Njira kwa kusanthula titrimetric. Mitundu titration. umagwirira mawunikidwe

Njira kwa kusanthula titrimetric lagawidwa malinga ndi chimake cha titration ndi zochita mankhwala kuti amasankhidwa kudziwa mankhwala (chigawo). Mu umagwirira ano kusiyanitsa za kachulukidwe ndi kusanthula Mkhalidwe.

mitundu ya gulu

Njira titrimetric kusanthula anasankha makamaka mankhwala anachita. Malinga mtundu wa ntchito mogwirizana, pali kusiyana mu osiyana titrimetric mtima wa mitundu.

Njira kusanthula:

• Redox titration; njira zochokera kusintha boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zinthu m'nkhaniyo.
• Zovuta mapangidwe ndi zovuta mankhwala anachita.
• Acid-m'munsi titration ikukhudza neutralization wathunthu wa reactants lapansi.

neutralization

Acid-m'munsi titration zimathandiza kudziwa kuchuluka zidulo zochita kupanga (alkalimetry), ndi kugwira ntchito zowerengetsa m'munsi (atsidimetriya) mu njira ankafuna. Potsatira ndondomeko iyi analyte yatikhudza ndi mchere wa. Pamene ntchito mankhwala ndiponso (acetone, mowa) zinali n'zotheka kudziwa zinthu zambiri.

complexation

ndicho njira kusanthula titration chiyani? Kuona kuyembekezera zinthu ndi mpweya wa ion namfunsa ngati pawiri mouma sungunuka kapena ake kumanga mu little- dissociated zovuta.

Redoksimetriya

titration makutidwe ndi okosijeni-kuchepetsa zachokera zochita kuchepetsa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Malinga ndi njira titrant reagent mu analytic umagwirira anachira:

• permanganometry, ozikidwa pa ntchito permanganate potaziyamu;
• iodometry, ozikidwa pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa ayodini, komanso kubwezeretsa ayoni iodide;
• bihromatometriyu amene yagwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu dichromate makutidwe ndi okosijeni;
• bromatometry zochokera makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa bromate potaziyamu.

Redox njira titrimetric kusanthula ndi monga njira monga cerimetry, titanometriya, vanadometriya. Zikukhudza makutidwe ndi okosijeni kapena kuchepetsa ofanana ayoni zitsulo.

Mwa njira titration

Pali gulu titrimetric njira kusanthula malingana njira titration. Mu mwachindunji chimake titrated kumatanthauza ion anasankha reagent njira. Ndondomeko njira M'MALO titration zachokera kudziŵa pazikhala kufanana mfundo osalimba pamaso pa mankhwala. Titration wa wotsala (osiyanitsidwa njira) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati momwe n'zovuta kukatenga kuunika, ndiponso ku otaya wozengereza mogwirizana mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, kudziwa kashiamu carbonate zinthu amaliona kulemedwa kuchuluka owonjezera muyezo njira ya acid amathiridwa.

kusanthula kufunika

njira zonse titration kusanthula limati:

• mtima weniweni wa buku la munthu kapena aliyense wa mankhwala anachita;
• pamaso pa njira titrated, imene ndondomeko imagwiridwa titration;
• kudziwika kusanthula.

Titrating maziko zimapangidwira mawunikidwe, choncho n'kofunika kuganizira zikuluzikulu anachita pa zimenezo. Gawo Ili likuyenera yogwirizana kwambiri tsiku lililonse. Alibe lingaliro lililonse zokhudza kukhala zipangizo kapena mankhwala makamaka zigawo ndi zosafunika, n'zovuta kuti akonzekere unyolo kupanga mu mankhwala, mankhwala ndi malonda zitsulo. Chikhazikitso zimapangidwira mawunikidwe ntchito pothetsa zokhudza chuma.

Njira Research mu Analytical Chemistry

Umagwirira makampani ndi sayansi kudziŵa mbali kapena thunthu. Zapansi titrimetric kusanthula - njira ntchito zimenezo. Ndi thandizo lawo, wofufuza likumaliza zikuchokera thunthu, okhutira kachulukidwe a mbali payekha. Ndi zotheka pa zofufuza mawunikidwe kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni, umene ndi chigawo chimodzi cha mankhwala mayeso. Mu gulu la njira mawunikidwe a umagwirira nkhani chotani kanthu kukuyenera kuchita. Kuyeza misa ya zotsalira chifukwa ntchito njira gravimetric kafukufuku. Pamene mphamvu zofufuza njira zofunika photometric kusanthula. Ukulu wa EMF anatsimikiza ndi zigawo potentiometry constituent mankhwala kuphunzira. The titration zokhotakhota chimasonyeza imachitika kuyesera.

Division njira mawunikidwe

Ngati ndi kotheka, ntchito mu mawunikidwe umagwirira physicochemical, powerenga (mankhwala) ndi njira thupi. Mwa njira mankhwala ambiri amadziwira titrimetric ndi kusanthula gravimetric. njira onse ali chakale, utsi, ankagwiritsa ntchito umagwirira mawunikidwe. Kulemera (gravimetric) njira kumafuna kudziŵa unyinji wa chinthu kapena zigawo zake constituent, amene n'kopanda mu chikhalidwe choyera komanso mawonekedwe a mankhwala insoluble. Volume (titrimetric) kusanthula njira zachokera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa reagent ankadya mu mankhwala anachita akutengedwa pa ndende kudziwika. Pali kusiyana njira mankhwala ndi thupi magulu osiyana:

• kuwala (kawalidwe);
• electrochemical;
• radiometric;
• koromatogarafe;
• misa spectrometry.

Kulunjika kuphunzira titration

Chigawo chino zimapangidwira mawunikidwe kumafuna kuyeza kuchuluka kwa reagent amene ali wofunikila zonse mankhwala anachita ndi kuchuluka kudziwika ndi zinthu. Akamanena za ndondomeko ndi kuti njira ya mankhwala mayeso anawonjezera dropwise ndi reagent ndende kudziwika. Kuwonjezera izo kumatenga bola ndalama izo sizikanakhala zofanana kuchuluka kwa mankhwala amene amachitira ndi izo. njira izi mozindikira thamanga kwambiri mawerengedwe mu umagwirira kachulukidwe mawunikidwe.

Ngati njira anayambitsa kuganizira French wasayansi Gay lusakite. Thunthu kapena chinthu, anatsimikiza mu chitsanzo, amatchedwa analyte lapansi. Mwa iwo kukhala ayoni, maatomu, magulu zinchito womangidwa ufulu ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. Reagents anatchula gaseous, madzi, olimba mankhwala, amene amachitira ndi mankhwala makamaka. Ndondomeko podlivaniem titration ndi njira imodzi lina pansi kusanganikirana zonse. A chofunika bwino ndondomeko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira titration ndi ndende amodzi (titrant). Pakuti kuwerengetsera ntchito normality a njira, i.e., chiwerengero cha galamu-zofanana za mabuku okwanira 1 njira. Titration zokhotakhota anamanga pambuyo kukagawira.

Mankhwala mankhwala kapena zinthu kucheza kulemera ndalama bwino chimatanthauza lolingana awo galamu-zofanana.

Embodiments kukonzekera titrant kulemera kwa zinthu kuyambira

Monga njira zoyambirira za kukonza njira ndi ndende anakonzeratu (titer kumatanthauza) tinganene kuti zolondola chitsanzo kulemera kuvunda mu madzi kapena wina zosungunulira ndi diluting njira okonzeka voliyumu ankafuna. The titer wa reagent chifukwa akhoza kukhala thupi kudziwika pawiri koyera ndi buku la yankho yotsirizidwa. njirayi ankagwiritsa ntchito yokonza njira titrated anthu mankhwala amene angagwiritsidwe zopezera mtundu woyera, zikuchokera amene sasintha pa yosungirako yaitali. Zinthu ntchito yolemera masekeli mabotolo ntchito ndi chivindikiro ndi kutsekedwa. Njira imeneyi kukonza njira sali oyenera zinthu ndi mkulu hygroscopicity komanso mankhwala amene kulowa mogwirizana mankhwala ndi mpweya monoxide (4).

Kagwiridwe wachiwiri ndi yokonza njira titrated ntchito yapadera zomera mankhwala, mu Laboratories wapadera. Bukuli lili pa ntchito mogometsa kulemedwa tochepa mankhwala olimba choyera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina ndi normality. Mankhwala aikidwa mu mbale galasi, ndiye losindikizidwa iwo. Anthu zinthu zomwe zili mkati Mbale galasi, wotchedwa fiksanaly. Pamene zikugwira mwachindunji kuyesera ampule reagent yopuma pamwamba nyuzi, imene ili ndi chipangizo kusokonezeka. Komanso chigawo lonse anasamutsa mu botolo volumetric akutsatiridwa ndi Kuwonjezera wa madzi, ndi zofunika kuchuluka kwa njira ntchito.

Titration amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi aligorivimu zochita. Burette wodzazidwa ndi ntchito njira okonzeka ziro kotero kuti pansi zace sanali mpweya thovu. Kenako, kuyeza pipette njira kuti kusanthula, ndiye aikidwa mu botolo conical. Kuwonjezera, ndi madontho ochepa a chizindikiro. Pang'onopang'ono, njira yomalizidwa anawonjezera dropwise ku njira burette ntchito kuyang'aniridwa ndi kusintha mtundu. Pamene mtundu khola, zomwe si kutha pambuyo masekondi 5-10, kuweruza akamaliza njira titration. Kenako chitani anapezazo, ndi mawerengedwe buku la yankho anakhala ku ndende anakonzeratu, kupanga mfundo pa zatsopano.

Pomaliza

Titration zimathandiza kudziwa kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe zikuchokera analyte lapansi. Njira zimapangidwira mawunikidwe zofunika zosiyanasiyana mafakitale, izo ntchito mankhwala, pharmaceutics. Posankha njira ntchito chofunika kuwerengera katundu mankhwala komanso kuthekera kupanga mankhwala insoluble kuphunzira mankhwala.