Mtanda mayeso

Mayeso mtanda - mtanda-kuswana anthu hybrid ndi chowunikira wapadera. Monga chowunikira anasankha homozygous munthu amene recessive khalidwe zinaonetsera fenotayipi lapansi. Mayeso mtanda ankagwiritsa ntchito mu kuswana zomera ndi chibadwa kudziwa genotype.

Monga amadziwika, malinga ndi malamulo a chibadwa, ndi recessive khalidwe monohybrid mtanda zimachokeradi mu m'badwo woyamba. Mu m'badwo wachiwiri, iye imapezeka pa limodzi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi wa anthu. Recessive khalidwe mukusungira genotype wa m'badwo woyamba wa anthu, koma zilibe kuwasonyeza kunja. Motero, munthu m'badwo woyamba kukhala genotype recessive, fenotayipi sasiyana ku toyesa monohybrid chifukwa khalidwe lalikulu. Mayeso mtanda cholinga kuti mudziwe za kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa khalidwe recessive mu genotype lapansi.

Taganizirani limagwirira wa kudziŵa genotype wa ntchentche munthu imvi. Gray mtundu ndi khalidwe lenileni mwachibale kwa wakuda mitundu ya thupi agulugufewa. Zamoyo mitanda imvi ntchentche ndi wakuda ndi amayankha ana chifukwa. Ngati anthu onse ndi imvi mtundu, kenako tinkaphunzira ntchentche anali lalikulu okha genotype lapansi. Ngati theka la ntchentche chifukwa ndi mtundu wakuda, n'zotheka amachitsimikizira pamaso pa khalidwe recessive.

Ndi chosakwanira ulamuliro wa aliyense genotype limafanana fenotayipi awo. Kuti adziwe ngati aliyense anamuona pa anthu lowani chifukwa cha ulamuliro chosakwanira kapena chizindikiro kudzikonda zidayika chibadwa, izo ndi zofunika kuchita mayeso mtanda. Ngati lingaliro mwa funso chifukwa cha ulamuliro chosakwanira, pamenepo padzakhala popititsa wake "chisokonezo" ndi recessive khalidwe chowunikira. Ngati chizindikiritso ufulu wodzilamulira, adzakhululukidwa zapita zikutsatiridwa anthu onse, ngati mayeso chitsanzo ndi homozygous, kapena anthu ena, ngati heterozygous. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ulendo wa pinki ndi woyera maluwa kupereka kuwala pinki, pali chosakwanira ulamuliro. Ngati hybrids onse a dongosolo loyamba ndi maluwa pinki, ndiye Mbali imeneyi ndi inadzaikidwa allele monga mwayekha lalikulu pa woyera. Mu nkhani iyi, mmodzi homozygous ankafufuza. Ngati gawo la hybrids ndi analandira mtundu pinki wa pamakhala, ndi mbali zina imafalikira oyera, pinki ndi chizindikiro cha wodziimira lalikulu, ankafufuza munthu amanyamula genotype zizindikiro onse.

Zochita kudziwa genotype si nthawi zokwanira kupanga mayeso mtanda. Mwachitsanzo kugwa mu gao la kuchotserapo akhoza pofotokozera wina wa njira zitatu mogwirizana nonallelic jini: epistasis, ma polima kapena mapolojekiti.

Pamene epistasis mawonetseredwe wina allelic angapo majini anazunzidwa majini kunja kwa ena allelic awiri. Suppressors akhoza kukwaniritsa onse lalikulu ndi recessive khalidwe. Chifukwa cha epistasis mu Kuoloka kwa anthu homozygous ndi maluwa ofiira (lalikulu) ndi anthu homozygous ndi maluwa woyera (recessive khalidwe) mu m'badwo woyamba wa hybrids kokha ambabzala ndi maluwa ofiira, ndipo chachiwiri - 3/4 hybrids adzakhala ndi mtundu wofiira, 3 / 16 - woyera ndi 1/16 adzalandira amanena alleles ena (mwachitsanzo, chikasu).

Chitsanzo chotsatirachi ndi kufotokoza zimene chodabwitsa polima. Maluwa ali alleles angapo heterozygous kubala zizindikiro ofiira (lalikulu) ndi woyera (recessive) mitundu ya pamakhala. The hybrids zambiri za m'badwo wachiwiri wa anthu recessive, maluwa oyera. Pamaso pa alleles munthu ngati khalidwe lenileni ndi, kapena popanda, zikuoneka ndinawona chinachake pakati zizindikiro. Mu kudziŵa genotype kupyola mmayesero mtanda polima mosavuta kusokonezedwa ndi ulamuliro chosakwanira.

Pamene mapolojekiti nonallelic majini n'zogwirizana ena ndipo amathandiza kuthandiza kupanga khalidwe latsopano.