Party - ndale ... tanthauzo, lingaliro, mitundu ndi makhalidwe

Party - lingaliro ili latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Latin zikutanthauza "gawo". Kuti ndi gawo la ena ammudzi zikuluzikulu. Party - mawu amene kale zikamera ndi macheza mu mawonekedwe awo analipo akuimira gulu la anthu. Iwo vied ndi mzake kapena boma lokha, kapena kulimbikitsa izo.

Mbiri ya zikamera wa zipani

Ngakhale anthu anzeru wakale Greek, pamatchulidwa zinthu zimenezi. Aristotle Mwachitsanzo, analemba kuti Attica mu 6 m'ma BC. e. panabuka mkangano pakati pa anthu maphwando a mapiri, zigwa ndi kugombe. Choncho, pa nthawi imeneyi monga mapangidwe awo (pamwamba ake). Party mu Ages Middle anali magulu amene anali makamaka zachilengedwe kanthawi. Amadziwika Mwachitsanzo, kuti akale England kunali nkhondo pakati pa awiri "maphwando", womwe Maluwa. Komabe, zikamera wa prototypes awo m'njira zamakono mawu akhoza kungolankhula ku nthawi za kusintha bourgeois. Ndi koposa zonse, za ulimi mu England m'zaka 17. Party - mgwirizano kuti anatuluka chifukwa chakuti ntchito absolutist boma akhala koletsedwa. Panali umunthu yoyenda yokha amene ankafuna nawo anthu, kusonkhezera boma. Iwo anali anazindikira kuti kupezeka zosiyanasiyana zokonda anthu ndi malamulo. Pambuyo pake panali ndale. Ichi ndi wapadera chida lakonzedwa kuimira zofuna za anthu mu dongosolo mphamvu.

mbali kiyi wa zipani

Pali wapadera sayansi partologiya chinkhoswe pa maphunziro awo. Asayansi ndale akadali sizinawakhudze kuuzidwa za zimene tingachite ndale. Tingathe kuona kuti panthawi yake tanthauzo ambiri amavomereza kulibe. Komabe, tingachite bwino kunena za zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti kuwasiyanitsa ndi mabungwe ena andale. Zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:

- osachepera ofunda bungwe;

- pulogalamu ya ntchito olowa;

- pamaso pa udindo makamaka chikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo chikhumbo mwachindunji zimakhudza moyo andale, komanso yofunika kwambiri mu kusankha, pokonza msonkhano chisankho;

- wapadera udindo mu boma, kuphatikizapo ubwenzi ndi miyambo ya limagwirira phwando nawo mapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito makina boma;

- maziko ena;

- wapadera malamulo boma, kutanthauza kuti lamulo normative zochita za chipani ndi udindo wake makamaka oyendetsera dziko ndi malamulo.

The tanthauzo Wamkulu wa chipanichi

Yachokera pa zotsatira deta akhoza kupereka tanthauzo ambiri. Chipani - zaufulu bungwe landale, womwenso anthu amene ali ndi zolinga wamba ndi zinthu, ndi chomwe chifuna kukhala wamphamvu zandale kapena kuchita nawo kukhazikitsa. Waukulu zimasiyanitsa Mbali kusiyanitsa pakati magulu ena, magulu ndi mabungwe, izo kumatanthauza limagwirira mphamvu amanena kuti izo. Ngakhale Mbali imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri, chipani akhoza maudindo osiyana poyerekezera ndi boma zilipo. Mwachitsanzo, iwo akhoza kukhala mu chitsutso, kuchita kwa chiwonongeko cha dongosolo anakhazikitsa. kuwatsutsa zikhoza osati ndi kulephera kwa boma lonse, komanso ndi malamulo a boma pano. chipani amathanso kutenga mbali nkani za boma, kuchita ngati mnzanu wa zipani zina. Komanso akhoza kupanga boma yekha. Party, popeza akwaniritsa ichi, zina, kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa okhawo ake mphamvu, pamene kulemekeza ulamulilo wa lamulo, ndiyo kuthetsa kutsutsidwa. Kulankhula mu nkhani iyi ndi funso kuzindikira chipani ndi boma.

mlingo atatu chipani

Poganizira Kapangidwe ka masewera ano, magulu atatu ayenera kukhala wolemekezeka:

1. Wamkulukulu mlingo - chifaniziro mu dongosolo mphamvu. Ndi akuluakulu ntchito mu boma zida, amene analandira posts awo chifukwa amayanjana chipani: phungu, kazembe, purezidenti, wachiwiri phwando.

2. Mlingo lotsatira - pafupifupi. Izi zikuphatikizapo chipani boma bungwe.

3. The mlingo wotsikitsitsa - chipika omwe adzaponye chisanko. Izi m'munsi misa, amene amatithandiza ofuna wa chipanichi nthawi imene chisankho. Onani kuti membala gulu pogwiritsa kwambiri pa kudzipereka ananena. kuphatikizidwa Official si zofunika kwenikweni - sikuti kukhala mbali mndandanda zogwirizana. Party akhoza anakhalabe osati kusainira mapepala boma.

mitundu ya masewera

Tiyeni tione mitundu ya ndale. Akamauzana maziko awo maganizo, chikhalidwe zokhudza chikhalidwe ndi udindo Ntchito yaikulu ya chipani, chikhalidwe cha njira zake ntchito ndi dongosolo mkati.

chipani ndodo

Iwo, monga Duverger, anapanga chifukwa cha zamoyo wa zibonga ndale. ntchito yaikulu - kusonkhanitsa anthu otchuka mu chigawo masankho makamaka kuti amathandiza kuti ambiri adzaponye chisanko kuimira zigawo zosiyanasiyana za anthu ndi ziphunzitso osiyana maganizo. Amakono ambiri European chipani ndi lathu ndi ndiwofatsa, a mtundu uwu. Iwo yodziwika ndi umembala free, ndiye palibe dongosolo la kalembera wa anthu, mndandanda wa iwo. maphwando amenewa ananenanso pamaso pa zopereka zonse. Komanso, kapangidwe awo ndi osakhazikika. Yogwira masewera a mtundu kumaonekera makamaka pa chisankho. zitsanzo: Democratic ndi Republican Party wa US.

maphwando misa

maphwando Misa adanyamuka chifukwa cha othandiza konsekonse. Akuimira gulu lalikulu digiri yapamwamba ya ideologization ndi zovuta dongosolo mkati. maphwando amenewa kupanga m'munsi paphwando makamaka strata m'munsi mwa anthu. Kwenikweni ali zokomera, chikominisi ndi chikhalidwe demokalase. Ali umembala mapulani chipani chilango. Iwo yodziwika ndi digiri yapamwamba ya gulu. Iwo ntchito momaliziratu, ali ndi zida kwambiri kulamulira zosiyanasiyana mabungwe m'deralo. The lathu zoterozo chipani - pa asilikali anthu atsopano. Choncho anathana ndi mavuto andale ndi azachuma. Chitsanzo konkire - pa Russian Communist Party.

M'nyumba ndi panja masewera

Chigawo ichi chili mbuuku njira mamembala usilikali. Lotseguka chipani kulowa si malamulo. Mu anatseka akuyenera kutsatira mwambo ndi zikhalidwe: Mbiri, uphungu zochita za m'dera utsogoleri phwando. lamulo okhwima phwando m'mbuyomu anali lililonse kwa Party Communist ndi zina zokomera ndi chikominisi maphwando. Today pali vuto la kuchepetsa m'munsi chikhalidwe. Mbali yaikulu ya zipani wakhala lotseguka.

Gulu la malo mu dongosolo la ndale

Malinga mtundu wa malo mu dongosolo la ndale amatenga chipani awiri a mtundu wawo.

1. akulamulira. Pamene afika mphamvu, iwo amayamba anazindikira pulogalamu ya chipani anapanga boma. chipani ndiye akulamulira chifukwa cha chisankho kuti aphungu a boma. Mu nkhani iyi, sindiye munthu - pangakhale zingapo. Pankhaniyi, mbali kulamulira kupanga Mgwirizano.

2. The maphwando kutsutsidwa. Awa ndi anthu amene anagonjetsedwa pa chisankho wotsiriza kapena sanali anavomereza kuti boma panopa. ntchito zawo akulimbikira pa njira zotsutsa, anapereka boma, komanso chilengedwe cha mapulogalamu zina za chitukuko cha dziko. maphwando angamatsutse kugawidwa nawonso, amene mbali yofunika kwambiri mu moyo wapoyera, ndi anthu omwe safuna kusewera izo. Mwachitsanzo, 7 November 2001 chisankho cha Pulezident inachitika ku United States. Chifukwa, iwo anakhala akulamulira Republican Party, otsutsa (zomwe n'chofunikira kwambiri) - Democrats ndipo pafupifupi 20 maphwando otsutsa sanathe mbali yofunika kwambiri. Palinso kugawanikana wina. Mwa magulu otsutsa kusiyanitsa yovomerezeka, imene ikugwira ntchito mwa chilamulo, m'kaundula; lamulo; ndipo sikuti mukulakwitsa, komanso yosavomerezeka.

Gawo ndi mfundo

Osamva, mitundu zotsatirazi:

- maganizo, ndale, anamanga pa maziko a mfundo, chikhalidwe demokalase chikominisi, lopondereza, ochiritsira, owolowa manja;

- vuto cholambira, amene anaikira padziko nkhani inayake gulu (chipani wamkazi, chipani "wobiriwira");

- masankho - mezhideologicheskie, ndi mabungwe zina sanali maganizo kuti mukhale ndi zolinga ndi Cholinga chake kukopa atumwiwo.

zipani za m'ma 20, izo anadalira mfundo za. Komabe, lero zinthu zasintha. Mu West European lero anthu, mfundo watha phindu lake, koma zisanafike wamphamvu chida maphwando. Masiku ano, pali informatization ndi technocratization limapezeka superideologiya sayansi, rationality ndi chidziwitso. Choncho, maphwando zamakono zili zikugwirizana ndi malo omwe amafunika chidwi chiopsezo ndale. Chifukwa cha kufooka kwa mfundo, ntchito yogwira media, mmene umisiri masankho mu chisankho cha chipani ndi ena. Iwo akusiya oponya voti khola. Choncho, maganizo a asayansi ambiri andale, mtundu wawo watsopano analenga kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Kupezeka chipani masankho ndi akatswiri.

Electoral-akatswiri chipani

mbali awo ndi osiyana ndi zotsatirazi. Izi gulu la anthu, ang'onoang'ono ambiri, amene athandiza ndi luso la ntchito katswiri adzaponye chisanko angathe. M'zochita zake kupita mwachindunji oponya voti. Mu nkhani iyi, ndalama maphwando amenewa kudzera ndalama yeniyeni ndi magulu chidwi. Iwo yodziwika ndi utsogoleri zogwirizana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa mtsogoleri amazindikira kuti ndi zofuna za gulu izo chikugwirizana, amene ndi amene ntchito. mtundu anzawo akukumbutsa "mauthenga ndi osinthika technocratic", ramming dongosolo chisankho.

Pomaliza, ndi kufanizitsa za ndale wonse m'malo ochiritsira. Ndipotu, aliyense wa iwo akhoza kukhala mbali khalidwe zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.