Mtengo wa khungu ndi thupi la munthu

Khungu ndi yovuta kwambiri ndipo ambiri voluminous thupi la munthu. Kukhoza kwathu moyo imathandiza kwambiri, koma chifukwa thupi liri waukulu structural mchitidwe. Kuteteza, kupulumutsa kutentha ndi madzi bwino, kuti muzilowa moyo mu zinthu zimene munthu amakhala. Ndipo, ndithudi, si mtengo yekha wa khungu kwa thupi. Zikuyenera ntchito ambiri, m'pofunika kudziŵa mwatsatanetsatane. Izi amafuna ndemanga ya kapangidwe zoyambirira za khungu ndi kapangidwe kake ma ndi njira ntchito.

Kuweta mwachidule ntchito za khungu

Mwa ntchito zambiri za thupi, ambiri akhoza anazindikira ndi khungu. Kuwaona ku mfundo phylogenetic maganizo, zoonekeratu yankho kuti analengedwa kuti ndalama madzi m'thupi. Kunali kofunika kuti majeremusi njuchi dziko. Ndipo mu phylogeny wa khungu zinaoneka patapita nthawi yaitali kuposa mamba ndi zida, kwambiri choposa iwo kusinthasintha atengere chilengedwe, koma pogwira ntchito zikuluzikulu. Pakati pawo:

• lamulo la thupi kutentha;

• zoteteza (chotchinga);

• Malamulo (nawo madzi ndi kuwombola electrolyte);

• zolipirira (magazi akutumikira monga malo gawo);

• kagayidwe kachakudya ndi endocrine;

• cholandilira;

• m'thupi;

• excretory.

Mbali tatchulazi kwambiri, chifukwa amathandiza kugwira ntchito machitidwe limba. Ndipo ichi ndi khungu kwa thupi: ndi udindo mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, koma pa nthawi yomweyo zimawateteza iwo ku mavuto. Pamafunika madzi m'thupi, komanso "oyang'anira" kwa kutentha kwake kwa kuchotsedwa kuposa iwo ayenera. Mu zamoyo zina, khungu nawonso kuwombola mpweya, kusewera udindo wa kuwala zina. Anthu, ndiye nchito imeneyi - chifukwa akuphatikizapo zovuta za dongosolo kupuma - anatayika.

mbali kandalama wa khungu

Zovuta yophunzitsa "Ife ndi dziko" mu "mtengo wa khungu kwa thupi" (kalasi 4) zambiri za matabwa ake. Zipangizo phunziro unatengedwa kuchokera mabuku pa histology ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa khungu. Iwo amapereka mudziwe zambiri zokhudza kapangidwe ka lakunja thupi chivundikiro maselo nawo mapangidwe ake, ndi momwe iwo bwinobwino.

The kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa khungu tichipeza zigawo zitatu: ndi khungu (chapamwamba wosanjikiza), ndi dermis (papillary wosanjikiza ndi reticular) ndi mafuta minofu. Yotsirizira kwambiri kwambiri. Izi zigawo zitatu ndi kutiumba chivundikiro wathu. Mu minofu subcutaneous akufotokozera adipose minofu, ntchito kagayidwe kachakudya amachita.

Mu dermis anakonza nyongolosi khungu m'deralo, mitsempha ya magazi ndi mapeto mitsempha (zolandilira). Yotsirizira ndi kuzindikira maonekedwe a chilengedwe amene oyandikana. Komanso ili mu magawo dermis mapeto a zopangitsa thukuta ndi tsitsi okonzeka ndi thumba la mafuta.

Khungu - ndi osachepera yogwira gawo, chifukwa yekha imagwira ntchito zoteteza. Komabe, khungu kwambiri kwa thupi, ndi chifukwa cha iye, chifukwa popanda chitetezo cha thupi la munthu yomweyo poyera kuti zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zinthu thupi, kwachilengedwenso ndi mankhwala. Ngakhale losavuta malungo, kapena m'malo oscillation ake mu osiyanasiyana madigiri 10 adzaononga ife, ngati osati pamaso pa Mipikisano wosanjikiza khungu.

Udindo wa khungu mu thermoregulation

Mtengo waukulu wa khungu mu ndondomeko thermoregulation kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Iwo thupi ili lili thermoreceptors kudzera amene angathe kudziwa pafupifupi yozungulira kutentha. Kuchokera pa zimenezi, ndondomeko lamulo limapezeka mu thupi kutentha. Mu zochitika zina pamene thupi magawo sing'anga upambana, thupi zikuphatikizapo njira thukuta ndi khungu mtima kuwonjezeka kuzungulira. Chifukwa ichi, iwo utakhazikika, ndipo kuli zinthu zimenezi amakhala womasuka kwambiri.

Mu zochitika zina pamene kutentha thupi pansipa amati khungu, kupalasa njinga zolandilira ozizira. Iwo pafupifupi nthawi 5-6 kuposa zolandilira kutentha. Ndiye ndondomeko akuyamba kuchepetsa kutentha kutengerapo kudzera ziwiya yopapatiza ndi kuchepetsa khungu pamwamba (tsekwe thupi). Komanso njira amathandiza zamadzimadzi chimbudzi mu minofu kuti amalola kupanga zina kutentha kulimbitsa thupi ndi kukhala moyo thandizo.

ntchito zoteteza

Komabe, thermoregulation - izi ndi zofunika za chikopa cha thupi osati. Mofanana kwambiri ndi chitetezo osati ndi kutentha ndi kuzizira, komanso zinthu zina za mankhwala akupha, zakuthupi ndi kwachilengedwenso. Udindo waukulu mu chotchinga (zoteteza) Ntchito limabweretsa khungu. akuphatikizapo lipophilic zimasokoneza yobereka percutaneous zinthu, waluso kupasuka mu madzi.

Komanso wosanjikiza maselo epidermal amateteza ku zinthu mwamwambo - onongani, kuboola, kudula. The khungu n'kovuta kwambiri kuposa dermis ndi mafuta, choncho aliyense wa zotsatira kungabweretse kuwononga kwambiri, ngati kuti wosanjikiza padziko.

Mofanana kwambiri ndi chitetezo ionizing poizoni osachepera pa kuleza yoweyula sing'anga ndi otsika pafupipafupi. Makamaka, khungu chitetezo chabwino kwa cheza ultraviolet, koma simungathe kuteteza thupi ku Popanga madzi a gamma-ray quanta. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kuyambira yotsirizira amatha mkatikati mwa makoma konkire. Koma ngakhale kukhalapo kwa chitetezo cheza nyutironi kuchokera particles Alpha ndi cheza ultraviolet kuchokera kwambiri prolongs moyo wa munthu.

Ndipo chifukwa osati zinthu zakuthupi kungathe kupha thupi lathu, izo ziyenera kukhala chitetezo aggressors kwachilengedwenso. Iwo saprophytic tizilombo toyambitsa matenda,, bowa ndi protists. Kwa iwo onse kudzera pakhungu amatha kulowa ndi yolowera wochindikala yekha bowa. Ndipo chifukwa cha nthambi mycelium ndipo mu malo pakati pa sikelo epidermal, mukumazengereza iwo. Koma mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina khungu mwamphamvu kuteteza thupi ndi khungu n'kofunika kuti thupi mwachidule anafotokoza njira onse anatengera kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.

Madzi ndi electrolyte lamulo

Great khungu ndi zofunika kwa thupi ndi lamulo la madzimadzi ndi electrolyte bwino. Kodi zimatheka ndi kudzipatula ayoni sodium, madzi ndi mankhwala enaake mu thukuta. Komanso, ndi mafuta chikutha ndi ena poizoni wa chilengedwe acidic. Izi amalenga mwayi osangalatsa thupi, amene ali utakhazikika ndi madzi yake.

Chikhalidwe thupi la ndondomeko evaporation motere: choyamba kudzera thukuta England madzi excreted. Popeza khungu thukuta ukuphwera, potero yozizira izo. Mu evaporation zimenezi zimachititsa imfa ya mphamvu kayendedwe ka tinthu madzi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, khungu kutentha ndi pang'ono yafupika. Mwa njira, ndondomeko kwachilengedwenso si zothandiza yozizira thupi ndi mavuto omwe ozungulira malo otentha (mwachitsanzo mu kusamba).

Depositing ntchito magazi

The dermis ndi mmodzi wa yaikulu ndi zovuta Intaneti mtima. Pankhaniyi, pali atatu okha: mitsempha awiri ndi venous wina. Komanso, khungu ndi capillaries lonse mu mwazi akhoza kusiya. Zimenezi zimathandiza kusunga ena a iwo kuti maganizo pa zimene zokhudza thupi kumasula ndi kubwerera kwa m'magazi kwa kuwombola mpweya.

Monga zotengera za khungu akhoza imodzi kudziunjikira 15% ya okwana buku magazi, zomwe zikusintha pofuna kupewa sludge ndi thrombus mapangidwe. Kamodzi kufika humoral chizindikiro kuti arterioles thupi mukufuna kuti mukulitse ndi kuziika izo zoyenda chifukwa cha maganizo pamwambapa pakhomo, magazi kuchokera capillaries kumbuyo mu makope zokhudza zonse. Thupi chifukwa cha ichi kuwonjezerapo kupirira ndi mphamvu. Ndipo monga nthawi zambiri kumapulumutsa miyoyo mu chochitika ngozi mtengo wa khungu ndi thupi la munthu pankhaniyi chabe zoopsa.

Endocrine ndi ntchito kagayidwe kachakudya

Subcutaneous mafuta - mafuta yosungirako limba. Last ankadya mouma kupereka kubwerera zofuna mphamvu. Ndi chifukwa minofu mafuta atengedwa ndi thupi kumayambiriro watha, kotero kuonda zovuta. Tsopano Komabe, nkofunika kwa khungu anthu - si chinthu chachikulu. Zofunika kwambiri endocrine ntchito, ndicho lamulo la njala ndi satiety.

Adipose minofu ndi subcutaneous minofu wamphamvu England angathe kumasuka zinthu zonse satiety. Ndi maganizo njala, "anati" mlingo wa shuga m'magazi. Kamodzi mwalawo udzamugwere, pali njala. Monga machulukitsidwe izo imathetsa ndi mahomoni kwa minofu adipose, amene "kunena" kuti chakudya sayenera kudyedwa kwambiri.

Cholandilira ntchito ya khungu

Kukambirana nkhani "Mtengo wa khungu kwa thupi" (maphunziro 4 kalasi sukulu izo), ndi Sitinganyalanyaze cholandilira ntchito. Iwo - imodzi yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zimathandiza kudziwa za chilengedwe. Chikopa kudzera zolandilira Mzimuyo kutentha kwa sing'anga, osalimba a zinthu zina, chinyezi, ndi kapangidwe pamwamba ndi magawo ena morphological.

Ngakhale maselo ululu ili mu khungu kuti tisasocheretsedwe ndi kupeza kuwonongeka lalikulu. Ndipo ululu ndi "watchdog" wa thanzi la munthu.

Excretory ntchito ya khungu

Khungu chifukwa kukhalapo kwa zopangitsa thukuta amatha excrete mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya. Monga ulamuliro, izi mkulu maselo kulemera lipophilic zinthu kapena hydrophilic mamolekyulu ang'ono ndi anachita acid. Woyamba ndi mapuloteni ndi mafuta kuti zifunika zochepetsera tsitsi, mu babu amene amatsegula ritsa zopangitsa sebaceous.

Thunthu chachiwiri (otsika maselo kulemera) kugwa pano mwachindunji kwa magazi ndipo ili pamwamba pake. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ntchito excretory wa khungu ndi bwino matenda monga gout. Ndi chitukuko cha magazi ake kwambiri kuchuluka kuchuluka kwa asidi uric, amene ali linanena bungwe kenako kudzera pakhungu mu mawonekedwe a mibulu.

Chitsanzo china ndi mwatsoka chosakwanira. Iwo amagwirizana ndi kuyesa excretion zidulo ya ndulu mu zotupa chiwindi parenchymal. Komabe, khungu izi ndi zofunika kwambiri kwambiri moyo wa chamoyo, chifukwa umathandiza kuti nthaŵi zonse nzeru poizoni ndi woopsawo. Ndipo ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njira moyo thandizo.

ntchito m'thupi

Gwirizanani kwambiri kuti khungu la thupi. Zithunzi zokhudza Ufumuyo ngati chuma fanizo kusonyeza chimene dongosolo lathu zovuta ali ndi chivundikiro akunja. N'zovuta kulingalira, koma palinso zimachitika mayankho m'thupi ofunikira kutetezeredwa thupi lonse. Ndipo sateteza adani kunja ndi zinthu, kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ali mu chilengedwe mkati. Ndipo ntchito akuyendera mwa neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages ndi lymphocytes.

Komanso alipo khungu Langerhans maselo basophils. Iwo zonse m'dera zoteteza mayankho m'thupi ndipo kulowerera Antigen ulaliki maselo plasma. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ntchito chitetezo cha khungu nkhoswe ndi njira ina yofunika imene ayenera kuonedwa ngati kagayidwe kachakudya. chophimba wathu wakunja ndi malo kaphatikizidwe n'kofunika kuti chitukuko cha chitetezo cha m'thupi ndi anthu mafupa provitamin D.

M'tsogolo, zidzakhala siteji ya chithandizo cha impso ndipo ntchito yake. Komabe, m'malo mwa mapangidwe ake ndi khungu. Apa, mchikakamizo cha kuwala ultraviolet, pang'ono khungu mosamalitsa umadutsa chokha, anabadwa mankhwala. Ndipo kufunika kwake kwa kukula kwa mafupa yaikulu. A udindo pa khungu la thupi lonse ngakhale lalikulu kwambiri.