Ndalama Russian makhoti

Mints - makampani popanga mtundu, amene ntchito yake yaikulu ndi mu minting ndalama, kupanga malamulo, mendulo yaulemu ndi zizindikiro zina zapadera. History of ogwira zipita kutali kale, m'masiku a isanayambike machitidwe ndalama. Today mints ndi zina zamakono mtundu makampani yotulutsa ndalama pa pempho la Bank State. opanga onse akugwira ntchito kwambiri wachinsinsi.

Mitundu ya mints ndi pang'ono za mbiri

Mints akhoza kukhala pagulu, amene muzikachita madongosolo a Bank wa Central. Pali ofanana mabungwe payekha okhazikika kupanga mendulo, mabaji ndi laisensi. Pakuti mtundu uliwonse wa ogwira khalidwe pamaso pa sitampu awo wapadera lingagwiritsidwe ndalama zonse. Wa ndalama za boma ndipo Kupititsa mtundu anatsimikiza ntchito chizindikiro. Kutchula koyamba za gulu kupanga unalembedwa 5 m'ma BC. The mints poyamba anali mu Athens. Kuyambira m'zaka 2 BC kupanga ankamutengera ku Kachisi wa Theseus mu kachisi wa Juno. Kale patapita zaka 115 kuchokera kubadwa kwa Kristu m'bwalo ndinali pa Aroma m'bwalo lalikulu la maseŵera. Pambuyo kuoneka zomera ku Rome, Lyon, Constantinople, adayala ku Sicily ndi Aquileia padziko lonse.

The mayadi choyamba mu Russia: mfundo mbiri

Ndithu mabvuto kuganizira zimene zinali kale ndi timbewu. Photos pamene sanachite, zina zachidule zasungidwa. Pali yopeka. Pali umboni kuti akusonyeza kuti mabizinesi anatitumiza m'manja mwa anthu paokha, ntchito zimene ziri mtsogolo kusonyeza kuyang'aniridwa kwambiri. Anthu a Ndalama, sankapita misonkho ntchito. Iwo anali mwayi mudziko la kuletsedwa kwa milandu cha zinthu zonse kuposa kupha, kuba ndi chinyengo. mbiri yakale amasonyeza kuti mints oyambirira pa dera la Russia ano m'mbuyomu ntchito m'mizinda Greek nthawi imene Theodosius ndi Gorgippia, masiku ano limatchedwa Anapa. Kuda chuma amenewa taonera Derbent ndi Tmutarakani.

Pabwalo choyamba mu Moscow: chiphunzitso ndi kungolota

Gulu Ndalama mu Moscow, malinga ndi ziwerengero kuyambirira, ndi kafukufuku anayamba nthawi ya ulamuliro Ivana Donskogo (1362-1389 gg.). No zambiri pa bwalo ili ndi malo ake kulibe mu zolemba zakale, popeza kuti kukhalapo kwake unakhazikitsidwa basi zochokera kusanthula ndalama nthawi. Choyamba Moscow ndalama anali chokongoletsedwa ndi zolemba Russian ndi Arabic pa iwo analembedwa ambiri sayansi anapanga sitampu kugwirizana.

Akunenanso mbiri

Ndalama makhoti a ku Russia, kuli amene mwalamulo olembedwa, anakhazikitsidwa mu zaka 14-15. Pa nthawi imeneyo, dziko zinachititsa John III. Ndalama zinachitikadi osati Moscow komanso m'mizinda monga Pskov, Novgorod ndi Tver. Pakati pa 16 ndi 17 zaka Ndalama anapatsidwa münzmeister. Izi zinali ponseponse mu Europe. Palinso inanena kuti m'zaka 15 mu Moscow ntchito makampani osati boma akumeneko, komanso zokambirana la ndalama akalonga munthu mtundu Kalita. The woyamba wolembedwa "The Mfumu" pabwalo pambuyo oyamba ndalama kusintha Elena Glinsky mu nthawi kuchokera 1535 ndi 1538. Kampaniyi inali mu Varvarka msewu. Chochitika ichi chinali chiyambi cha kugwirizana kwa dongosolo Russian ndalama. Mints Russia kwa zaka zambiri zapitazo opangidwa yunifolomu kulemera ndi maonekedwe a ndalama, amene ankafunika kulandira magawo a boma Russian. Embossing zinachitikadi pamanja, natumikira monga mfundo ulimi wa waya siliva. Waya poyamba kudula mutizidutswa tating'ono ofanana-kakulidwe, kenako mbamuikha iwo. Kenako akuyamba ejection Buku la zithunzi ndi zolemba workpieces yosalala.

Centralization Amasamala ndalama

Mu 1595, bungwe unapangidwa pansi pa dzina Money malamulo. gulu ukugwira kulamulira Ndalama m'malo mwa boma. Chinthu ichi chinali maziko a zonse ndalama chuma centralization. mints onse, amene panthawiyo ntchito mu dziko, wolandiridwa zoti boma lomwe iwo anali awonetse malonda awo.

• Moscow Court - "M" kapena "MO".
• Novgorod pabwalo - "B. KOMA ".
• Pskov pabwalo - "SS."

mabizinezi ndalama-opareshoni zaka Russia 15-20

Yankho la funso mmene chimatanthauza timbewu tonunkhira, zinali zosavuta kupereka nthawi iliyonse ogwira nawo korona wake kulemba yekha. Tchulani akhale zotsatirazi ulimi, umene chinathandiza minting ndalama:

• Red pabwalo, kapena Chinese. Malowa ali pamtunda pafupi khoma Kitai-Gorod. The obverse ndi chigamulocho wa ndalama unakhala chizindikiro cha "CD", "SSC", "MM". ntchito yopanga mu nthawi kuchokera 1697 mpaka 1979. Bwalo opangidwa golide, siliva ndi mkuwa ndalama ndi osiyana mitundu mtundu mlingo. Tinachita ndi ndalama zapadera. Timbewu ndalama-kumasulidwa kwa zigawo Baltic ndi Prussia.
• Kadashevsky pabwalo mu Kadashevskaya Sloboda. Limatchedwanso Hamovnym, Zamoskvoretsky, yapamadzi ndi Admiralty. The obverse ndi n'zosiyana wa ankachitika "MM" zizindikiro ndi "MD", "MDZ" ndi "DMD", "M" ndi "Moscow", "timbewu tonunkhira." ntchito yopanga mu nthawi kuchokera 1701 mpaka 1736. Unachitikira nkhani ya golide, mkuwa, siliva ndalama za zipembedzo zosiyana. ndalama mkuwa anali inakhazikitsa kupanga apadera dipatimenti kuyambira 1704.
• Quay mkuwa m'bwalo boma la Russia. Makobidi anali zinapangidwa zizindikiro monga "na-" ndi "NDZ", "NDM". Iye anagwira ku 1699 kuti 1727, anapereka ndalama za zipembedzo zonse.
• St. Petersburg, kapena Imperial, timbewu linakhazikitsidwa pa dera la linga mu 1724. Kulemba makobidi - ndi "St. Petersburg" ndi "JMP", "SP" ndi "masentimita". Ine ntchito mpaka nthawi monga kutulutsidwa kwa ndalama boma tsarist mipingo. Iye anatenga mbali mu ndalama mkuwa kupangidwa.
• Ekaterinburg bwalo chikalata ndalama ndi "EM" kalembedwe ndi "Yekaterinburg". Iye ankagwira ntchito nthawi kuchokera 1727 mpaka 1876. Nkhani ya ndalama wodzilemekeza mabwalo opanga kwa mints ena.

M'pofunikanso osanenapo makampani monga Imperial timbewu ndi Anninsky ( "AM"), Kolyvan ( "Km" ndi "Kolyvan mkuwa") ndi Suzunsky ( "masentimita") Sestrovetsky ( "masentimita") ndi Kolpinsky ( "Km"), Tauride ( "TM") ndi Tiflissky, Warsaw ( "VM», «MW») ndi Helsingfors.

Yopanga kuti musagwiritse ntchito mabaji awo

Timbewu chizindikiro amalola kudziwa nthawi komanso malo enieni chipembedzo ndalama unayambitsidwa. Komabe, mbiri ya makhoti a ku Russia zinali ponseponse, amene sanagwiritse ntchito kanali awo ndi stamped pa mayunitsi la ndalama la manyazi a mafakitale ena. Izi pabwalo banki ndi chomera Rosenkranz, khoti Paris ndi Komiti Birmingham ndi Izhora, khoti Brussels ndi Avestsky. Komanso, ena mints, monga Red kapena St. Petersburg, akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito kanali Kadashevsky ndi promenade Mkuwa Court, mabungwe ena ofanana, amene kwambiri zovuta ntchito ya mbiri yakale.

Ndalama mu RSFSR ndi USSR

Mu RSFSR ndi kudziwa timbewu kutulutsa ndalama anathandiza kalembedwe:

• "AG" - Maina a Hartmann, amene anali pa nthawi imeneyo mutu wa kusokonekera ndalama mpaka 1923.
• "PL" - Maina Latysheva, mkulu kuyambira 1924.
• "TR" - Maina a Thomas Ross, mkulu ndalama kusokonekera bwalo la London.

Timbewu chizindikiro mu nthawi ya Soviet Union anali a mitundu iwiri:

• "LMD" kapena "L" - Leningrad timbewu.
• "MMD" kapena "M" - Moscow timbewu.

chizindikiro uyu wachita ndipo amachita ngati chizindikiro cha ndiwe wa makamaka kupanga ndalama. Chizindikiro angakhale ndi maonekedwe a makalata, kapena kuperekedwa monga chitsanzo monogram mtundu kapena chizindikiro.

Russia zamakono

Mu Russia ano, ndalama angapezeke ndi kalembedwe otsatirawa: "MMD" ndi "SPMD" - amene amakamba anamasulidwa kapena Moscow kapena St. Petersburg timbewu. Kuyambira mu 1991, pa ndalama zimene anatengedwa kuika zizindikiro monga "M", "L", "SSC" ndi "LMD". Popeza nthawi ya 1997 - ndi "M", "C-P" ndi "SSC", "SPMD". The zilembo ziwiri zapitazi ndalama waikamo mwa mawonekedwe a monogram a. Ndalama Russia, kuyambira mu 1997 chokongoletsedwa ndi mawu "M", "C-P", "SSC" ndi "SPMD" monogram mu mtundu. Pa ndalama ang'ono ndi zipembedzo wa 1, 5, 10 ndi masenti 50 chizindikiro Tingaone kumanja pansi zogawanika. Zizindikiro "M" ndi "P-P" pa ndalama ndi zipembedzo wa 1, 2 ndi 5 rubles ili pansi lamanja mphamvu mphungu. Monogram "SPMD" Tingaone pa banknotes chamadzulo mu zipembedzo 10 Russian rubles. Iwo lili obverse, monga pansi "10 rubles" lolembedwa.

Kodi nkhani ya ndalama mu 2015

Bank chapakati Russia, kuyambira 1992, chaka chilichonse akupereka mwambo ndalama ndi ofunika sanali wofunika mtundu. Komanso, mwadongosolo ikuchitika nkhani ya ndalama makobidi, amene kwathunthu zinapangidwa ku zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Pankhaniyi, monga kale, pa aliyense wa iwo ali ndi timbewu. Minting ndondomeko ikuchitika chimango cha umuna waukulu ndipo anakonza zinthu chaka chatha. dongosolo ndalama ovomerezedwa ndi utsogoleri wa Bank ku Central ndi ndiye anaika pa malo nduna ya masika. Aliyense ndalama wokhometsa chikalata kapena Moscow kapena St. Petersburg timbewu. Izi zimatithandiza kufufuza yankho la funso mmene chimatanthauza timbewu. Ndalama ali chokongoletsedwa ndi makhalidwe wapadera, amene tsopano 4. yekha The Bank chapakati cha dziko alibe ufulu kugawira ndalama collectible mwa anthu. The wogulitsa chachikulu ndi Sberbank. Ndalama poyamba anagulidwa ndi funde loyamba speculators amene pambuyo akagulitsa pa mtengo mpweya.

Boma Zolinga cha 2015

Malinga ndi chikonzetsero cha mpweya mu 2015 udzachitike kuthamangitsa mitundu iwiri ya ndalama ndalama. Wapatali mwambo ndalama 73 12 chamadzulo ndalama yachitsulo m'munsi kuti kupangidwa mu chaka. M'tsogolo, ayenera kupitiriza kupanga mndandanda, anayamba kale: "City a usilikali Ulemerero" ndi "Apadera Anthu a Russia". Ndalama mtengo kwambiri mu mbiri ya dziko kunayamba 1999 ndipo ali ndi phindu mwadzina la masenti 5. Phindu lenileni silikudziwika, koma kwambiri kuposa Uwerenge 100 zikwi rubles mu amagulitsa nsombazo lotseguka. Izi mitundu ya ndalama makamaka ofunika numismatists.