Mpiru mafuta: zotsatira pa munthu, zitsanzo ntchito, zotsatira za

Pa First World nkhondo, lamulo German anayamba koyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala kuukira adani. Chifukwa cha kuukira mankhwala, akupha anthu oposa miliyoni. "Mfumu" wa mpweya woipa wa First World nkhondo ya mpiru. Nkhaniyi iyankha mafunso mmene mpiru ndi kumene ntchito.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Mpiru - dzina sayansi 2,2-dichloroethyl thioester. Motsimikiza amene poyamba apanga mpweya n'zosatheka. Pa nthawi yomweyo (1860), asayansi angapo anatha kupeza mpweya zasayansi. Mu Germany, iye mwafufuza Albert Niemann, England - Frederick Guthrie, France - Sezar Depre. German Victor Mayer (1886) anakwanitsa kukhala njira yopangira mpiru koyera. Komanso, asayansi awa imachitika woyamba zasayansi mayesero, zomwe zachititsa mapepala kufotokoza zotsatira poizoni wa mpiru mafuta munthu.

Mnzake, amene anatenga nawo mbali mu phunziro, pamodzi ndi B. Mayer, anali Russian wasayansi Nikolay Dmitrievich Zelinsky. Mwatsoka, mu ndondomeko ya na- Zelinsky analandira amayaka ndipo poyizoni ndi mpweya uwu, sikutheka kuti apitirize mayeso. Kutengera pa ntchito za Mayer mu 1916, akatswiri awiri, B. Lommel (Lommel) ndi B. Shteynkopf (Steinkopf), anayamba ndi zomwe zagwiridwa ndi mafakitale mpweya woipa wotchedwa Lost (zilembo ziwiri zoyambirira za mayina a sayansi). Dzina pa mpweya si Anapitirizabe.

Mu 1917, pa July 12 pa nkhondo ya m'tauni Belgium wa Ypres, dziko la Germany ntchito m'migodi wodzazidwa ndi zinthu wochuluka poizoni. Ndinakumana ndi mpiru mafuta anali munthu wankhanza. Iye atagonjetsa ngakhale zovala ndi nsapato. Chifukwa cha bombardment ya mpiru anakhudzidwa pafupifupi 2,500 anthu, pafupifupi 100 anthu anaphedwa. Pambuyo oopsa mpweya kuukira nalo dzina lake apano - mpiru. Dzina lachiwiri la poizoni, amenenso kumva, "mpiru mpweya". Ichi ndi chifukwa fungo yeniyeni mpweya kampiru, kamene ndi amatikumbutsa fungo la mpiru kapena horseradish.

Njira yopangira makampani

Zimene zinachitika achiwawa Ieper otsutsa German ayamba mwachangu kukhala njira mafakitale cha mpweya wa poizoni. The British, Achimereka ndi French kwa kupanga efa ntchito kaphatikizidwe mwachindunji akufuna Nimono ndi Guthrie. Mpiru analandira chifukwa cha kujowina zinthu ziwiri, ethylene mankhwala enaake ndi sulfure. Zimenezi si monga nthawi yambiri ndipo wapatali, monga njira ntchito ndi Germany.

Mu Germany, yopangira mpiru mafuta ntchito njira B. Mayer, koma wodzilemekeza. "Mustard Mafuta" opangidwa ndi kulumikiza thiodiglycol ndi phosphorous trichloride. Ngakhale kuti ndondomeko izi anatenga kuposelapo kaphatikizidwe, ndi Germany ntchito kokha kwa iye. Pambuyo chomaliza mankhwala anali analandira mwa kangapo wamkulu (95%) kusiyana ndi njira zina.

thupi katundu

The thupi katundu yaikulu ya 2,2'-dichloroethyl thioester:

• The madzi, amene alibe mtundu.
• Fungo lamphamvu, ofanana adyo, mpiru.
• Kuwira mfundo - 217 ° C.
• Kusungunuka kutentha - 14,5 ° C.
• Izo kuwola ndinso mankhwala pa kutentha 150 ° C; kuwonongeka wathunthu pa 500 ° C.
• kachulukidwe thunthu pamwamba osalimba a madzi.
• Pa kutentha, gasi poizoni mpweya kukana yafupika, koma kuchuluka kwa Ester mu mamolekyulu mpweya kumawonjezera chifukwa cha osakhalitsa wabwino.

katundu mankhwala

Pakuti katundu mankhwala mpiru akukumana sulfure, ma atomu aŵiri a chlorine ndi ethylene:

• Bwino sungunuka m'madzi. Kusanganikirana kumachitika kokha ndi yogwira mtima wolimba. Mwachitsanzo, ngati amalowa m'thupi iliyonse ya mpiru madziwo sangathe kupasuka mu madzi, koma adzakhala ndi chimodzimodzi mipweya, pamene pa mozama. Nthawi zina madzi akhoza kupanga pamwamba pa filimu woonda.
• Ndi sungunuka masamba ndi nyama mafuta, solvents organic.
• Inert kuti mitundu yambiri ya zitsulo; chidebe cha kasungidwe zakumwa ukhalebe makapisozi zotayidwa.

Mpiru: zimakhudza anthu

Mpiru amatanthauza zinthu zakupha chithuza. ndi limagwirira cha zochita za njoka pa thupi la munthu ndi chiyani?

• Chifukwa cha solubility wabwino wa mpiru mafuta mu mafuta a masamba ndi nyama chiyambi, iye momasuka kudutsa mu thupi kudzera pakhungu. Mu yotentha, mayamwidwe amphamvu mpweya woipa zimathandiza thukuta kumasulidwa.
• Anthu, mpiru msanga linagawanika. Ici ulikubala mankhwala ena poizoni amene amayambitsa mavuto aakulu kwa anthu.
• Lymphocytes ndi maselo oyera ndi woyamba kuvutika chifukwa cha mpiru mafuta. Chifukwa, chitetezo cha m'thupi chimakhala pa chiopsezo.
• Komanso malinga ndi mlingo wa kungasokoneze ali ziwalo za dongosolo hematopoietic, ndi matumbo mucosa.
• Mpiru mafuta amatha kusintha kapangidwe ka DNA.

Zotsatira poizoni wa mpiru mafuta thupi motere:

• Pa kukhudzana koyamba ndi yaing'ono Mlingo mpiru munthu sangathe yomweyo kusunga mmene mpweya padziko khungu kapena kachigawo kupuma. The zobisika nyengo - maola 6-8. Only kuwonjezeka mu ndende mpweya mu chilengedwe patsogolo kwa sneezing, kapena zilonda zapakhosi.
• Chiphe amasonkhana mu thupi, potero kukulitsa alili.
• Pakuti zimakhudza aliyense padziko minofu mucous ndipo akuyamba selo imfa, zikubweretsa imfa ya gawo kuonongeka.
• Minofu kukonza pambuyo avulala wochedwa.
• M'madera a thupi kuonongeka ndi mankhwala akupha, pali vesicants bala. Chifukwa cha chitetezo chokwanira adatchithisira reinfection matenda ena angayambe, amene akhoza kusokoneza kuchira mtima kapena amafa.
• Pali masinthidwe.
• Izo kumawonjezera tilinazo thupi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Mpiru: zotsatira za kugonjetsedwa mawonekedwe chakupha gasi

Zotsatira waukulu mpiru mafuta ali pa maso, dongosolo kupuma ndi khungu. Ngati wothandizila mankhwala ndi sprayed mu mawonekedwe a mafuta, mpiru mafuta kukhudzana anthu kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa ziwalo pamaso, ndiye ziwalo kupuma ndi khungu pang'ono pokha. Phula droplet mtundu wa mpiru mafuta makamaka zimakhudza khungu. Zotsatira za ankachitira mpweya kuukira kuposa mitundu madzi a poizoni.

mitundu wofatsa kuwonongeka limba yanthanda pa nkhani ya kukhala yochepa anthu mu zone ya chinthu poizoni ndi ndende ka mpweya (0.002 mg wa \ L) ndi madzi mawonekedwe (0.01 mg wa \ cm2). Sing'anga - ndi kuchuluka kuchuluka kwa tinthu poizoni chilengedwe: Mafuta - 0015 mg wa \ L, madzi-dontho - 0.1 mg wa \ cm2. Lolemera mpiru mafuta poizoni, zingachititse imfa kumachitika pamene ndende ya mankhwala mu boma nthunzi - 0,07 mg wa \ L. Photos zotsatira za mpiru mafuta pa munthu Tingaone nkhaniyi.

Atatu mitundu ya zotupa kupuma:

• A mtundu wofatsa kuvulazidwa: kutupa pakhosi ndi mphuno. Iwo akuwonetseredwa mu secretions zambiri kuchokera mphuno, amavutika kumeza, zilonda zapakhosi. Patapita masiku 10-12, zizindikiro chokani.
• Avereji form: kutsokomola ndi mafinya, mkulu kutentha thupi, kupweteka m'dera pachifuwa. Ndi mankhwala osakwanira kumabweretsa chibayo. Nthawi Kwalamulidwa mankhwala olimbitsa mu mwezi ndi theka.
• A mtundu choopsa cha: zizindikiro chiphe zimachitika maola angapo pambuyo kukhudzana ndi mpiru mafuta. Kuledzera - chifuwa ndi mafinya flue, kutentha, chibayo akufotokozera pa tsiku lachitatu, zomwe mwina patsogolo mpaka necrosis a m'mapapo ndi imfa. Kuchira odwala pambuyo poyizoni aakulu amapita zovuta.

Atatu mitundu ya kuwonongeka limba:

• Maso ali tcheru kwambiri zotsatira za mpiru (mpweya). Ngakhale pa woipa otsika (0.005 mg wa \ L) theka la ola - firii koloko anamva obaya, moto, kumverera kwa mchenga m'maso, mucous diso kufufuma kwambiri kuthamanga misozi. A masabata chikhalidwe ndi dekhetsa.
• Pamene zizindikiro ocular cha kuwuma zolimbitsa, monga tafotokozazi, ndi nakweza mawu ake, zina chofuna corneas kuoneka mafinya. zotupa akhoza anamuchitira kuchira zikadzatha miyezi itatu.
• mitundu choopsa cha chiwonongeko zimachitika ngati madzi droplet mpiru mafuta limalowera mu maso anu. Amavutika kwambiri diso, kutupa amapezeka poyamba, ndiyeno turbidity, pambuyo pa imfa ya minofu corneal, nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa khungu.

Atatu mitundu ya zotupa:

• Wofatsa mawonekedwe kugonjetsedwa: pa malo a khungu kukhudzana ndi mankhwala poizoni pali kutupa, pali mdima mawanga, ukuchoka. Patapita sabata ndi zizindikiro theka kutha, mtundu okha akhalebe kwa nthawi yaitali.
• Mu zotsatira zolimbitsa pa khungu kuwoneka thovu laling'ono, amene ndiye amaphatikizidwa mu mkangano wina kutsegula zigawo subcutaneous. Izi zingachitike matenda ena imene imathandiza matenda. Komanso, mtundu uwu amakhala ndi kuyabwa kwambiri ndi ululu. Zizindikiro kutha mwezi usanathe.
• Ovuta kwambiri mtundu - wachitatu. Iwo amakhala ndi zotupa za zimakhala kwambiri kuti kukhala mu zilonda hardhealed necrotic. Kuchira zikadzatha miyezi 4.

Mpiru mafuta akhoza kulowa ndi mu gastro-m'mimba thirakiti poizoni chakudya kapena madzi. kusintha poizoni zinalembedwa m'kamwa zibowo zam'mano, kum'mero ndi m'mimba. Mu intestine, kawirikawiri palibe kutupa ukapezeka chifukwa chakuti poizoni akulowa m'magazi kuchokera m'mimba. Zizindikiro: malungo, kusanza, kutsekula m'mimba, wonongeka kwa mtima, chiwerengero zikutha m'mayiko thupi. mitundu choopsa cha poyizoni limadzetsa imfa.

choyamba-chithandizo

Mu malo oyamba, kupewa zotsatira poizoni wa mpiru mafuta munthu, m'pofunika kuteteza khungu ndi dongosolo kupuma, maso njira yapadera - ndi chigoba mpweya ndi zida zodzitetezera.

Pambuyo kukhudzana ndi mpiru mafuta akutsikira n'chongoletsa khungu zingakhale ntchito chuma chapadera kwa munthu phukusi odana ndi gasi, ngati sichoncho, ndiye ntchito njira mowa wa chlorine zothetsa kuthimbirira. Ngati kuonongeka diso wosambitsa ndi madzi kapena ofooka koloko yankho. The malowedwe a mpiru mafuta thirakiti m'mimba ndi watsekedwa ndi lavage muzituluka ndi njira ofooka permanganate potaziyamu.

ntchito

Kwa nthawi yoyamba ntchito mpiru mafuta ndi Germany zinachitika pa nkhondo ya pakati pa Quadruple Alliance ndi Entente. Mu mabuku, nkhondo imeneyi zida ambiri amati nkhondo monga mankhwala, chifukwa mu nthawi ino, anayesedwa ndi ntchito zedi wa poizoni woopsa.

Usilikali German ntchito mpiru mafuta kuletsa pasadakhale lankhondo la adani pafupi ndi tauni ya Ypres. Usiku wa pa July 13, 1917 dziko la Germany anaukira asilikali a Entente mpiru mafuta. The zotsatira za ntchito yoyamba ya mpweya wa poizoni anali zoopsa: anakhudza anthu pafupifupi 2,500 anaphedwa pa malopo za 100. Ambiri anafa ntchito nkhondo, chifukwa oopsa mpweya zotsatira sadzafika nthawi yomweyo. Kuukira iyi Germany la Britain, America ndi French anaganiza kuti titengere mpiru kwambiri.

Zikwi akufa, ziwalo tsogolo, thupi, kulimbana ndi asilikali ndi anthu wamba, kuipitsa dziko ndi madzi - zotsatira za ntchito zida za mankhwala panthawi ya nkhondo. Dziko lotukuka sangalepheretse zisadzachitikenso yoopsa kwambiri m'tsogolo. Motero, mu 1925 izo anasaina Protocol Geneva loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha, zida zotere ku nkhondo.

Ngakhale chiletso, m'mayiko ambiri ntchito wothandizila mankhwala kwa mapaundi Goliyati mu ngodya ndi kupambana nkhondoyo.

Mussolini sanazengereze ntchito mpiru mafuta mu nkhondo Italy State wa Ethiopia (1935-1936). Cholinga - kugwirizanitsa pansi mbendera ya Italy, gawo kumpoto kwa Africa, kotero mu maphunzirowa anali njira chiwawa usilikali, kuphatikizapo himataki. Chifukwa, Italy anali linalanda Ethiopia ndi pamodzi Eritrea ndi Chitaliyana Somaliland mu njuchi watsopano.

Mu 1943, panali matsoka omwe anakhudzidwa osati asilikali komanso anthu wamba Bari doko. The squadron German mabomba zombo American, mmodzi amene anali kunyamula zipolopolo modzaza mpiru. Ngakhale kuti mabomba amene amadutsa opanda mafyuzi, kamenyedwe mpweya zinali zokwanira yambitsa zili poizoni. Panali mankhwala nkhondo inapha 90 anthu.

The Japanese akula onse a mbali ya kuyezetsa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha mu China. Mu mmasate m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 20 anali anagula kwa zida German kwa kupanga mpweya wa poizoni pamlingo mafakitale. Asilikali a ku Japan anamanga zomera angapo mankhwala zigawo China. Chimayesedwa poizoni zimagwiridwa pa akaidi a nkhondo ndi anthu wamba wamba! Asilikali a dzuwa likutuluka anakhulupirira Chinese consumable. Asilikali a ku Japan "sanawononge" zida za mankhwala pa nkhondo China (1937-1945). Pambuyo mapeto a Sino-Japanese nkhondo, Japanese, ndiyotani pakuchotsa ndi "umboni" m'manda kapena kumizidwa mu madzi a kusunga yaikulu zida za mankhwala. Mu zaka 90 za zana la 20 panali malipoti pamene himsnaryady mopupuluma zobwezerezedwanso owonongeka ndipo zotsatira poizoni wa mpiru mafuta anakumana nzika wamba. Mu 2010, atolankhani inanena kuti kumanga chomera idzachitike mu China zinyalala m'manda ndi Japanese zida za mankhwala.

chiletso cha mankhwala Zida

September 3, 1993 wakhala akufuna kusaina Convention pa lamulo la zida za mankhwala. Kwenikweni, iye anagwirizana April 1997, pambuyo anasaina limati 65. Mu mgwirizano umenewu, mayiko kuononga gawo la kusunga zonse mankhwala zida ndi mapulogalamu kusunga chitukuko ndi oyamba a mitundu yatsopano ya ziphe. Pakali pano, mayiko 190 anasaina msonkhano, mamembala a United Nations. Pafupifupi 60% m'matangadza onse zida za mankhwala akupha kuwataya.

zenizeni panopa

Convention inatheka m'mayiko ambiri, koma poizoni kupitiriza ntchito osati pa nkhondo komanso bombardment m'matawuni wamba. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 2017 TV chakumene malipoti a ntchito mpiru mafuta Iraq nkhondo. initiators Himataki anali akuluakulu a boma la chisilamu (yoletsedwa ku Russia). Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito zida mankhwala Syria kugwila ndi mizinda (2016-2017 gg.). Kuukira chakupha zinthu amakhudza osati asilikali komanso anthu wamba. Ngakhale boma Siriya ali mwalamulo analengeza kuti mtanda atsopano a zida za mankhwala kuchotsedwa mu June 2014. Laboratory kwa kupanga mpiru mafuta Iraq, asilikali anapeza America. Commission UN anafufuza mu nkhani iliyonse ntchito poizoni.

Mpiru - mankhwala?

Pambuyo tsoka mu 1943 ku doko ku Italy Bari ofufuza anafufuza mtembo. Chifukwa cha kuyenderako, chinapezeka kuti ziwalo magazi kupanga ndi lymph mfundo kwina leukocytes. kafukufukuyu chinachititsa asayansi kuti mpiru mafuta angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa matenda ndi matenda a khansa. Akatswiri ku America Goodman ndi Gilman pamaziko a mpiru mafuta apanga zinthu zimene pa mlingo yaing'ono kutumikiridwa kwa mtima ndi lymphoma. Poyamba, mankhwala ogwetsa zotsatira pa mapangidwe chotupa. Iwo utachepa kukula. Koma patapita kanthawi khansa ali patsogolo. A anapeza mu thupi la zinthu pamaziko a mpiru sayamba kuthandiza thupi, koma poizoni iye. bamboyo anafa kuledzera.

Pa woipa otsika, mpiru mafuta ntchito pochiza matenda khungu psoriasis. Pamaziko a anakhazikitsa mpiru mafuta kumene ali mu chiŵerengero cha 1 20 000 kapena 40 000. Koma Pa zaka 20 zapitazi, mankhwala sikawirikawiri anadza chotero njira kwakukulu mankhwala.

Pa nkhondo ndithudi njira zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zina nkhanza kwambiri zolingazo. Koma si nthawi zonse, mapeto cholakwika njira. Kotero chinachitika kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala. Zotsatira za ntchito poizoni mantha (kuphatikizapo zotsatira za mpiru mafuta munthu). Kufikira tsopano, anthu akhala mongoyesa kuti tithane ndi zotsatira za ntchito zida za mankhwala. Pakali pano, ntchito yaikulu ya dziko kutukuka kuti asadzachitenso zolakwa zoterozo.