Phula - icho chiri. Zikuchokera ndi tanthauzo

Kuti akonze khalidwe ndi njira yodalirika padziko pali osiyana mu kapangidwe ndi katundu zipangizo. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi phula. Kodi mankhwala, zomwe zimatha nyamayi ndi kumene applicable, ndi bwino kudziwika mu malo oyamba omanga ndi antchito msewu. Anthu a anthu achikulire, amene anakulira ku Soviet Union, muzakumbukira zomwe anali kutafuna wawo woyamba chingamu - phula. Kunja chinthu utomoni wonunkhira aumbike mwa positi mafuta processing ndi dongosolo viscous ndipo anasonyeza mwa wakuda. Zokolola sludge ndi kuchokera pa 8 ndi 45 ndi kulemera kwa mafuta.

Phula - ndichiyani

Chifukwa cha nkhaniyi amapezeka mafuta, kotero zikuchokera phula ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi tuzigawo twa mafuta. Iwo kuvomerezedwa zikuluzikulu:

- Mafuta utomoni ongokhala chimasanduka wa zikuchokera zovuta ndi yopatsa phula kukhuthala ndi stringiness.

- Phula - zolimba kuti kuonjezera mtendere matenthedwe.

- Phula zidulo ndi anhydrides chawo cha kugwirizana utomoni wonunkhira ndi polinaftenovym zidulo ofanana.

- Ndiponso chigawo kuvomerezedwa ndi mkulu phula zili zosafunika zitsulo pano mu mafuta.

katundu phula

Akudalira makamaka pa katundu wa mafuta, komanso njira zamakono ntchito processing ake. tuzigawo twa Nature mafuta anakhudzidwa ndi makhalidwe ena a sludge, monga osalimba, mfundo limatsogolera ndi kung'anima coking. A phula bwino kuwapeza mafuta olemera ndi utomoni ndi za 8% ya kulemera kwake.

Kugwiritsa ntchito phula

Mu nthambi zosiyanasiyana za ntchito sludge. Kuti ndi chofunika kwambiri kwa kupanga msewu ndi kumanga phula, wodziwika, mwina, chirichonse. Koma kuwonjezera, phula chofunika ndi kupanga mafuta galimoto, mafuta mafuta ndiponso gasi kuyaka. Yomanga ndi mphira makampani kuti ntchito monga emollient ndi. Phula ndi okhutira mkulu wa resins angathe kukonzedwa mu dizilo ntchito njira hydrogenation ndi akulimbana.

Pofuna kuchotsa utomoni wonunkhira-asphaltene zigawo ndi polycyclic chimasanduka onunkhira omwe otsika kukhuthala index ndi digiri yapamwamba ya coking ntchito deasphalting sludge. The zosungunulira, monga ulamuliro, ndi propane. Koma pamodzi ndi izo, pamene inu mukufuna kuti mutenge yaiwisi hydrocracking wagawo kapena othandizira akulimbana angagwiritsidwe ntchito pentane ndi byuteni. Nthawi zina, awiri gawo deasphalting ikuchitika pamene gawo loyamba la phula chifukwa allocates kwambiri viscous chigawo chimodzi - DAO 2.

Pogwira msewu ntchito sludge anabwela mawonekedwe olimba, ndi kale mwachindunji pamaso ntchito ndi mkangano kuti boma madzi.

chuma yachiwiri

Kupanga detergents, mafuta kuwala, paraffins ndi njira zina kuyeretsedwa kumene reagent ntchito monga chidulo cha safuriki, aumbike mwa-mankhwala otchedwa asidi sludge. Izi ndi sekondale zothandiza mu gummy misa wakuda munali asidi makamaka sulfuric ndi mankhwala organic. Tani asidi sludge zimathandiza kupeza makilogalamu 600 a mafuta mafuta, 230 makilogalamu gypsum 110 makilogalamu makilogalamu 60 coke kapena chimasanduka gaseous.

Kuopsa tars asidi kwa zachilengedwe

Ngakhale mtengo wake monga chuma yaiwisi kwa binders phula, ndipo ngakhale chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri naonekera kuopseza chilengedwe, ndi asidi sludge. Kuti thunthu alidi gwero la ngozi kwa nyama ndi zomera, n'zosavuta kuona ngati mukukumbukira kapangidwe kake - utomoni wonunkhira chinthu ndi ufulu sulfuric asidi, zili zimenezi mpaka 70% ya kulemera okwana.

Chiopsezo ndi njira kasungidwe ndi tars acid. Chifukwa chakuti lero palibe njira nchito ya yobwezeretsanso, zinyalala limangolembedwa mwazisiya mu yosungirako dziwe atagwira zina m'madera ambiri ndithu. Chifukwa cha njira redox zimene zimachitika zokha padziko yosungirako, wambirimbiri woipa sulfure. Pambuyo mvula kapena kusungunuka chisanu wowawasa kasupe madzi oyenda kuchokera amatunga wonsewo acidifies nthaka ndi pansi.

Izi zonse kungasokoneze zinthu zachilengedwe pafupi malo mayiwe awa, moyipa zimakhudza umoyo wa anthu amoyo mu madera ozungulira. Mamiliyoni matani tars asidi warehoused mu lotseguka yosungirako dziwe pa dera la Russia. Pafupifupi ayenga onse chotero zinyalala. Mmodzi yekha kudera la anasonkhanitsa awo matani oposa 250.

Kutaya zinyalala

Mu nyumba zamakono chitukuko ikukula kufunika kwa zinthu monga phula, phula, phula utomoni wonunkhira phula. Chotero, ndipo ambiri a opanga. Ambiri a iwo akuyesera kuthetsa vuto la tars zinyalala asidi, ntchito sulfuric asidi mankhwala njira, komabe osakwanira ku sikelo, T. Kwa. Ndi ndithu ndondomeko zovuta. Pamafunika mtengo zipangizo asidi zosagwira, kupanga njira yapadera ndi zinthu yosungirako. Lero, anakamba umisiri yabwino kwambiri zinyalala asidi sludge.

Pafupifupi anthu onse a akatswiri pa ntchito zomangamanga msewu, phula zapamwamba zakuthupi wapadera. remelting wake limakupatsani kulenga zosiyanasiyana mankhwala kuti akhala bwino ntchito pomanga msewu. Ndipo ntchito sludge mu denga ndi nyumba ntchito mafuta mafuta, lubricating mafuta ndi mafuta madzi zina timapitiriza kufunika kwake.