Njira yopangira zofotokozera za Marx

Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi (malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Karl Marx) zomwe zimagwirizana ndi nthawi yeniyeni yogonana ndi mphamvu zomwe zimapatsa anthu zinthu zakuthupi.

Mphamvu zothandizira ndizophatikizapo ntchito ndi zipangizo. Anthu ogwira ntchito amaganizira za chidziwitso, luso ndi zochitika zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mbiri yakale, ndipo zipangizozo zimasiyana ndi zovuta zawo ndi makina. Makampani opanga zinthu zimadalira mwachindunji chilengedwe cha mtundu wina wa anthu.

Maubwenzi opanga machitidwe ndi omwe amakhazikitsidwa m'mabuku, omwe akuphatikizapo ufulu wa katundu, kugawidwa kwa chuma ndi zina mwalamulo za maubwenzi.

Karl Marx, potsatira ndondomeko ya chisinthiko kuchokera kwa Hegel ndi Saint Simon, yomwe ili yosiyana kwambiri ndi miyambo ikuluikulu yazakale:

- communal wachikulire;

- kapolo (wakale);

- feudal;

- capitalist;

- Chikomyunizimu.

Njira yopangira ma communal mode

Icho chinakhalapo kuyambira pachiyambi cha Stone Age mpaka nthawi ya kutuluka kwa gulu la kalasi (IX m'ma BC BC). Poyambirira pokhudzana ndi chuma choyenera, i.e. Anthu amangogwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe chomwe chinapereka. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zogwirira ntchito komanso mphamvu zothandizira, pakuwonekera kwa luso linalake ndi zida zina za ntchito, njira yowakomera yodziwika bwino inapezedwa ndi chuma chachuma.

Makhalidwe a mawonekedwe:

- kulingana kwachuma, mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe ofanana a anthu onse kuntchito yopangira ndikugawa katundu;

- kusowa chuma chapadera;

- Kupanda ntchito.

Chikhalidwe choterechi cha chiyanjanocho chinakhazikitsidwa pa msinkhu wochepa kwambiri wa chitukuko cha mphamvu zobala. Kupanga chuma chakuthupi kunakwanira makamaka kukhalabe ndi moyo. Panthawi imeneyi, katundu wochuluka sunalipobe. Ndipo pokhapokha pokhapokha magulu opanga ntchito omwe apititsa patsogolo adawonetsa kuti pakhale njira yowonjezera, yomwe imaphatikizapo njira zatsopano zoperekera ndikugawa magulu a anthu, kubadwa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa mafuko ena, kuyambika kwa katundu ndi malo oyambirira.

Njira yakale yopangira

Iyo inayamba mu zaka za m'ma 1800 BC. Ku Greece ndipo anapitiriza mpaka zaka za II - IV AD. Panthawi imeneyi, pakhomo pakhomo pakhomo palimodzi ndi midzi, midzi inayamba ndi zizindikiro za malo. Ufulu wa ntchito unakhazikitsidwa ndi umwini wa nthaka. Mizindayi inalipo kwambiri ngati mapangidwe oteteza asilikali, m'malo mochita kupanga. Mchitidwe wa nkhondo inali ntchito yothandiza anthu komanso njira yopezera katundu. Chinthu chosiyana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawiyi kunali kukhalapo kwa akapolo ndi ntchito ya ukapolo - monga "chotsatira ndi chofunikira" cha chitukuko cha anthu omwe alipo.

Mchitidwe wa feudal

Iyi ndi nthawi yochokera kumapeto kwa IV - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa kachitidwe ka akapolo (m'mayiko a Mediterranean, Middle East ndi North Africa) kapena mwamsanga pambuyo pa anthu oyambirira (m'madera a Asilavo).

Njira yopangira njirayi ikukhazikitsidwa ndi mapangidwe a makalasi a mafumu ndi amphawi, pogwiritsa ntchito malo omwe amapezeka. Olamulira amtendere anali eni nthaka, ndipo amphawi adagwa m'nyumba zawo, chifukwa ankachita zochepa zawo pamtunda wawo. Pofuna kugwiritsa ntchito malowa, amphawi amapereka eni nyumba awo ndi ntchito zawo, zinthu zachilengedwe kapena ndalama.

Kumayambiriro kwa anthu oyambirira a ku Middle Ages anapeza ufulu wodzilamulira ndi ufulu wawo, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zothandizira, kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zamisiri ndi chitukuko mu kayendetsedwe ka ulimi. Mizinda ikukula ndipo chikhalidwe chatsopano chimakhazikitsidwa-nzika zaulere, ndipo pambuyo pake zimakhala zovuta.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 m'mayiko ambiri a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, anthu osauka adamasulidwa ku chikhalidwe chawo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono chiyambi cha bungwe lachikomyunizimu, lomwe potsirizira pake linalimbikitsidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi mazunzo a bourgeois kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800.

Mchitidwe wogulitsa capitalist

Maziko a zopangidwe izi ndi mgwirizano pakati pa ntchito ya malipiro ndi ndalama. Sosi, mofanana, imagawidwa m'magulu awiri: a capitalists-eni eni njira yopanga ndalama ndi ndalama, ndi otsala, amene amagulitsa ntchito yawo ntchito kwa capitalists. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, lingaliro la zopambana limabweretsa - ndi phindu kuchokera ku zopangidwe zomwe capitalists zimachoka kwa iwowo. Mtengo wamtengo wapatali ndiwo mphamvu yogonjetsa anthu.

Panthawi ya kugulitsa kwa capitalist, mphamvu zothandizira zimalandira chitukuko chisanachitikepo. Kuchuluka kwa zopangidwe, msinkhu wa chitukuko cha zida za ntchito zakula nthawi zina. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, phindu lalikulu la chikhalidwe cha anthu linapita makamaka ku capitalists.

Pazigawo zina za dongosolo lino, mphamvu zowonjezera ziyenera kupitiliza mgwirizano wamagulu aumidzi, omwe, mwa malingaliro a Marx, mosakayikira amatsogolera ku mapangidwe amilandu otsatirawa mu chitukuko cha anthu-chikhalidwe ndi chikomyunizimu.

Mchitidwe wa chikomyunizimu

Nyumba imakhala anthu onse, ndipo ntchito imakhala yowonekera. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kalasiyo imasungidwa, chifukwa malo amagawidwa kukhala boma komanso wogwirizana. Komanso, mavuto a kugawidwa pakati pa ntchito ya manja ndi kugawidwa maganizo sikungathetsedwe, ndikugawidwa kwa chuma monga mwa ntchitoyi. Funso lalikulu la maganizo la anthu otere ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mwadzidzidzi chosowa chofunikira cha munthu aliyense. Kotero, ngakhale chiphunzitso cha Marx pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu la chikomyunizimu chiribe chikhazikitso. Panthawi ino, tikuwona kuyamba kwa chikhalidwe cha Socialist m'mayiko angapo olemera. Koma zambiri, monga momwe mbiri yasonyezera, ili molawirira kwambiri kuti lisanalankhule.