Nazi yozunzirako Bergen-Belsen: mbiri, zithunzi

Mmodzi wa zoopsa ndi spawned ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, anakhala German kundende ina ya Bergen-Belsen, amene anali mu chimene tsopano Saxony wotsika, pakati pa mudzi wa Belsen ndi tauni yaing'ono ya Bergen, amene anamupatsa dzina lake. Ngakhale kuti msasa sanali okonzeka ndi zipinda gasi, izo anakhala malo imfa ya zikwizikwi akaidi.

Akaidi loyamba la msasa imfa

Nkhani imeneyo inali Bergen-Belsen - msasa ndende, walandira kudziwika kwambiri - ayenera kuyamba ndi ziwerengero. Kuchokera mu zolemba za Masiku amenewo amasonyeza kuti ali kokha kwa nthawi kuchokera 1943 mpaka 1945, palibe anamwalira chifukwa cha njala ndi matenda kwa anthu oposa zikwi makumi asanu. Okwana oposa makumi zikwi pa nthawi yonse ya nkhondo chiwerengero cha zotsatira zake.

Deti la pochimanga ndi 1940. Bergen-Belsen msasa, chithunzi cha zimene zili m'nkhani ino, inamangidwa kuti muli akaidi French ndi Belgium cha nkhondo, zimene kuchuluka kwa anthu mazana asanu anakhala akaidi wake woyamba. Komabe, ndi chiyambi cha ntchito asilikali dera la USSR, iwo chibatizidwireni asilikali zikwi makumi awiri Soviet ndi alonda amene amapezeka mu mdani ukapolo. Pa chaka, khumi zikwi a iwo anafa chifukwa cha njala ndi matenda.

Kusinthana Fund Nazi

Mu 1943, udindo boma la msasa zinasintha. Sunali akaidi ambiri a nkhondo, ndipo malo awo anatengedwa ndi akaidi amene anali nzika yachilendo, amene sakanatha, nthawi zina, kuti umasinthanitsidwa nzika German Kutsekeledwa m'misasa mayiko ofanana odana ndi Hitler mgwirizano. The trainload woyamba Akaidi kugwa pansi gulu uwu Buchenwald mu April 1943. Posakhalitsa chiwerengero cha ofika anagwirizana akaidi msasa Natzweiler-Struthof, ndipo ngakhale patapita kanthawi - ndi kudera French.

Bungwe mkati mwa msasa

Bergen-Belsen msasa, kuyambira 1943, ali ndi dongosolo m'malo zovuta. Amaphatikiza magulu angapo, wina wolemekezeka ndi chimadalira Akaidi komanso amanena. Zinthu zabwino kwambiri anali otchedwa msasa ndale (Neutralenlager).

Akaidi wabweretsedwa kuno ku mayiko amene sankalowerera. Awa anali makamaka nzika za Portugal, Argentina, Spain ndi Turkey. The boma panali bata kuposa m'madipatimenti ena. Akaidi osati kukakamiza ntchito ndi kudyetsedwa ndi chocheperako.

Mu chipinda china, chotchedwa "chapadera msasa» (Sonderlager), anali Ayuda ochokera ku Warsaw, Lviv ndi Kraków. Kundende Bergen-Belsen anakhala malo m'ndende zawo, chifukwa anthuwo anali ndi zitupa zosakhalitsa mayiko South America monga Paraguay ndi Honduras, ndi loyenereradi Polankhula. Iwo kukakamiza ntchito, koma anachisunga kudzipatula ovuta kale kubwera kwake pa msasa, ambiri a iwo anaona nkhanza wachita SS mayunitsi mu Poland.

Okhutira a msasa wa Ayuda Dutch ndi Chihangare

Mu Bergen-Belsen - msasa ndende ya mtundu wapadera - mu 1944. Ayuda anafika kuchokera ku Holland, amene anali mpaka ndiye m'misasa ina. gawo limene anali, ankatchedwa 'Star »(Sternlager). Dzina anapatsidwa chifukwa chakuti pali akaidi anapatsidwa ufulu kuvala msasa si wovulidwa zovala, ndipo mwachizolowezi chake, koma pamaso tabbing kwa iye Star zisanu ananena wa Davide. Tsogolo la Ayuda anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo ku Netherlands pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World sanali zochepa zomvetsa chisoni kuposa anzawo a ku maiko ena. Wa khumi zikwi ndi zikwi zisanu ndi cimodzi okha anapulumuka mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo.

Mu July 1944, Nazi yozunzirako Bergen-Belsen anagwirizana zoposa zikwi Ayuda ku Hungary. Chifukwa tikukonza akhala allocated malo osiyana, chotchedwa "msasa Chihangare" (Ungarnlager). Mwina, ngati iwo akuyenera kusinthitsa zikumangidwa adzachita zazikulu, chifukwa zinthu zawo zinali bwino kuposa nthambi zina. Poyamba, msasa Bergen-Belsen udaikidwa kuti ali kokha anthu, koma mu 1944 izo analengedwa ndi gawo la akazi mu icho.

The kulanda msasa asilikali British

Mumsasa Bergen-Belsen imfa anakhala mmodzi wa m'misasa ochepa mwaufulu anasamutsidwa ndi dziko la Germany anagwirizana asilikali. Zimenezi zinachitika mu April 1945. chifukwa chinali, pamene madera ake anali pakati pa magulu awiri a asilikali - German ndi British - mumsasa enaake a pakhungu mliri itayamba, chifukwa mu owononga la kuipitsidwa wa asilikali wa makamu onse. Komanso, Himmler analamula msasa kugonja, iwo sankafuna kuti anamasulidwa ndi asilikali a Soviet.

Ndi April 1945, pamene iye anali kuonetsetsa atazunguliridwa ndi mzere kutsogolo, mumsasa, panali akaidi za makumi asanu ndi limodzi zikwi. Malinga ndi Geneva Convention, analetsa akaidi pachiweniweni zone nkhondo Koma mu nkhani iyi, ndi Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi mliri kukhale kovuta kusamuka.

Koma ngakhale zinthu zoopsa, kumayambiriro April, ndipo zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri za kwambiri zingamuthandize mawu kuwombola, akaidi anatumizidwa madongosolo a Himmler mumsasa ndale. Iwo ambiri anali Ayuda ochokera ku Poland ndi Hungary amene anali nzika za maiko ena.

Kukambirana kulanda msasa British

Ngakhale kuti Kuti kusamukira Bergen-Belsen anagwirizana mphamvu analandira kuchokera kasamalidwe akuluakulu a m'misasa, nkhani ndi British anali kuchedwa. The British sanafune kusamalira miyoyo ya odwala naini zikwi amene anali mumsasawo, anakhudzidwa ndi mliri wa. Komanso, iwo ndi ngozi ya matenda. Kuti British zambiri ovomerezeka, dziko la Germany anapereka monga "malowolo" kumsasa kuwapatsa popanda kumenyana, awiri mlatho pamalo abwino ofunika.

Terms ya mgwirizano

Monga anavomera, potsiriza, pangano, gawo azinga Bergen-Belsen, anatchedwa zone ndale. Isanafike usilikali British, chitetezo akaidi anapitiriza kuti zizichitidwa asilikali a Wehrmacht, amene amayenda mu kupeza mtsogolo zosavuta malo mbali zawo.

Malinga ndi pangano anafika, pamaso kutengerapo kumsasa British Anazi ankafunika kukhazikitsa bata kumeneko, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, m'manda mitembo akufa. Ichi ndi yovuta kwambiri, kuyambira zikwi nepogrebonnyh matupi zosiyanasiyana wamba m'gawo. Iwo anali okuti kunkhondo kwambiri anakumba Suli kutali ndi mpanda msasa.

lachidule la Chivumbulutso

Kuchokera Maulendo a German msilikali ophunzira mu zochitika izi Rudolf Kyustermeyera amadziwika kuti masiku anayi akaidi - akaidi zikwi ziwiri, mmodzi mwa anthu amene adakali kuima pa mapazi anga, - anakokera matupi amene anali pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana kuwonongeka. mpweya linadzaza ndi kununkha zoopsa.

Ntchito unakhalapo kuyambira m'mawa mpaka usiku. Popeza chiwerengero ofunikira stretchers ntchito tarps zomangirazo, malamba, kapena chingwe atamangirira manja ndi miyendo mitembo. Kukhulupirira, koma helo chowonetsedwa limodzi ndi mfuu ya ziwiri mosalekeza ankaimba ndi loimba wapangidwa komanso akaidi. Ndipo komabe, pamene izo zinali otsiriza msasa HIV nthawi, ndi kale analowa usilikali British, kukhalabe pa dera la zoposa zikwi khumi mitembo nepogrebonnyh atagona poyera.

Information mu ankalamulira

British kapitawo Derrick Sington, amanyamula 15 April 1945 phwando msasa, analemba buku lonena za izo. M'bukuli iye ananena kuti atangotha kulowa mumsasa British akaidi odwala yomweyo kunditumiza ku mwapadera okonzeka kuchipatala kumunda, koma anayesetsa kwambiri madokotala ndi anthu khumi ndi zitatu zikwi anafa.

Icho chinali choyamba cha misasa imfa, lofotokoza zinthu zimene anakhala chuma cha anthu American ndi British. chifukwa ndi choti anayamba kulamulira British, ndi madera ake pomwepo anaonekera atolankhani kulengeza zonse zimene anaona, anapita kumsasa wa Bergen-Belsen. Photos yotentha ndi iwo Tingaone pa masamba a manyuzipepala ambiri ndi magazini.

chilango

Kumapeto kwa ndodo nkhondo msasa unali ndi anthu makumi asanu ndi atatu ndipo lotsogoledwa ndi commandant Yozefom Kramerom. Iwo yomweyo anamangidwa ndipo kenako, kupatulapo makumi awiri, anamwalira chifukwa cha matenda ndi Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi, anaonekera m'khoti British asilikali atakhala mzinda German wa Lüneburg. Zinali yesero la zigawenga nkhondo.

Ngakhale kuti adamnenera yapangitsa malo osiyanasiyana m'chigawo cha misasa, onse a iwo wapatsidwa okwana mlandu wakupha ndi dala woipa mtima chithandizo Akaidi amene anatenga izo chokhumudwitsa pa nkhani ya misonkhano zogwirizana lonse.

Iwo incriminate angapo zachiwawa oletsedwa kuti akhala Chifukwa cha malo awo amphamvu mu dongosolo la msasa. Malinga ndi chigamulochi, oimbidwa eyiti, kuphatikizapo commandant wa msasa, anaweruzidwira ku imfa mwa kupachikidwa ndi mpumulo kwa maunso m'ndende. Zipangizo zokhudzana ndi milandu ya Anazi mu msasa, komanso nkhani wotchuka Nuremberg mayesero.