Mtunda - n'zovuta kusuntha m'dera

Mtunda - ndi mbali ya Earth pamwamba ndi mavuto kayendedwe ka. mutu ndi, pa Koyamba, si kukumana tanthauzo la, kapena molondola zimaonetsa Kulalikira anthu amenewa. Ruggedness liwulo ntchito pano kutanthauza "irregularity" padziko lapansi ndi zotupa osiyana. Kulenga monyanyira, ndipo izi si recess. formations awa akhoza adzauka ndi pamwamba pansi.

Village: tanthauzo ndi katundu

Mitsinje, nyanja, mapiri ndi mapiri, nkhalango ndi madambo - zonsezi amasintha mawonekedwe a padziko lapansi. Mtunda - lingaliro n'zimene amadziwika gawo ofanana. Dikishonare Mawu akuti "mtanda" limasonyeza kuti mawu amenewa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu mtengo wa determinant wa khalidwe kapena katundu wa malo enaake. Mu njira ina, tinganene kuti limeneli padziko lapansi zadulidwa ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za mpumulo.

Mtunda akusonyeza kuti derali ndi 20% kapena zambiri zosiyanasiyana zopinga, amene mwa njira zina choopsa zosavuta kuyenda. Iwo akhoza mwachibadwa zikuchitika kapena chongopeka analenga zinthu. Ngati mavuto amenewa zosakwana 20%, adafuna kulankhula za crossovers yaing'ono.

Misewu, overpasses, mitsinje ndi midzi zimamangidwa ndi munthu, ndipo ndi nzika malo. Ndipo onse a chikhalidwe analenga, amatchedwa mpumulo. Zimachititsa chilumbachi Science amaphunzira zinthu izi munthu, kuphatikiza awo, komanso tingasonyeze iwo pa mapu.

Choncho, pansi mtunda ena kuzindikira ndi dziko alipo padziko monyanyira zachilengedwe ndi chongopeka analenga zinthu (zinthu). Ngati iwo ali ochepera 10%, ndiye m'dera lino amaona kuti sanali mphambano. Kuposa 30% - umboni wa mtanda amphamvu.

Permeability - chuma cha m'dera wofananawo, kupereka kuzindikira za omasuka kapena zophinja kayendedwe ake. Apa chinthu chachikulu ndi kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa maukonde msewu. Zikuonekeratu kuti kukhalapo kwa zigwembe, mitsinje, nkhalango kapena madambo amachepetsa permeability. Kuonjezera izo, m'pofunika kuti agwire ntchito zomangamanga.

Choncho, dera lonse kunja msewu conventionally mtanda. digiri umadalira pa kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa zopinga pa izo monga anthu a. Kuonetsetsa easy- ndi zovuta mbali, komanso kumadera kumene kuli sizikanatheka kuyenda.

makhalidwe a

Mtunda (chithunzi izo anaika m'nkhani) lagawidwa malingana ndi mwayi yakanema. Ndi lotseguka, ngati m'dera mosavuta looneka mpaka 75% mbali zonse. Mukapeza digiri zochepa kulankhula za chinsinsi polowa. Mtengo wapakatikati akhoza yodziwika ndi kuwoloka ochiritsira. Kutithandiza kuona nkhani iyi ndi kukhalapo kwa nkhalango, minda, mapiri, m'midzi zomangamanga, kuchepetsa aone.

Nthaka ndi zomera pa izo ndi kusintha. Malinga madera awo mtundu ndi chipululu, steppe, nkhalango, Titafika pamalo, madambo ndi mitundu Transitional. The mtunda angakhale mapiri, kuphwa kapena lamapiri mtunda. Pakuti lathyathyathya pamwamba yodziwika ndi msinkhu wa mamita 300 pamwamba pa nyanja makonzedwe. Makolokoto mtunda - ndi ambiri m'gawo akakhala ndi mtunda kovuta. Mountain m'madera anawagawa mitundu itatu malingana misanje ofala :. Low - mpaka 1000 m, pafupifupi - mpaka mamita 2000 mkulu - mamita oposa 2,000 mapiri anatsimikiza okwera mpaka 500 m.

kulunjika

The mtunda makolokoto amakhudza mawonekedwe ndi malo midzi pa maukonde msewu. Kuchokera ku kumlingo zimadalira makhalidwe nyengo ya m'derali. Nthaka malo komanso nthawi zambiri yeniyeni. Zingamvekere zomera, milingo pansi ndi kuthekera ntchito zawo zofuna anthu ndi Machinery kakwamba chikhalidwe.

Kwambiri chonde wakuda nthaka ndi ankaona pafupi iwo dothi mgoza. Koma iwo ali Misewu pamene kuchuluka kwa mvula si abwino. Ambiri theka-Sandy loam ndi mchere m'madambo. Primers, mosiyana ndi nthaka (chonde pamwamba wosanjikiza) ndi zothandiza kumanga. Izi nayenso anawagawa miyala, lotayirira ndi intermediates.

Akutsutsa dera, malingana ndi cholinga, malo, mawonekedwe ndi chiyambi akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu ingapo:

• midzi;
• zomangamanga kwa mafakitale ulimi ndi chikhalidwe;
• misewu ndi zoyendera aya;
• mizere kulankhulana ndi mphamvu;
• zomera;
• zinthu hydrographic (mitsinje, nyanja) ndi mbali madzi ndi iwo (madoko, marinas, zipilalapo).

zinthu mpumulo

Mtunda - ndi m'goli kuzindikira mtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha padziko lapansi. Iwo agawidwa mu mawonekedwe a mpumulo. Nyanga - ndi ozungulira kapena conical phiri. Mbali chapamwamba kungakhale mawonekedwe pachimake (pachimake) kapena ndege (chikweza). Phiri m'munsi imatchedwa yekha ndi mbali nkhope - njovu. Ngati kutalika kwa mapangidwe mpaka 200 m, adafuna iyo phiri. Ngati ndi lopangidwa ndi munthu, ndi chitunda. okwera angapo anakonza mu njira imodzi kupanga lokwera.

Kutsitsa mtunda ndi maganizo mbale woboola pakati otchedwa chatsekedwa-beseni. Ngati ziri zazing'ono, ndi dzenje. Dell wotchedwa Amowabu kuchepetsa malo mbali imodzi ndi bwino noticeable maganizo. Ngati mapangidwe ali m'mbali phompho ndi otsetsereka, ilo likutchedwa chigwa. Pakati pa mapiri awiri pafupi lokwera Nthawi zambiri kugwa. mapangidwe oterowo amatchedwa chishalo.

Akuyenda mtunda akhakula

Zovuta mtunda ndi zopinga kuyenda mu mode yachibadwa si abwino kwambiri. Ngati muli kupita limeneli, ndi bwino kusankha munthu wotchuka nyama mayendedwe, maenje ndi zinthu adzatsekeredwa kwala pansi. Kukweza ndi kukwera mapiri m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito zida wothandiza ndi Chalk. Oopsa kwambiri, makamaka zinyalala, chifukwa akhoza kupanga rockfall.

Movement mbali ndi lathyathyathya angathe kuchitidwa ndi anayeza rhythmic kuyenda kapena akuthamanga (kuthamanga). Zopinga zimapangitsa liŵirolo yang'anitsitsani pa mapazi ake, kotero kuti asabwerere phazi kapena sprain. Forest, dambo, tchire, mchenga kapena chisanu - zonsezi amafuna chitukuko cha njira yeniyeni.

Kapezekedwe ka katundu kumbuyo, otsetsereka kapena akusokoneza phiri zofunika zina. The obadwa nthawi zina m'pofunika kuti "Njoka". Pamene phompho kulozetsa mwendo kuvala phazi kapena kuzilongosola "herringbone", kufalitsa masokosi mu dzanja, ndi thupi linapendekeka pang'ono patsogolo.

gymkhana

Mtunda - malo abwino kwa mpikisano. Iwo akhoza m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Anayamba pa gawo, snaring, kuthamanga suti, kutsetsereka, njinga, njinga zamoto ndi magalimoto. Cross-dziko mbali imodzi ya Khalidwe la masewera othamanga. The mpikisano woyamba boma mpira (mtanda dziko) adali mu 1837. Championship World unachitikira mu 1973. Mpikisano Official amakhala mu yophukira ndi yozizira pambuyo akamaliza waukulu mwache m'munda nyengo.

Cross-dziko akuthamanga efficiently ntchito pa akatumba onse ndi machitidwe thupi. njanji nthawi anaika mu zone ya nkhalango kapena m'madera lotseguka. Kutalika kungakhale, malingana ndi zovuta ndime 3 mpaka 12 Km. zinthu Natural wa mpikisano si bwanji. mafuko zambiri kutenga malo mu mvula, matalala ndi mphepo yamphamvu.

Cross-dziko imaphunzitsa pambali minofu mphamvu kupirira, kumalimbitsa mafupa ndi Mitsemphayi, amachiza mtima ndi mtima dongosolo. Katundu pa kuthana ndi mavuto bwino kuthetsa nkhawa ndi kuchita zinthu monga mphamvu amphamvu.