Per Ferma: yonena, photos, kufufuza mu masamu

Per De Fermat - mmodzi wa asayansi kwambiri pa mbiri ya France. zikayenda zake zikuphatikiza chilengedwe cha ntchito monga chiphunzitso cha ziyerekezo ndi manambala, iye ndi mlembi theorems wotchuka anatulukira katundu angapo masamu. Kuyambira ali wamng'ono kwambiri makolo ake tcheru kwambiri kwa maphunziro ndi mwana ndi zokayikitsa kwakhudza mapangidwe maganizo chachikulu. Nthawi zonse bata ndi amphamvu, kufuna ndi okhwima angadziwe ndi kupeza - zonse Per Ferma. Mwachidule yonena podcherpnut kuthandiza wowerenga kupeza zosangalatsa zonse za umunthu izi ukanakhala wa masamu.

magawo oyambirira

Pierre anabadwa mu France. Iye ndi mmodzi mwa apainiya ndi amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha manambala, komanso mawunikidwe Masamu.

Kwa nthawi yaitali ananena kuti Per Ferma anabadwa mu 1595 ku Toulouse, koma ndi za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mu mzinda wa Beaumont mu yachokera anapezeka cholemba zimene zinanenedwa kuti m'chilimwe cha 1601, mzinda milandu Dominique Fermat ndi mkazi wake wobadwa mwana Pierre. Amadziwika kuti Dominique Farm anali munthu wolemekezeka kwambiri mu mzindawo. Iye anali wamalonda khungu. Pierre anakhala ubwana wake pafupi ndi makolo ake, ndipo pamene ili nthawi kuti maphunziro, iye anapita ku Toulouse - mzinda wapafupi ndi mayunivesite. Bwino anaphunzira za malamulo pa yunivesite ya benchi anapereka Pierre mwayi ntchito loya, koma mnyamata zopita ku msonkhano wa chigawo. Mu 1631 Pierre anasankhidwa ikani ndalama mlangizi mu nyumba ya malamulo ya Toulouse. Panthawi imeneyi munda kale anakwatira mwana wa alangizi, amene anagwirako ntchito. moyo wake unali wamtendere kwambiri ndi wachete. Koma uyamiko kwa Iye, lero, anthu kuphunzira masamu angaphunzire zambiri zosangalatsa kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri. Ngakhale mu maphunziro kusukulu mwachangu tikunena mutu wakuti "Per Ferma ndiponso zimene wake."

Kumulakalaka mbiri

Mu unyamata wake, tsogolo masamu wotchuka ngati katswiri abwino mu mbiri (makamaka wakale), chithandizo chake mu buku kufika zapamwamba Greek. Iye anathirira ndemanga pa ntchito za Sinezuga, Athenaeum, Polyunusa, Frontinus, Teona Smirnskogo, anasintha mawu a Kodi Sextus Empiricus. Ambiri amanena kuti iye mosavuta akanatha kupanga chilemba chake monga katswiri wa chapadera Greek.

Komabe, chifukwa chakuti anasankha njira zosiyana, tinaona kuwala kwa lingamutsatire ake phunziro udzakwaniritsidwa. Ndipo kotero anthu ambiri akudziwa kuti Per Ferma - Masamu.

Ntchito ya moyo wake pamene anadziwika makamaka kudzera m'makalata yaikulu kuti Fermat anali ndi asayansi ena. Mndandanda wa ntchito, limene mobwerezabwereza anayesa kuti ndi sichinayambe akuyendera. Kwenikweni, ichi ndi chifukwa zomveka pamene katundu pa ntchito yaikulu mu bwalo. Pamene Pierre moyo palibe kulemera kwa ntchito zake afalitsidwa.

Per Ferma: kufufuza mu masamu

Imodzi mwa ntchito woyamba m'munda wa masamu pa Fermat - ndi resumption m'mabuku awiri chotaika cha Apollonius mabuku lotchedwa "nthaka lathyathyathya". Pierre kwambiri phindu kwa sayansi ambiri amaona iwo kumayambiriro kwa Masamu mawunikidwe a infinitesimals. Iye anapanga sitepe ili yofunika kwambiri mu 1629. Komanso mu makumi mochedwa, Per Ferma anapeza njira ya kupeza tangents ndi extrema. Ndipo kale mu 1636-mamita kwathunthu atamaliza kufotokoza njira kupeza wakhala anasamutsa m'manja mwa Mersenne, ndipo ndi izi sankatha kuwerenga ndi aliyense.

Mkanganowu ndi Descartes

Mu zaka 1637-38 ndi French masamu Per Ferma unsembe mofulumira anakangana ndi mofanana kwambiri masamu Mnazareti Descartes. Mkanganowu adanyamuka padziko "njira kupeza pazipita ndi osachepera." Descartes kuzimvetsa njira ndi samamvetsa izo, chifukwa kuti Iye adatontholetsa kutsutsa wosalakwa. M'chaka cha 1638 Per Ferma anatumiza Mersenne Descartes popereka mfundo kusinthidwa ndi watanthauzo wa ulaliki wa njira wake. M'kalata yake zikuonetsa adaletsa wake, pakuti kwalembedwa mwa njila youma kwambiri ndi bata, koma pa nthawi yomweyo pali Izitu n'zovutitsa ena. M'kalata yake munali mnyozo mwachindunji ngakhale chosamvetsa Descartes. munda sanayambe adalowa zopusa ndi osadziletsa polemic, iye nthawi zonse ankadalira malankhulidwe yosalala ndi ozizira. Izo sizinali kungokangana, koma anangocheza ngati kulankhula kwa mphunzitsi ndi wophunzira, ndilo chinachake sanamvetse.

Systematics kuwerengetsa madera

Pamaso Pierre Fermat njira kupeza malo tinalengedwa ndi Chitaliyana Cavalieri. Komabe, ndi 1642 Fermat anapeza njira kupeza malo amene amangokhala ndi aliyense "parabola" ndi "okokomeza." Iye anali wokhoza kuti atsimikizire kuti dera akalumikidzidwa chilichonse malire ukhoza kukhala mtengo amalire.

Vuto rectification zokhotakhota

Munthu woyamba anayamba kuphunzira vuto la kompyuta amayesetsa Arc wa zokhotakhota lapansi. Iye anatha kubweretsa yankho kupeza ena danga. Kuwerengetsa m'dera kuchepetsa mavuto onse pa zokhotakhota. Unakhalabe dontho kuti akaloŵe mu lingaliro latsopano ndi zambiri umboni wa "yofunika".

M'tsogolo, njira zonse ziyende bwino za tanthauzo la "danga" anali kupeza ubale ndi "njira ya tangents ndi extrema". Pali umboni kuti munda waona ubwenzi bwino, koma ntchito zake susonyeza mfundo imeneyi.

Mosiyana kwambiri anzake za mlanduwu, Per De Fermat anali masamu koyera ndi ndisanayesepo kufufuza nthambi zina za sayansi. Mwina chifukwa chimenechi, zopereka zake zamphamvu kuti lonse la masamu ndi zina kwambiri ndi mkulu.

Pa chiphunzitso cha manambala

Zofunika kwambiri Farm chopereka mu masamu ndipo lero imatengedwa chilengedwe cha khalidwe latsopano kotheratu - chiphunzitso chiwerengero. Scientist mu ntchito yake, anali ndi chidwi mavuto masamu kuti nthawi zina anatulukira ndi kungoganizira yekha. Mu ndondomeko ya kupeza mayankho a mafunso amene anaperekedwa mu mavuto, Fermat zambiri kupeza zatsopano ndi wapadera. Latsopano ma aligorivimu ndi malamulo, theorems ndi katundu - zonse kamodzi anapanga maziko a chiphunzitso cha manambala, tsopano kudziwika kwa aliyense wa sukulu.

Zikathandizire ntchito ndi akatswiri ena

Choncho, Per Ferma anapeza malamulo a manambala zachilengedwe ndi kuziika muyaya. Kuthi manambala zachilengedwe otchedwa "Lingaliro Lovomerezeka la masamu." Chitsanzo china ndi wotchuka "Lingaliro Lovomerezeka pang'ono." Kenako Euler izo anatumikira monga chitsanzo chapadera ntchito zake. , Imatchedwanso kuti inali ntchito ya Pierre Fermat anafunsa maziko a Lingaliro Lovomerezeka Lagrange za Uwerenge mabwalo 4.

Fermat womaliza Lingaliro Lovomerezeka

Kumene ambiri ntchito za Pierre chionekera Lingaliro Lovomerezeka lake lalikulu ndi lamphamvu. Ndi zaka zambiri, ngakhale zaka zambiri, anakakamizika "kuphwanya mutu" wa masamu kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale pambuyo inasindikizidwa mu 1995, njira yatsopano ndi osiyana kwambiri umboni adakali kubwera ku dipatimenti ndi kukondera masamu ku mayunivesite ambiri padziko lonse.

Ngakhale munda wasiya okha nkhani ya ntchito zawo ndi mfundo otalikirana, chimene chiri chimene wafunsira kutsegula kwa ena ambiri geniuses lopambana mu masamu. Ulemu wake, dzina lake limodzi mwa sukulu zapamwamba kwambiri ndi wamkulu mkulu mu France - Lyceum dzina la Pierre de Fermat ku Toulouse.

wasayansi imfa

Pa ntchito yake yogwira ntchito m'munda wa masamu Farm mofulumira kwambiri amasuntha mu mlandu kukhoti. Mu 1648, Pierre membala wa Nyumba ya zokhazikitsa. Choncho mkulu positi umboni kwa malo apamwamba wasayansi lapansi.

Mu Castres, kumene munda anali Lamulo, iye afa pa kuchoka ku khoti gawo lotsatira. Imfa inafikira Masamu pa zaka 64. Mwana wamkulu wa wasayansi anatenga bambo kubweretsa ntchito za anthu ndi kutulutsa angapo kafukufuku.

Izi zinali Per Ferma. mbiri yake inali yaikulu, ndi moyo kumanzere chizindikiro nthawi zonse.

Kuthi chimphona a masamu sitingalephere kukambapo ndipo saganizira, chifukwa iwo anaika maziko olimba ofufuza ambiri. Per Ferma, zithunzi (zithunzi) akupatsidwa m'nkhani, ine ndinali ndi khalidwe amphamvu, amene moyo wake wonse chinamuthandiza kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zake.