Modern whaling: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi chitetezo

whaling ndi chiyani? whaling zimenezi pofuna kupeza phindu la za cuma, osati chakudya. Kukolola ndi ntchito nyama chinsomba monga chakudya linayamba mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XX.

Zamgululi whaling

Today, aliyense schoolchild amadziwa kuti whaling anayamba kupanga blubber - chinsomba mafuta, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito poyamba kuunikira, mu kupanga jute ndipo lubricants. Ku Japan, blubber anali ntchito ngati tizilombo ndi dzombe m'minda mpunga.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, luso zasintha mafuta kuguwa zipangizo watsopano. Blubber salinso ntchito younikira malingana ngati panali palafini, koma kutulutsa zinthu zofunika kupanga sopo. Ndipo ntchito monga zowonjezerazo kwa masamba mafuta pokonza margarine. Glycerol, oddly mokwanira, ndi chochokera kwa kuchotsa zidulo mafuta kuchokera blubber lapansi.

mafuta Whale ntchito popanga makandulo, mafuta odzola ndi kukonzekera mankhwala ndi njira, mapensulo akuda, inki, linoleum, utoto.

Whale nyama kuphika nyama Tingafinye kapena fupa ufa chakudya nyama. The ogula waukulu wa nyama chinsomba kwa chakudya - Japanese.

Bone ufa adakali ntchito monga feteleza mu ulimi.

The chakudya Pet ndi otchedwa njira nyama msuzi pambuyo chithandizo autoclaves, katundu wolemera mapuloteni.

Whale khungu ku Japan pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ntchito makampani nsapato kupanga zidendene Komabe, si wamphamvu monga khungu labwino.

ufa magazi kale ntchito chifukwa okhutira mkulu wa asafe monga feteleza, koma chifukwa cha katundu wa binder - monga ndi zomatira makampani kupala matabwa.

M'thupi minofu chinsomba gelatin anakonza kuchokera chiwindi - vitamini A, kuchokera pituitary - adrenocorticotropic timadzi matumbo - ambergris. Kwa nthawi yaitali mu Japan wa pancreatic insulin yotengedwa.

Iwo pafupifupi osati ntchito whalebone, imene pa nthawi ina anafunika kupanga corsets, mawigi mkulu, crinolines maambulera, ziwiya khitchini, mipando ndi zina zambiri zinthu zothandiza. Mpaka pano, pali Tirhana na Timatheriyali kwa mano umuna chinsomba, woyendetsa chinsomba ndi wakupha zinsomba.

Mwachidule, lero zinsomba ntchito kwathunthu.

Mbiri ya whaling

Malo whaling mukaganiziridwe Norway. Kale mu zojambula mwala wa midzi chibwenzi kumbuyo zaka zikwi zinayi, pali zochitika za zinsomba kusaka. Ndipo kuchokera pamenepo pakubwera umboni woyamba wa zonse chinsomba nsomba mu Europe m'nthawi ya zaka 800-1000 BC. e.

M'zaka za m'ma XII kuti anali kuwafuna mu zinsomba Chibasiki mu Bay a Biscay. Kuyambira pamenepo, whaling anasamukira kumpoto kwa Greenland. The Danes, kenako zinsomba British ndi ankasakidwa m'madzi kozizira. Kugombe la kum'mawa kwa North America whalers anabwera m'ma XVII. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chomwecho nsomba yomweyo unachokera mu Japan.

M'masiku amenewo zombo anali panyanja. sailboats Whaling ang'onoang'ono, ndi kuwala ntchito osati kuuluka kwambiri. Choncho ankasakidwa bowhead zinsomba ndi Biscay ndi harpoons rowboats dzanja ndi butchered iwo mu nyanja, kutenga okha blubber ndi whalebone. Kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti nyama zimenezi yaing'ono, iwo alibe adzawonongedwa, akuphedwa, iwo akhoza womangidwa kwa ngalawa towed pagombe kapena bwato. Only Japan kupita ku nyanja flotilla mabwato ang'onoang'ono ndi maukonde.

Mu XVIII ndi XIX zaka, zintchito za makampani whaling wakula, izo anagwira kum'mwera kwa Atlantic, Pacific ndi Indian nyanja, South Africa ndi Seychelles.
Kumpoto kwa whalers anayamba kusaka ndi bowhead ndi zinsomba lamanja, zinsomba linunda pamsana ndipo kenako Greenland, Devisovom Khwalala ndi pafupi Spitsbergen, mu nyanja ya Beaufort, Bering ndi Chukchi.

yafika nthawi pamene harpoon anali anatulukira kapangidwe watsopano, umene ndi kusintha zazing'ono kukupitirirabe, ndi harpoon mfuti. Pa nthawi yomweyo ngalawa n'kuyamba nthunzi, ndi liwiro lalikulu ndipo maneuverability ndi mmene akuluakulu. Pankhaniyi, sindingakwanitse kusintha ndi whaling. m'ma 19 ndi chitukuko cha luso zachititsa kuti awonongedwe pafupifupi anthu a yosalala ndi zinsomba bowhead, kotero kuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma lotsatira, adaleka kukhala whaling British mu Arctic. kusaka pakati pa nyama zam'madzi n'kukakhala ku Pacific Ocean, kuti Newfoundland ndi kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Africa.

Mu m'ma whaling anafika zilumba West Antarctic. Large akuyandama mafakitale kumalo kutetezedwa, ziwiya kenako-uterine, mkubwela kwa whalers amene salinso zimatengera pa gombe, zinachititsa chilengedwe cha ntchito mu fleets zikawonongeka. njira yatsopano ya mafuta processing chinsomba, amene anali zopangira mu kupanga nitroglycerine kuti dynamite, zinachititsa chakuti zinsomba akhala mwa zinthu zina, mitundu njira chandamale.

Mu 1946, izo unakhazikitsidwa ndi Whaling Commission International, limene anadzakhala thupi ntchito Msonkhano wa mayiko a lamulo la Whaling, amene panaoneka pafupifupi m'mayiko onse, migodi zinsomba.

Chiyambireni cha nthawi ya whaling malonda mpaka Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, atsogoleri m'dera akhala Norway, Great Britain, Holland, USA. Nkhondo itatha, anali m'malo ndi Japan, kenako Soviet Union.

Harpoons ndi mfuti harpoon

Kuyambira cha m'ma XIX kwa nthaŵi malonda whaling si popanda harpoon mfuti.

Chinorowe whaler Svend Foyn anatulukira harpoon mfuti ndi kapangidwe zatsopano izo. Zinali chida waukulu kulemera kwa makilogalamu 50 ndi kutalika mamita awiri, chochekera-grenade pa mapeto a amene wokwera miyendo, kukokera pansi kale mu thupi mwa chinsomba, ndi kulisunga ngati nangula, kuteteza kumira. Ibid ananamizira zitsulo bokosi ndi ufa ndi chotengera galasi ndi chidulo cha safuriki, amene anali ngati lama fuyusi pamene m'munsi anathyola kuulula ukapolo mkati nyama yoti yavulala. Kenako, chotengeracho m'malo mwa detonator akumidzi.

Monga kale, ndipo tsopano harpoons anapangidwa kuchokera zotanuka kwambiri Swedish zitsulo, iwo siziboola ngakhale pamene jerks amphamvu kwambiri chinsomba. Ndi harpoon chikugwirizana yolimba tench mazana angapo mamita yaitali.

Zosiyanasiyana kuwombera mfuti ndi mbiya kutalika za wina mita ndi awiri a 75-90 mamilimita njira anafika mamita 25. Mtunda Izi zinali zokwanira, chifukwa nthawi zambiri ngalawa anayandikira chinsomba pafupifupi anabwera. mfuti Choyamba inkakhala ndi mbiya, koma mamangidwe Kutulukira opanda utsi onga anasintha ndipo anakhala woyang'anira breech. Ndi mamangidwe harpoon mfuti palibe wosiyana ndi zida zankhondo wamba ndi pati yosavuta limagwirira choyambitsa, khalidwe ndi mphamvu ya moto monga kale, ndipo tsopano zimadalira luso la harpooner lapansi.

whaler

Popeza pomanga nthunzi woyamba ndi kudzapereka onse nthunzi ndipo dizilo whalers, ngakhale chitukuko cha sayansi, zoyamba sizinasinthe. whaler Normal ali yosamveka uta ndi kumbuyo, ndi anakomoka ambiri cheekbones gudumu bwino mtundu, kupereka kuchuluka maneuverability, otsika kwambiri mbali ndi mkulu forecastle, akufotokozera liwiro mfundo 20 (m'dziko 37 km / h). Mpweya wotentha kapena dizilo magetsi ndi za 5 zikwi L.. a. chotengeracho okonzeka ndi navigation ndi zipangizo kufufuza.

The armament limapangidwa mfuti harpoon, chinsomba winch kwa kukoka mbali ya kompresa kwa ikukoka mpweya nyama ndi kuonetsetsa buoyancy ake, ngakhale Foynom anatulukira dongosolo kuyimitsidwa ndi koyilo akasupe ndi pulleys kuteteza anawononga pa Lin harpooned jerks nyama.

ntchito whalers

Kusintha kwa zinthu kusaka nyama nyanja, ndi looneka whaling malangizo chitetezo ndi osafunika. Koma izi sizili choncho.

Whaling chikuchitika mu kumpoto nyanja mtunda wautali gombe kapena akuyandama m'munsi, kawirikawiri kukachita namondwe.

Big wamphamvu maboti liwiro kusaka zinsomba zazikulu. Only kutenga Nangumiyu ano whaler - luso kale kwambiri. Ndipo tsopano, ngakhale zipangizo kufufuza, atakhala pa mlongoti mu "khwangwala a chisa" sentinel, ndi harpooner ali kupeka malangizo a kayendedwe ka nyama yaikulu komanso kusintha kwa liwiro lake, atayima pa helm lapansi. An mlenje waluso akhoza mukulephera kusintha bwato kuti mutu vynyrnuvshego chinsomba kumeza mpweya pafupi ndi mphuno mwa sitimayo pafupi kuti inu mukhoza kuyang'ana pa blowhole yaikulu nyama. Pa nthawi imeneyi, harpooner transmits Utsogoleri helm ndi kuthamangila kwa mlatho kwa mfuti. Kenako osati oyang'anira kayendedwe ka nyama, komanso akutsogolera mmodzi wowongolera.

Pamene chinsomba zaglotnuv mpweya, Sachita mutu wake pansi pa madzi, pamwamba kusonyeza kumbuyo kwake, pa mphindi ino ndi harpooner ndi mphukira mosamala kutenga cholinga. Kawirikawiri kugunda mmodzi si mokwanira, vyvazhivayut chinsomba monga nsomba, chombo akuyandikira kwa iye, ndipo motere kuwombera atsopano.

Mtembo winch anakoka pamwamba, mwa chubu ndi mpweya ndi mpweya ndi kukangamira mzati ndi pennant kapena buoy, amene yakwera mu chopatsilira, kudula kuchokera kumalekezero a mchira chipsyepsye, kudula pa khungu la nambala siriyo ndipo anasiya kutengeka.

Kumapeto kwa kusakasaka mitembo yonse yobwerera amasankhidwa ndi towed kwa ngalawa-chiberekero kapena gombe siteshoni.

okwerera Coast

Siteshoni gombe aumbike kuzungulira Pepala lalikulu ndi lamphamvu winch limene zinsomba aukitsidwa kwa kudula ndi akuigwiritsa mipeni. Pa mbali zonse za boilers ili: pa dzanja limodzi - kumupatsira ndi blubber, winayo - zochizira kuthamanga nyama ndi fupa. Mu kilns fupa ndi nyama mafuta pambuyo kuguwa zouma ndi wolapa unyolo waukulu wa zingwe zopota, amene inaimitsidwa mu cylindrical m'ng'anjo, ndiyeno milled kwa ufa mu mphero wapadera nanyamula mu matumba. Latha katundu zasungidwa mu malo ndi akasinja. Pa masiku ano gombe-wokwera ofukula autoclave ndi makina kilns.

Njira Control ndi kusanthula blubber ikuchitika mu choyezera mankhwala.

akuyandama fakitale

Pa heyday wa mafakitale ndi kuyandama, amene tsopano ali kufa, anali woyamba ntchito ndi sitima zazikulu zamalonda kapena wotembenuka anthu.

nyama ndi kudula mu madzi, anakwera pa bolodi yekha mafuta wosanjikiza kuti peretaplivalsya pa bolodi, ndi mitembo anaponyedwa m'nyanja kudyedwa ndi nsomba. Malasha nkhokwe zake zinali zochepa, osati mipata yokwanira, kotero zipangizo za ulimi wa feteleza pa makhoti sanawaphe. Mitembo ntchito mosaganizira, koma m'mafakitale akuyandama anali angapo ubwino. Choyamba, iyo inalibe kubwereka malo oweterako gombe. Chachiwiri, sayenda fakitale walola kupulumutsa blubber kopita kwawo pa chombo chomwecho, palibe ikukoka wa akasinja onshore.

Kale mu XX m'ma anayamba kumanga nyanja whaling sitima zili ndi luso lamakono, iwo akhoza kusungidwa m'matangadza lalikulu la mafuta ndi madzi akumwa. Iwo anali-uterine ziwiya, amene analembedwa fleets yaing'ono whaling.

The ndondomeko njira zamakono kudula ndi processing wa mafuta msupa zimenezi, ngakhale kuti kusiyana zida, anali pafupifupi mofanana pa malo m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

m'mafakitale ambiri kumeneko anali kuzizira zida tinsalu chinsomba nyama, ponena chakudya.

Modern whaling ulendo

Modern whaling okha mapangano mayiko pa nsomba ndi nthawi ya nyengo kusaka, amene Komabe, sanali kugwira dziko lonse.

Kapangidwe ka whaling ulendo chombo akulowa chiberekero, ndi zina zombo zamakono whaling, komanso anamenyela amene zikugwira towing mitembo akuyandama mafakitare ndi yoperekera chakudya, mafuta ndi madzi amapereka kwa zapansi zombo chinkhoswe mu kufufuza ndi kuwombera zinsomba.

Anayesera kufufuza zinsomba mpweya. A njira zabwino kugwiritsa ntchito Helicopters kutera pa sitima sitima zazikulu, monga momwe Japan.

M'zaka zapitazi, zinsomba anali pakati pa sakuthandiza kwambiri, ndipo chiwerengero cha mitundu yambiri chifukwa overhunting wapitiriza kutha. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mankhwala whaling alipo kale mmalo yokumba.

Zochepa, akupitiriza whaling Norway, mkati mwa nsomba Aaborijini - Greenland, Iceland, Canada, ndi United States, Grenada, Dominica ndi St. Lucia, Indonesia.

Whaling ku Japan

Mu Japan, mosiyana ndi maiko ena, nthawi chinkhoswe mu whaling, makamaka amtengo chinsomba nyama, blubber kenako okha.

Kapangidwe ka maulendo ano Japanese whaling kwenikweni monga chotengera osiyana, firiji, amene atapanga ncho kapena ogulidwa kuchokera whalers nyama European.

Gwiritsani harpoons kusaka zinsomba Japan anayamba kutha kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, kuwonjezera buku la nsomba pa nthawi Ndi m'mithunzi nsomba osati pa nyanja ya Japan, komanso gombe kumpoto cha kum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean.

Modern whaling ku Japan mpaka posachedwapa ankafunitsitsa makamaka Antarctic.

Whaling flotilla m'mayiko osiyanasiyana chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri zida za sayansi. Sonar zikusonyeza mtunda chinsomba ndi malangizo a gulu ake. thermometer magetsi basi detects kusintha kutentha zigawo pamwamba pa madzi. Ndi bathythermograph kudziwa makhalidwe a misa madzi ndi kugawa ofukula kutentha madzi.

Zoterezi kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zamakono limachititsa zifukwa Japanese whaling sayansi ndi phindu deta ndi amabisa kusakasaka loletsa Mayiko Whaling Commission kwa malonda nsomba zamoyo.

mabungwe ambiri omwe si aboma padziko lonse, makamaka US ndi Australia, sizilingana Japan kuteteza pangozi kawirikawiri mitundu zinsomba.

Australia anakwanitsa chigamulo cha Khoti International, limene limaletsa Japan kuchita whaling mu Antarctic.

Japan amapha zinsomba ndi mabanki wawo, miyambo ya m'midzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya anthu. Koma nsomba Aaborijini amaloledwa anthu okha amene nyama chinsomba ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ikuluikulu chakudya.

Whaling ku Russia

Pre-chosintha Russia sanali m'gulu la atsogoleri a whaling. zinsomba agwire Pomors kukwatira, okhala Kola Peninsula ndi Chukotka anthu zakwawoko.

Whaling mu USSR kwa nthawi yaitali, kuyambira 1932, wakhala anaikira mu Far East. Woyamba whaling flotilla "Aleut" inkakhala atatu kitobazy ndi whalers. Nkhondo mu Pacific opareshoni 22 whaling chotengera ndi zisanu kudula zapansi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi mu 60s -. Kitobazy "East Far" ndi "Vladivostok"

Mu 1947, iye anafika kugombe la Antarctic whaling zombo "Ulemerero", umene analandira kwa Germany pa reparations. kapangidwe kake anali processing zofikira ngalawa 8 whalers.

Mu pakati pa XX m'ma m'chigawo ayamba whaling flotilla "Soviet Ukraine" ndi "Soviet Russia", ndipo pang'ono kenako "Yury Dolgoruky" ndi zapansi padziko lonse lapansi akuyandama, cholinga pokonza mpaka 75 zinsomba patsiku.

Far whaling Soviet Union unatha mu 1987. Pambuyo Union lofalitsidwa deta pa kuyan'anila za fleets Soviet IWC quotas.

Lero, monga mbali ya nsomba Aaborijini mu Chukotka Autonomous District imachitika m'mphepete mwa nyanja kupanga kuumba wa zinsomba imvi beluga zinsomba pa chilolezo IWC chikalata Rosrybolovstvo.

Pomaliza

Pamene loletsa zausodzi malonda, wayamba kuchira chiwerengero cha humpbacks ndi anangumi m'madera ena a m'nyanja.
Koma anthu zinsomba mu kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi adakali pansi pa kuwopsyeza kwa ikutha. Chisoni mofanana ndi bowhead zinsomba kwa Nyanja Okhotsk ndi zinsomba imvi mu kumpoto Pacific Ocean. Izo zikhoza kukhala mochedwa kwambiri kuti asiye chiwonongeko woipitsitsawu nyama izi m'madzi.