatha la asilikali Ampere ali Coulomb ndi. Amakhala chakuti kayendedwe mu boma, monga ulamuliro, ndi khalidwe gulu, yokhudza ambiri particles mlandu. Awa ndi katundu yaikulu ya madzi sayansi. Iwo adzakhala zothandiza kukumbukira.

Onse mbali zimenezi zimachititsa chakuti plasma sayansi zodabwitsa olemera ndi osiyanasiyana. Mawonetseredwe chidwi kwambiri pa izo ndi chomasuka yatsoka zamitundu yosiyanasiyana instabilities. Iwo zovuta kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito yeniyeni ya madzi a m'magazi. Physics - sayansi kuti nthawi zonse ikusintha. Choncho, tikuyembekeza kuti nthawi zopinga zimenezi adzatheratu.

The madzi mu zakumwa

Kutembenuza chitsanzo yeniyeni dongosolo la timayamba kuganizira plasma subsystems pankhani condensed. madzi zina ayenera makamaka wotchedwa zitsulo madzi - chitsanzo, Chofanana plasma subsystem - limodzi chigawo chonyamulira ma elekitironi plasma. Kwenikweni, timasamala ndi gulu ayenera zimachitika, ndipo madzi electrolyte, amene onyamula - ayoni zizindikiro onse. Komabe, pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, electrolytes simuli gulu. Mmodzi wa iwo lili mu choona kuti electrolyte ndi kuunika, kusunthira onyamula monga ma elekitironi. Choncho, madzi a m'magazi katundu zimene tafotokoza anasonyeza kwambiri chosalimba.

timibulu Madzi a m'magazi

The madzi mu timibulu ali ndi dzina wapadera - olimba boma plasma. Mu timibulu amaayoni, ngakhale pali milandu, koma iwo ali. Choncho, palibe plasma. Mu zitsulo - ndi ma elekitironi madutsidwe amapanga plasma chimodzi chigawo. mlandu wake kulipidwa ndi mlandu amodzi (yeniyeni, kuyenda kwa ataliatali) ayoni.

The madzi mu semiconductors

Poganizira chikhazikitso cha plasma sayansi, tisaiwale kuti semiconductors zinthu zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Mwachidule zimaonetsa izo. OCP kwa zinthu izi zingachitike ngati inu kulowa nawo zosafunika ndi zogwirizana. Ngati wodetsedwa mosavuta amapereka ma elekitironi (othandizira ndalama), ndiye pali N-mtundu onyamula - ma elekitironi. Ngati wodetsedwa ndi, mosiyana, ma elekitironi mosavuta anasonkhana (acceptors), ndiye pali tsa-mtundu onyamula - mabowo (mipata kanthu mu kufalitsa ma elekitironi), amene zinthu ngati particles ndi mlandu positive. The madzi ziwiri zikuluzikulu aumbike mwa ma elekitironi ndi mabowo amapezeka semiconductors sizivuta njira. Mwachitsanzo, iwo umadza pansi pa zochita za kuwala ikukoka, ankatigenda ndi ma elekitironi ku valence gulu kwa conduction gulu. Onani kuti pa zinthu zina, ma elekitironi ndi mabowo amakopeka ndi mnzake, akhoza kupanga boma womangidwa, ofanana ndi atomu wa hydrogen, - ndi exciton, ndipo ngati mpope mwamphamvu ndi osalimba wa excitons waukulu, bwinobwino pamodzi kupanga dontho la zinthu zosiyanasiyana za dzenje madzi. Nthawi zina chikhalidwe ichi imatengedwa boma latsopano la nkhaniyi.

gasi ionization

Zitsanzo amanena milandu yeniyeni ya boma plasma ndi madzi mu mawonekedwe woyera amatchedwa ionized mpweya. Ndi ionization ake zingachititse zifukwa zambiri: munda magetsi (mpweya kumaliseche, ndi yamabingu), ndi kuunika kwa kamwazi (photoionization), kudya tinthu (cheza cha magwero nyukiliya, kuwala kwa dziko, amene chatsegulidwa ndi kukwera digiri ya ionization la kumwamba). Komabe, chinthu chachikulu ndi Kutentha kwa mpweya (matenthedwe ionization). Pankhaniyi, kulekana kwa ma elekitironi ku atsogolera atomu adzawombana ndi particles zina gasi masika ndi okwanira kayendedwe mphamvu chifukwa kutentha.

Mkulu-kutentha ndi otsika kutentha plasma

Low-kutentha plasma sayansi - chinachake chimene ife amakhudzana tsiku lililonse. Zitsanzo za zinthu zimenezi kungakhale lawi, thunthu mu kumaliseche mpweya ndi mphezi, zosiyanasiyanazo ozizira malo plasma (ionosphere ndi maiko magnetosphere ndi nyenyezi), thunthu ntchito mu zipangizo zosiyanasiyana luso (MHD magudumu, injini plasma, woyatsa, ndi zina zotero. N.) . Zitsanzo za otentha madzi - (. Tokamak, chipangizo laser, ndi mtengo zida Al) nyenyezi zinthu pamisinkhu onse kusanduka awo, kupatula oyambirira ubwana ndi ukalamba, ntchito madzimadzi mu machitidwe a maphatikizidwe ankalamulira nyukiliya.

boma chachinayi cha nkhaniyi

Theka zapitazo, asayansi ambiri ndi akatswiri ankakhulupirira nkhani imakhala maatomu ndi mamolekyulu. Iwo ndi ogwirizana osakaniza kapena disordered kwambiri kapena zambiri kapena zochepa analamula. Iye akhapidziwa kuti pali magawo atatu - gaseous, madzi ndi olimba. Zinthu kuwatengera mchikakamizo cha zinthu kunja.

Panopa Komabe, tikhoza kunena kuti pali 4 limati pa nkhaniyi. plasma kuti angathe kuonedwa ngati latsopano, wachinayi. kusiyana kwake kuchokera Zachepetsedwa (olimba ndi madzi) limati lili mu choona kuti, monga mpweya ali ndi kukameta ubweya elasticity, komanso atathana buku mwini. Komano, ofanana ndi madzi a m'magazi Zachepetsedwa boma pamaso pa yochepa chabe osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo. E. malumikizanidwe maudindo ndi zikuchokera particles ndi oyandikana mlandu plasma. Pankhaniyi, monga malumikizanidwe si kwaiye mphamvu intermolecular ndi Coulomb: mlandu amakankhira kutali dzina chomwecho iyemwini ndi imakoka milandu mosiyana.

plasma sayansi anali tione akufotokozedwa. Nkhani imeneyi ndi lolemera ndithu, kotero ife tikhoza kulankhula za chimene ife anapeza maziko ake. plasma sayansi, ndithudi tiziganizire zina.