Mulungu wa madzi mu Mesopotamia. Gods of Ancient Mesopotamia

Madzi - ndi moyo. Ndi mawu amenewa molimba kutsutsana. Tizilandira, chifukwa ife timadziwa chimene yofunika madzi masewero mu moyo wa munthu. Popanda chakudya anthu adzakhala ndi moyo kuposa mwezi umodzi, ndipo palibe madzi sadzakhalanso ndi moyo maora twente-foro. Tinazindikira za izo ndi anthu akale Middle East, omwe tsopano amatchedwa Mesopotamia. Iwo ndi mwambo wa kulambira milungu, amene Ndipotu, ndi mwini wa mphamvu za chilengedwe. Pakati pawo mmodzi wa anamusilira ambiri anali mulungu wa malo madzi EA. Ambiri a ife kudziwa kumene Mesopotamia, koma ochepa tamva zomwe ankakhala ichi chitukuko wakale anthu. Kudzatenga nthawi yaitali tanthauzo funso, chifukwa ife kuchepetsa tokha mbali yaing'ono imodzi yokha. Tiuzeni za zimene zimapanga kwambiri mulungu wa madzi mu Mesopotamia chifukwa anthu adamlambira Iye, nsembe. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri za izo adzatiwuza akale Chisumeriya nthano.

mawu ochepa A za Mesopotamia chodabwitsa wakale

Zikuwoneka ngati mapu Mesopotamia, ife akukumbukirabe maphunziro a mbiri, umene unachitika mu sekondale. Nthawi zina, malo pakati pa mtsinje wa Tigirisi ndi Firate ku Middle East, ili anayi chachikulu amati: Akkad, Asuri, Sumer, Babulo. chitukuko chimenechi chinayamba zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo, komabe wotchedwa Mesopotamia. Nthawi zina panali m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndi chikhalidwe chake wapadera ndi miyambo. Ena mwa iwo ndi Babulo, Uruk, Kisi, Akshak, Larsa, Lagash. Anafika ife magwero zolembedwa za zochitika a nthawi imeneyo kutali, zinalembedwa pa mapale. Amafufuza zamakezana ndi lero ndi kukumba m'derali ndipo apeza umboni kuti kuli chitukuko kutali ndi wakale.

Religion mu Mesopotamia

Mu Mesopotamia kalekale kukhalamo osiyana mzinda-limati, omwe anali dongosolo zake zandale. M'midzi zonsezi zinakhala mwambo wa m'deralo woyang'anira mulungu. Pakati pa mzinda kumanga kachisi mu ulemu. Onse cikhalidwe inazikidwa nyumba yopatulika ya mulungu. Kukamba za chipembedzo chilichonse umodzi wa anthu a ku Mesopotamia Sikuti, koma ndi zikamera wa dongosolo lalikulu boma pa gawo zinthu zasintha. Map of Mesopotamia, zasintha kusandutsa moyo. Ngati ife kulankhula za chipembedzo, akhoza kutsutsa kuti mu nkhani iyi chinapangidwa ndi gulu limodzi la milungu, amene Komabe, sanakhale khola.

Choyamba, maphunziro anauka kwa Sumerians. gulu ili milungu Choyamba Anu (kumwamba mulungu), EA (madzi mulungu) Enlil (mpweya mulungu). Pambuyo iwo anatsatira angapo kuti wachiwiri wa milungu, iwo anali khumi ndi awiriwo, ndiye anayenda makumi atatu milungu yaing'ono. Mesopotamia ansembe kutumikira kukachisi, apanga dongosolo zovuta dongosolo lonse. makonzedwe ake anali zimaonekera nthano zambiri. Kotero kuti anapulumuka nthano za mmene wapadera kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi monga munthu analengedwa mulungu wa madzi ndi zambiri. Mu Mesopotamia panali miyambo lapadera, limene kenako anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chikhalidwe dziko.

Culture of Ancient Mesopotamia

Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti Mesopotamia ndi chimodzi mwa malo wamkulu wa chitukuko padziko lapansi. Pa nthawi ina panali pafupifupi 10% ya anthu lathuli. Ndi iye ndi chikhalidwe cha Mesopotamia? Amene zoyambitsidwa ife tiri ku anthu m'mayiko amenewa? Apa ndi pamene panali yoyamba m'mbiri ya anthu kulemba dongosolo - zakale. Anthu a ku Mesopotamia analemba pa dongo lofewa zisonga nzimbe ndodo. Choyamba panali manambalawo, kutanthauza mawu, ndiyeno panali zizindikiro. Mesopotamiya chikhalidwe wolemera kwambiri. Amadziwika kuti, mwachitsanzo, Sumerians kale pa nthawi imene anali ndi nzeru zina za masamu ndipo zakuthambo. Iwo anali Olemba kalendala wakale, laibulale m'ndandanda, formulary. Imodzi mwa mphatso yofunikira kwambiri pa chikhalidwe dziko - ndi Chisumeriya epic "yaikulu ya Gilgamesh". Anthu a ku Mesopotamia anasiya zikhulupiriro zopeka za moyo wa milungu ndi anthu. Nthano zimenezi wakale amatiuza mmene tingagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu ya chilengedwe pa maganizo a anthu a Mesopotamia. Gods of Ancient Mesopotamia - umunthu wa dziko lapansi ndi madzi zinthu, si wochepa mphamvu kwa munthu.

EA - mulungu wa madzi mu Mesopotamia

Kodi anasonyeza kuti anthu a wakale wolamulira Mesopotamiya wa matupi a madzi? Maganizo awo, kuti anali munthu wina wokalamba ndi ndevu ndi mchira nsomba. Mu dzanja lake anali nyale. Makamaka akulemekezedwa asodzi zikawonongeka zilumba. Pa zofukulidwa a Umulungu maguwa ansembe mafupa ambiri nsomba anapezeka. Zikuoneka kuti anthu anayesetsa kusangalatsa mbuye wa nyanja. Iye akhapidziwa kuti anali yabwino kwa iye. Nthano Chisumeriya zikuoneka Mlengi wa anthu, milungu, ndi dziko. EA - anzeru, nthawi zina wochenjera mtima kwambiri. makhalidwe amenewa akhala akumanidwa zambiri za milungu ya Mesopotamia. Lembani zapatsidwa pamwambazi. amachita monga Mwachitsanzo, mpweya mulungu Enlil, ankadana ndi anthu. EA analenga mwamuna ndi zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi, anaphunzitsa anthu kudzala minda, kubzala mbewu, fulakesi, kusonkhanitsa zitsamba mankhwala. Nthawi zambiri amasonyezedwa ndi chikwakwa, ndi khasu kapena nkhwangwa. Iye akhapidziwa kuti mulungu mtetezi makamaka kwa mzinda Chisumeriya wa Eridu. Panali kachisi chachikulu cha EA, wotchedwa E-Abzu.

Ngati ife kukumbukira mbiriyakale, tingathe kuona kuti anthu ambiri ankakhulupirira milungu yawo amateteza madzi abwino ndiponso m'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, akale Greek mulungu wa madzi Poseidon, malinga ndi nthano za Agiriki akale, mmodzi wa milungu zitatu Olympic, pamodzi ndi Zeus ndi Hade. Koma mosiyana EA, iye anali achiwawa mtima, mkwiyo ndi kupsa mtima. Mulungu wa madzi Sumerians wachifundo kwa ogula ena ndi anthu wokhululuka.

Milungu ya ku Mesopotamia

Anu - mulungu wamkulu wa kumwamba, kulamulira kumwamba ndi konse pansi, ali mmodzi wa othandizira zitatu zikuluzikulu zomwe Mesopotamia wakale pamodzi ndi Enlil ndi EA. Komanso, amaona chizindikiro cha mphamvu wamkulu. Malinga ndi nthano zakale Sumeri, milungu ya Mesopotamia kamodzi anaganiza kuti Ana kugawana mphamvu yake. Poyankha, adalenga ziwanda zisanu ndi zoyipa ndi zomwe Zavumbulutsidwa kwa mdima wa mulungu mwezi, ndi chifukwa kuti thupi lakumwamba analandidwa ndi anamasulidwa yekha ndi phukusi la wamphamvu zonse ndi wabwino EA.

Adad - mulungu wa mabingu, mphezi ndi mphepo, akuimira zachilengedwe, zomwe angathe kuwononga (matalala, kusefukira kwa madzi ndi zina zotero), ndi kutsitsimutsa (mvula).

Asuri - muweruzi, atate Anu a - anafaniziridwa ndi uta mu manja ake pakati pa Dzuŵa litayamba chowala.

Baala - mulungu wa namondwe, bingu, mphezi ndi mvula, chifukwa chikhalidwe wopatsa moyo. Nthawi afa (chilala, akufota njala) ndipo kukudza (chonde, ukuyanga chikhalidwe).

Zeroana - mulungu wa nthawi ndi tsoka. Malinga ndi nthano zakale, ndi androgynous wokhalapo. Limati nthawi wopandamalire.

Marduk - mwana wa mulungu EA madzi. magwero olembedwa a Mesopotamia, kudamveka kuti adali wokhoza kuchiritsa ndipo anadziwa matsenga. Kuti Marduk ntchito nzeru anapambana Tiamat, amene anabweretsa nkhondo atate wake EA anapha Apsu. Makamaka akulemekezedwa Babulo Marduk. Iye akhapidziwa kuti chimateteza mzinda. Ziwalo Mulungu anali poyerekeza ndi zomera ndi nyama. Iwo anati kuti zamkati wake - mkango, msana - paini, zala - mzimbe, chigaza - siliva, ndi mbewu ya copulation - ndi golide. Marduk zoyenera holide wapadera - Tsakmuku.

Mitra - mulungu ubwenzi ndi mapangano, kumbuyo choonadi ndi chilungamo. Tsiku lililonse iye ankathamanga kudutsa kumwamba mu galeta wa dzuwa. Makamaka wothandiza Mitra anali ndi anthu amene analemekeza iye. Anawapatsa kugonjetsa adani awo ndi nzeru. Childs Mitra akuonetsedwa wolimba wankhondo zida muuni ndi mpeni. Zojambulazo m'manda wakale wa anthu olemekezeka ndikuuzeni za momwe Mulungu ng'ombe anapambana ubwenzi kumupha. panali mbalame zonse, nyama ndi zomera thupi nyama.

Sin - mulungu wa mlengalenga, ndi mkuru wa Moon. mulungu Izi kawirikawiri limafanizira munthu wakale pamodzi ndi ndevu zazitali, atakhala mu bwato. Usiku uliwonse mu bwato mu mawonekedwe a kachigawo, iye amayenda nyenyezi. Iye akhapidziwa kuti Sin wawononga mdima conspiracies akuba, kukhetsa mwezi zochita zawo zonyansa.

Teshub - mulungu wa mabingu. Iye ankaopedwa mu Asia Minor. Teshub ankafotokozedwa bearded ndi kalabu manja ake. otchulidwa wake - nkhwangwa ndi mphezi. M'maiko a ku Mesopotamia, panali nthano kuti EA anzeru ndi wopanda mantha anathandiza Teshub zoopsa kugonjetsedwa yaikulu chilombo ullikummi analenga diorite. Mulungu anagawa madzi anaona kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi, zomwe zachititsa kuti kufooka chiphonacho. Chifukwa cha chilombo cha anagonjetsedwa.

Utu-Shamash. Nthano atazindikira - Shamash, mu nthano Sumeri, izo limafanana Utu. Guardian ya choonadi ndi chilungamo, mulungu wa dzuwa. Amasonyezedwa ndi kunyezimira pa mutu ndi mpeni zenga woboola mu dzanja lake. Tsiku lililonse iye anayenda kudutsa mlengalenga, ndi pa Kukada anatsika kumidima, kupereka kuwala akufa.

Elohim - atate wa milungu yonse ndi anthu, mlengi wa chilengedwe chonse. Malingana ndi nthano, anakhala pakati pa chilengedwe, "gwero la nyanja onse." The Sumerians wakale ankaganizira kuti munthu wakale pamodzi ndi ndevu ndi mtundu maso lalikulu, wobvala miyinjiro ndi nyanga tiara, ndipo nthawizina mu mawonekedwe a ng'ombe.

Enlil - mwana wa Anu - mulungu wa mlengalenga ndi mphepo. Ine ndimaganiza kuti iye otsutsa anthu, akuwatumiza mliri ndi njala, chilala ndi madzi osefukira kuti awononge mbewu. Iye wakhala poyerekeza ndi mphepo wobangula ndi chilombo amavutitsa ng'ombe.

Pantheon kwa Mesopotamia

Amadziwika kuti pali milungu osiyanasiyana m'dziko wakale wa Mesopotamia. Aliyense ali mwini "dera ntchito." Kumbali ya kufunika, iwo anayikidwa mu motere:

1. EA - mulungu wa madzi, Anum - mbuye wamkulu wa kumwamba, Enlil - woyang'anira wa mpweya ndi mphepo.
2. Shamash - mulungu wa dzuwa. Iye anali kumujambula munthu wakale pamodzi ndi nduwira mkulu.
3. Tchimo. Mulungu wa mwezi - nkhalamba ndi ndevu yaitali siliva, mitanda kumwamba mu ngalawa golide usiku.
4. Nerigali - mulungu wa kumidima, amatumiza anthu kuti matenda oopsa, adzamasula nkhondo wamagazi.
5. Nabu - mulungu wa nzeru, woyang'anira alembi ndi calligraphers. Malingana ndi nthano Sumeri, ndi mdzukulu wa EA.
6. Marduk - mwana wa EA, ndi mtetezi kwa mzinda wa Babulo.
7. Ishtar - mulungu wa chikondi ndi kubereka, nkhwidzi ndi nkhondo. Kodi patroness wa courtesans ndi akazi mosavuta.
8. Ninurta - mulungu wa nkhondo, osangalala, woyang'anira wa nyama husbandry ndi ulimi.

Kachisi chachikulu cha EA

Monga kale anayang'ana Mesopotamia mapu, tikudziwa kuchokera ku magwero mbiriyakale kuti yatsikira kwa masiku athu. mapale opezeka zofukulidwa ena mizinda ikuluikulu kwambiri Sumeri, akhoza kukuunikirani kale kutali anthu okhala kamodzi Mesopotamia. Kuyambira zinthu zimenezi timadziwa kuti okhalamo m'midzi kawirikawiri anamanga akachisi kwa polemekeza milungu yawo. Ndipo iwo anachita izo mu njira yapadera. Choyamba, kumanga kachisi wa mu mzinda anaima chidutswa wapadera wa dziko. Kachiwiri, dongosolo lopatulika anamangidwira kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino mogwirizana kwambiri ndi mphepo ananyamuka. Opatulika amakona anayi mawonekedwe ndi zochokera kwa kadinalayo. kachisi ankaona malo a Mulungu. Mu mzinda wakale Chisumeriya wa Eridu izo zinkayenera nyumbayi, wodziwika ndi dzina la E-Abzu, amene amatanthauza "nyanja dziko la madzi mobisa atsopano." Iwo analamulira EA - mulungu akulemekezedwa anthu ambiri a m'mudzi umenewu. opatulika Izi kawirikawiri nsembe. Pa yomanga ya mzinda, mu gawo kumene kunali kachisi, kwambiri mafupa nsomba anapezeka. Kudzimana nsomba, anthu anayesetsa kusangalatsa woyang'anira wake EA, kumupempha kuti akuthandizeni kuthandizika malonda.

Mfundo za chiyambi cha milungu

Kodi EA? Kodi milungu ina - Mbuye wa kumwamba, dziko lapansi ndi pansi? nthano Sumeri, chilengedwe chimene masamu midpoint wa m'zaka za zana lachinayi BC, akufotokozedwa motere. Dziko la milungu anatuluka chisokonezo. Poyamba, mwini mobisa madzi Apsu ndi Tiamat woyang'anira a m'nyanja za padziko lapansi teamed ndi chifukwa chakuti pakhala umulungu choyamba, kufanizira mwamuna (Lahmu) ndi mkazi (Lahamu) kuyamba. The Sumerians anali zolengedwa mu mawonekedwe a mizukwa yaikulu yonyansa. Lahmu Lahamu, ndipo nawonso, wafunsira dziko mulungu ndi mulungu Anshar Kishar Kumwamba. Zilombozi anali ndi thupi la munthu. Iwo anali ndi ana ambiri ndipo adzukulu, amene anali mbuye Enlil mpweya, kumwamba mwini Anu ndi EA (Enki) - mulungu wa madzi. Mu Mesopotamia makamaka wolemekezedwa masika. Pajatu kudalira chonde ya dziko ndi ziweto thanzi.

Koma ku nkhani yathu za chiyambi cha milungu. ana posakhalitsa ambiri atatopa Apsu madandaulo awo ndi kunyozana, kuti anaganiza kuti aphe iwo onsene. Tiamat kuchenjeza ana awo za kuopa pafupi. Mulungu EA madzi, wotchuka chifukwa kuchenjerera kwake ndi luso, anakhala Mpulumutsi wa milungu yonse. Iye anawerenga pa Apsu wotsirika, imene agogo anagwa tulo tofa nato. Enki ndiye kumumanga ndi maunyolo komanso kuphedwa. Pa malo a mulungu madzi Apsu anamanga kachisi. Asembana na wamkazi Damkina. Chifukwa cha mgwirizano uwu, banjalo mwana, Marduk, amene anadzakhala woyang'anira woyera wa olemera mizinda ya Mesopotamia - Babulo.

Mfundo za chilengedwe cha munthu

The wakale madzi mulungu EA mu nthano Sumeri, ankaona osati mlengi wa ogula ena, komanso anthu. Apa mmene kuuza anthu a dziko lino zaka zambiri zapitazo ku Mesopotamiya.

EA pakati pa milungu nzeru zosiyanasiyana wapadera ndi kuchenjerera. Kangapo Mbuye wa kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi anatembenukira kwa iye kuti andithandize, monga amphamvu kwambiri, chilungamo ndi kusamala pakati pawo. Kamodzi milungu EA anadandaula kuti iwo alibe atumiki, palibe kuitumikira, palibe kupala vinyo ndi. Wanzeru Enki, kutsatira pempho la anzake, anatenga dongo wa kasupe wodzazidwa ndi madzi okoma, anaimanga mwa munthu. Koma kunapezeka kuti anachita izo osati kamodzi, koma ndi kuyesa chiwiri. Adalenga munthu anali ofooka ndi neprisposoblen moyo. Poyerekeza ndi milungu, iye anali ofooka ndi opanda mphamvu. Mwina kumverera chomwecho ofooka ndi okhala Mesopotamia pamaso magulu akuopsa ndi opanda chifundo cha chilengedwe. Milungu ya Mesopotamia - umunthu wa mchitidwe osamvera kuti akhoza kuwononga, ndi kupereka mphamvu kwa moyo.

Mfundo za Chigumula

Nthano ngati zimenezi zimapezekanso m'zipembedzo za mitundu yambiri. Koma anthu a ku Mesopotamia, nkhani Chigumula anali ndi tanthauzo lapadera. Ngati Iguputo a chigumula Nailo kuti kubweretsa chonde matope, ndi gwero la umoyo ndi chitukuko, chifukwa Sumeri chigumula mitsinje ya Tigirisi ndi Firate zinali zoopsa. Madzi anasefukira mbewu zawo, motero kumudzudzula anthu ku imfa ndi njala. Koma kodi opanga zilipo wakale Chisumeriya nthano za Chigumula.

Kamodzi milungu iwo mphamvu ya anthu amene ntchito yawo ncho mkate, anayamba kuopa mphamvu phindu la anthu pansi. Ndiyeno tinaganiza Mbuye wa kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi kuchotsa atumiki ake kwa muyaya. Milungu kupha chida anasankha chigumula, zomwe sambike ku nkhope ya anthu padziko lapansi. Koma wabwino komanso wanzeru EA wasankha koma m'modzi mwa mafumu, kuti kenako anapitiriza mtundu wa anthu. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mulungu wa madzi kuwulula chinsinsi cha chomwe chinali kubwera chigumula Siparra mfumu, womwe amalowerera amange chingalawa chachikulu. madzi m'cholinga cha Mulungu anali opambana. Siparra mfumu anathawa, anapulumuka Chigumula mu chingalawa chimangidwe ndipo mbadwa zake M'kupita kwa nthawi anakakhala m'dziko.

Tinaphunzira za amene anali ku wakale Chisumeriya mulungu wa madzi. M'Mesopotamiya, kumene ulemu monga Mlengi wa anthu ndi zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi lopangidwa kuti nthano chodabwitsa, ambiri mwa wafika masiku athu.