Doctype HTML - ndichiyani? Kodi muyenera kudziwa za katunduyo

Ziribe kanthu chomwe okayikira patsogolo apitiriza kukhala chodabwitsa kuti sangathe ndinayima. Komabe, pamene ena anakwiya yaitali motero kusuntha kwa munda mwezi, ena ali kwenikweni kumizidwa mantha, chifukwa izo zimakhala zolimba kukhalabe ndi kusintha. Chitsanzo za "nsomba mmwamba" ndi nthumwi za kudzinenera zokhudzana ndi luso mkulu.

Ngakhale okonza ukonde, mapulogalamu ndi coders ali bwino yosayenera kwa mzimu wa nthawi, osati "Nura Baba" omwe amalandira mauthenga ochokera sabata mochedwa, koma ndi kuwapotoza ndithu, mfundo ndi yosiyana. Zizigwirizana mlingo wa patsogolo zovuta m'munda wa umisiri watsopano. Taganizirani chitsanzo losavuta: ngakhale zaka 5-10 zapitazo, mapulogalamu a pakompyuta pa Adobe Flash kukwaniritsa bwino chogwirika, ambiri "Odala Farmer" Umboni kuti. Komabe, lero njira imeneyi pang'ono ndi pang'ono kufa, kupereka njira kwa ano, koma pasanathe ambiri kuphunzira HTML5 zofunika. Mwa njira, ndi HTML5, ndipo mmodzi wa "otchulidwa" nkhani lero odzipereka mlungu HTML-DTP.

Doctype HTML - ndichiyani?

Izi chipilala kuti akuvutika chifukwa cha patsogolo zina zamakono ukadaulo. Ikuthamangira 90 m, amene amadziŵika osati "nkhondowo" zinthu m'dziko lathu, komanso ndithu nkhondo yeniyeni mwa asakatuliwa, kubweretsa dziko chabe mankhwala ochepa amene amalola ogwiritsa kompyuta kukasambira Dziko Lonse Web. Pali m'modzi yekha vuto - wotchuka pamene Netscape kuyenda panyanja ndi Internet Explorer anali kuyang'ana pa tsamba lomwelo mu chosiyana, motero, ndipo ndiAmene malo kulenga masamba chosiyana kwa pulogalamu imeneyi.

Mfundo? Masiku amenewo, kulankhula za iwo anali analikodi - W3C kwakhalapo mu Chiyambi chake ndi kulimbikitsa wanu Microsoft IE zambiri amadziwika kuti ankakonda mukupanga wawo, si yogwirizana ndi njinga chilichonse. Komabe, ndi mapeto a oipa (kuti Web Madivelopa) khumi, zinthu zinayambanso kuyenda bwino pambuyo pa zonse: panali semblance miyezo kuti ngati si kwathunthu, koma kulemekezedwa ndi asakatuli onse otchuka.

Komabe, zinthu kunapezeka kuti ngati kuti za Consortium ndi opanga osatsegula anali, kuziyika izo modekha, ayi konse ofanana. Mukhoza mosavuta kulenga bwino kwambiri mawu a HTML, CSS ndi tsamba ufumu, koma inu yochezera osatsegula amakana anasonyeza zimene ankayembekezera kuwona.

Komabe, patapita nthawi, kutukula akadali kuti tinaganiza kulingalira za mpikisano, koma za oyang'anira mawebusayiti, ndipo anaonekera - Doctype HTML. Ichi ndi chizindikiro chapadera chomwe limatiuza osatsegula mmene tiyenera kuziganizira tsamba makamaka.

Kodi chofunika mu Doctype HTML-ovomerezeka?

Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa mfundo zokwanira, amene anayamba kutsatira kulikonse, kutukula ambiri mwa asakatuliwa ndayesera kukokera bulangeti yekha, kupanga njira zawo yofikira kwa luso makamaka. Motero, munthu ndi tsamba chomwecho akuyang'ana mu asakatuli osiyana mu njira zosiyana. Komabe, ife uyu akhala akuuzidwa, monga satchula kuti pamene anthu opanga ma Web kukasambira itafika, panali wina, chimodzimodzi zoseketsa vuto.

Taganizirani za inu - lililonse ukonde mapulogalamu mochedwa 90s. Ndi momwemo chinachitika kuti nthawi zambiri mumathera osatsegula Internet Explorer 4. Microsoft wasankha mwadzidzidzi kulakwa kwawo ndi kupanga osatsegula latsopano ndi zambiri "olondola", limene si bwino ngati izo ziri tsopano kulenga malo ndi chochita ndi anthu amene kale analenga. Kumene, ngati inu nthawi yokwanira, mukhoza kulilembanso ake HTML-kachidindo m'njira kuti limafanana ndi mfundo yatsopano, koma chifukwa anthu - zolengedwa aulesi.

Atanena izi Doctype HTML loyenera kwambiri "Kutulukira." Malinga ndi zimene mtundu wa chikalata icho zinatchulidwa pa chiyambi cha tsamba, osatsegula adzasankha yoyenera kwambiri Pankhaniyi limagwirira kubwezerana. Ngati Doctype mu HTML-kachidindo palibe, osatsegula adzapita mu ngakhale mode (zambiri, koma osati). Chifukwa, chimodzimodzi Internet Explorer 6 (ngakhale wapamwamba iye mpumulo mu mtendere), pakalibe Doctype opatsidwa khalidwe ngati mukuchita mu Baibulo wake chachinayi.

mitundu Doctype

Doctype opatsidwa zikuphatikizapo mitundu yambiri kuti akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu ena. Choyamba, limafotokoza mitundu ikuluikulu ya chinenero chizindikiro patsambali: HTML 4,01, HTML 5, XHTML 1.0 kapena XHTML 1.1. Kachiwiri, aliyense wa zilankhulo izi ali Ndime ake, kunenanso "koyefishienti wa zifukwa kupeza" T. E. Pa mmene lolimba kukhala HTML-malamulo okhazikika mfundo W3C. Komabe kwa wachiwiri, pali kuchotserapo awiri - HTML5 ndi XHTML 1.1 alibe subspecies iliyonse ndipo mtundu umodzi wokha wa Doctype HTML. Koma zambiri za izo mtsogolo ...

Okhwima njira: Doctype Mokhwima

Ngati mukufuna kulenga HTML-kachidindo lolingana chilembo cha lamulo validator, chingatilimbikitse zina (ena kuposa chodzikonda) adzakhala ntchito Doctype Mokhwima. Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zapamwamba kwambiri XHTML 1.0, mzere, amene lidzayamba lililonse mchitidwe Chioneke motero:

Kusankha Doctype HTML Public Chinsinsi okhwima zipangitsa kuti kupatuka aliyense ndi muyeso adzaona ndi osatsegula, ndiyeno ntchito chidutswa cha zolakwika ananyalanyaza. Makamaka mu mode ovuta opatsidwa aliyense, kaya ndi mawonekedwe, chifanizo kapena item ena chofunika udzakhazikitsidwe mu Tags chipika. Ngati mwaganiza kuchita popanda izo, osatsegula chabe sadzakhala kusonyeza chinthu ichi, ndipo mphulupulu mndandanda Kamangidwe watsirizika angapo mbiri.

Komanso, ambiri Tags kuti kulola mtundu lemba, izo ndi zofunika kuthetsa - boma okhwima akusonyeza ntchito CSS.

Uweme njira: Doctype Transitional

Ngati chaukali njira okhwima M'manja Kodi singakwaniritse inu kapena chabe amakonda kupita malamulo, pali nthawi zonse n'zotheka kuti amachita kwambiri uweme mtundu Doctype HTML Public. W3C mbamphedza amene sakufuna kusiya zizolowezi akufuna ntchito m'mikhalidwe bata, kupanga chitsanzo Transitional woimira njira Transitional chitsanzo kutsimikiza. Chinsinsi ichi kumakuthandizani momasuka Musalole ena ufulu, monga Mokhwima ndikoletsedwa, Tags M'manja, komanso njira zina zambiri kwa mawonekedwe, amene sanataye kufunika kuyambira 90s mochedwa.

«Lofewa» Doctype HTML 4 amayesedwa motere:

Pakuti XHTML chingwe kachiwiri zikuwoneka yosiyaniranapo, koma kachitidwe akukhudzidwira ndi kupitiriza:

Chibwenzi, ngakhale kuti aliyense coder amafuna zikugwirizana Mokhwima-M'manja, ndi Doctype Transitional ndi otchuka. Komabe, Chinsinsi ichi ndi limodzi ngongole malire: validator adzakhala "kukana" tsamba aliyense amene ali mafelemu. Ngati mukufuna amachita Kamangidwe ili njira, muyenera khutu ku lotsatira - ndi M'manja lomaliza.

Kuchokera onse kuti zinazake: Doctype Frameset

Njira pamene afufuze masamba litsatidwe Chinsinsi Frameset zambiri zofanana ndi wa Transitional Komabe, kuwonjezera pa "ufulu" pamwambapa, Chinsinsi ichi limakupatsani ntchito mafelemu. kusiyana ena Frameset ali Choncho, angakhoze kokha kutengerapo mzere kwa zolengeza, chifukwa HTML 4,01 ndi XHTML 1.0:

Kuchilango cha Kudera

Kumene, kunena za kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino onse kutchuka kukula kwa muyezo HTML5, sitikanatha kunyalanyaza chinenero chizindikiro patsambali. Ndi oseketsa kuti W3C amaona HTML achidule, choncho ndi Doctype HTML 5 zikuwoneka wodzichepetsa kwambiri. M'mawu ena, mtundu tanthauzo ndi osatsegula ayenera kuyesetsa ndi "oyera» HTML, nanga lero amawaona kuti HTML5, pamene bwino kuti ambiri a Baibulo lachinayi ankaona kuti zingakhale achikale.

mitundu ina Doctype

Pakali pano, pali mitundu ingapo ya dongosolo Doctype, ambiri a yomwe ibwela XHTML. Ngakhale Baibulo lachiwiri la chinenero chizindikiro patsambali sanabwere mu kuwala, akukhala mbali ya HTML5 zatchulidwazi, chakuti Baibulo chake choyamba, ngakhale kuchuluka Kumwambamwamba, ndi moyo.

Kodi nkofunika Doctype?

Mwina ena novice "olemba" mu HTML adzayesa kunyalanyaza mtundu ponenera page. Chabwino, ngati iwo sanaphunzirepo zofunika kuchokera vyshenapisannogo, ife Mwachitsanzo yosavuta kumva. Pano pali chitsanzo tsamba amagwiritsa Transitional-Chinsinsi:

Izo zikuwoneka monga Chioneke pa lingaliro la mlengi, koma ndi ofunika ife kuti "kusokoneza» Doctype, ndipo timalandira zotsatirazi:

Monga mukuonera, tsamba lasintha kwambiri: chinazilala wallpaper menyu wakhala wosawoneka mndandanda, CSS ena makalasi chabe ananyalanyaza, kuwonjezera, tsamba "otros" scrollbar chachiwiri.

Tikukhulupirira, chitsanzo ichi ndi chokwanira zilipo vyshenapisannogo anafotokoza kufunika Choncho, ife tikhoza kukhalabe tcheru kapena, Choncho, kuphunzira kulemba malamulo akudutsa okhwima-kutsimikiza. Zabwino zonse kwa inu!