Zouluka ndege chonyamulira: ofotokoza ndi mbiri ya

Zouluka ndege chonyamulira - ndi ankapoperamo mpweya angathe kunyamula angapo ang'onoang'ono ndege anaikira kunkhondo ku mlengalenga.

Lingaliro la chilengedwe ake ananyamuka itangoyamba kumene ntchito yomanga ndi ntchito zeppelins, zambiri wotchuka wowerenga monga blimps.

Kupanga mpweya chonyamulira ankaona zingamuthandize ntchito, monga kumawonjezera mphamvu ya zochita za nkhondowo ndege. Komabe, mkubwela kwa refuellers ndege, kukuchititsa zimenezi anataya kufunika kwake, ngakhale kuti sanali kwathunthu anachotsa nkhani.

Chimene chinayambitsa zikamera wa zouluka ndege chonyamulira

Zikamera zipangizo zatsopano, njira zonse kugwirizana ndi zofunika zina za anthu a. Monga mukudziwa, m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, Yoyamba ya Dziko kunabuka nkhondo, imene ndege asilikali a ku mbali zonse anali woyamba ntchito. Komabe, lili ndi dzuwa kwambiri.

Popeza kuti mavuto nthawi pa magulu ankhondo a ndege kuti osiyanasiyana kochepa kwambiri ka ndege chifukwa pang'ono mafuta pa bolodi. Izi kwambiri zimasokoneza ntchito nkhondowo ndege, iwo ali okhoza ntchito kokha mu zone ya mazunzo. kumbuyo mizere mdani anali patali kwa iwo.

Kufunika bwino mu ndege asilikali omenyana amakakamizidwa kulabadira zeppelins - blimps ndi chipolopolo zitsulo. mayunitsi mpweya awa anali kukula wokongola chidwi ndi kuthekera zouluka pa mtunda wautali. Unachititsa lingaliro kusamukira ndege pogwiritsa wautali kwambiri m'dera mdani kuchita kunyanyala mpweya pa mipherezero njira. Choncho panali zouluka ndege chonyamulira. Koma tisaiwale kuti aliyense dziko lili ndi njira zake kukwaniritsidwa pa mfundo imeneyi. Osati nthawi zonse njira zimenezi zinapangitsa kuti njira yabwino.

USS airship. zinachitikira loyamba

Cholinga koyamba mu kupangidwa kwa zouluka ndege chonyamulira anali kugwiritsa ntchito awa ngati airships, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito nkhondo, mpaka kutha kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

ndegeyo ankaona yoyenera kwambiri Baibulo la zotsatirazi: biplane anali wokwera pa bolodi zeppelin, ndipo atawalankhula n'kunkhondo.

Pambuyo pake, ndege chinali chapadera Crane ndi zimaswa airship disengaged. Zonsezi zikuchitika pa zonse chonyamulira liwiro ndege. Komanso unachitikira payekha ndege biplane.

Pambuyo nkhondowo ntchito ndege anabwerera Zeppelin akupitiriza kuti tizithamanga pa n'kunkhondo, pa liwiro zonse, ine aphata iye Kireni mbedza ndi anang'ambika. Komanso airborne ndege chonyamulira anabwerera airfield lapansi.

Chakumapeto 1918 US airship-1 anaulukira ndege, "Curtiss JN4", zaikidwa pansi mpandadenga lapansi. Pambuyo kutukula biplane anali unhooked ndi paokha anapitiriza kuthawa.

Mu US, kenako anamanga awiri waukulu mu mbiri ya ndege airship "Macon" ndi "Akron", adali ndi kutalika 239 mamita ndipo anali amatha kunyamula mpaka omenyana anayi. Komabe, kupanda zambiri pomanga mtundu uwu zeppelins anali kungasokoneze tsogolo lawo: onse "aviamatki" inaonongeka chifukwa kapangidwe osauka.

Kusintha maganizo mpweya onyamula

Experience mu ntchito ya airship monga zouluka ndege chonyamulira analozera kusatsatira wa kukuchititsa zimenezi. Makamaka chitachepa chidwi mwa iye pambuyo tsoka waukulu zeppelin dziko "Hindenburg". airship wodzazidwa ndi wa hydrogen anatentha msanga, kupha okwera oposa khumi ndi zitatu ndi mamembala adalira.

Komanso, ndi drawback kwambiri ya nthandala ndege, pa airship anali chiopsezo ake ndege mdani. Maonekedwe a ndege mdani m'dera la kupeza ndege chonyamulira, "modzaza" ndi wa hydrogen, amatanthauza chiwonongeko mosalephera.

Choncho, Dziko Lonse Yoyamba ya British ankafuna kuti akonze ndege gulu, mwachitsanzo, ndege onyamula womenya. Monga chotengera British ndege anafuna kugwiritsa ntchito bwato zouluka, kukonza womenya ake pamwamba.

lingaliro, ndithudi, zinali zabwino, koma zovuta kuzitsatira. Choncho, zouluka ndege chonyamulira mu mawonekedwe a ndege gulu ndi sichinapangidwe ndi okonza British ndege. Koma ululu sanasiye yachilendo Russian makampani opanga ndege.

Lingaliro la ndege vs Vahmistrova

Vladimir Sergeevich Vahmistrov - maphunziro a Air Force Academy. Nditamaliza maphunziro anagwira ntchito ndege kafukufuku ndi kuyezetsa anayambitsa. Mkati mwa makoma ake, ndipo anaonekera pa lingaliro ntchito constructor monga "aviamatki" amapasa-injini yoponya mabomba TB-1, analengedwa ndi wotchuka mlengi Tupolev.

Vladimir Sergeyevich anapereka kukonza awiri womenya mapiko TB-1 maloko wapadera.

Pankhaniyi, ndege ankagwiritsa ntchito monga chitetezo ku ndege mdani yoponya mabomba.

Komanso zakonzedwa kuti pambuyo bomba ya TB-1 maofesi ozimitsa mdani ndipo anabwerera airfield uliwonse paokha.

Kukhazikitsa mfundo Vahmistrova

Mu zaka za m'ma 1931 Soviet High Lamulo anavomereza dongosolo vs Vahmistrova, kukangana kuti airborne ndege chonyamulira - Ndi chida kwambiri.

Gulu la okonza achinyamata amayamba ntchito intensively pa chilengedwe cha mapiko ndege chotengera, kapena monga momwe timati ndege mlingo. Kumapeto kwa 1931 zouluka ndege chonyamulira Vahmistrova anali wokonzeka Edzi. Kuchita ntchentche woyamba analangizidwa oyendetsa ambiri odziwa za nthawi, ndicho Adam Zalewski (mtsogoleri yoponya mabomba oyeretsa), Andrey Sharapov (womuthandizira wake BT-1), Valery Tchkalov ndi Aleksandru Anisimovu (womenya ndege, yoponya mabomba mapiko pa ZOWONJEZERA ndi).

"Maseŵeralo Vahmistrova"

Chotero anaitana mayeso ndege ya woyamba Soviet ndege chonyamulira. chakuti flights nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi zinthu nthenda.

Mwachitsanzo, pa ndege yoyamba, kusowa kwa mugwirizano yoponya mabomba adalira ndi womenya woyendetsa Chkalov kwatanthauza kuti Zalewski anatsegula womenya kutsogolo kukonza maloko pamene anatseka chipilala galimotoyo ake. Only zinachitikira Chkalov chakupulumutsa tsoka.

Nkhani yofanana zinachitika ndi V. Kokkinaki womenya: sanatsegule loko mchira ankafika zida. Pano zinthu angapulumuke ndi mkulu wa yoponya mabomba Stefanovsky, kusankha kukhala pansi ndi omenyana pa mapiko. Zonse zinatha bwino.

Mzimu bwino

Woyamba mayeso ndege zasonyeza kuti zouluka Soviet ndege onyamula ayenera pofuna kukwaniritsa.

Mu malo yoponya mabomba a TB-1 ndi wamphamvu kwambiri TB-3 analengedwa, chomwe chingathe kukhala ndege chonyamulira kwa womenya latsopano Polikarpov I-5. Pa nthawi yomweyo mwayi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha omenyana kunyamula zitatu - mapiko awiri pa fuselage lapansi.

kuyesa Vahmistrova anapangidwa kuti akalandire omenyana pansi pa mapiko a TB-3, koma itatha imfa ya womenya woyendetsa. Chifukwa cha ngoziyi kamodzinso anali ngati ndege loko kuphatikana pa "aviamatke" si kutsegula kwa mpweya, koma zokha kumayambika pamene ankafika.

Mu 1935, Union zouluka ndege chonyamulira ankatha magalimoto ozimitsa zoposa zisanu, ndi wina wa iwo (I-Z) anali olumikizidwa kwa "aviamatkoy" mu mlengalenga.

Mu 1938, zouluka ndege chonyamulira, anavomerezedwa ndi Red Army.

Wotchuka onyamula mpweya

Amadziwika zouluka onyamula ndege asanu, amene achoka osapezekanso malo mu mbiri ya ndege - Soviet TB-1, Tupolev Lachiwiri-95N, American ndege Convair B-36 Mwamtendere, Boeing B-29 Superfortress ndi airship "Akron".

Soviet TB-1 ndi dziko loyamba siriyo zitsulo monoplane yoponya mabomba, ntchito ngati ndege chonyamulira. Ubatizo wa moto ndege chonyamulira analandira July 26, 1941, pamene mothandizidwa ndi womenya-zoponya mabomba, potsiriza "ndi" kusungiramo mafuta German mu Constanta.

The "zouluka ndege chonyamulira" kwawo Vahmistrova sanaiwale. Mu 1955, boma la Soviet Union anayamba ntchito pa chilengedwe cha dongosolo njira mantha, kuphatikizapo PC ndi supersonic yoponya mabomba ndege chonyamulira Lachiwiri-95N.

Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti PC adzakhala pang'ono ili mu katundu kugwira ntchito nthandala ndege. Kachitidwe amayenera kuonetsetsa anagonjetsera zolinga popanda kulowa ntchito ya zone chitetezo mdani mpweya ndi kubwerera ku bwalo la ndege.

American Convair B-36 Mwamtendere anali nawo polenga dongosolo chivundikiro zoponya mabomba lolemera, amene anapatsa mayendedwe a inayi kuwala mtundu McDonnell XF 85 Goblin omenyana.

Komabe, chifukwa zovuta za docking womenya B-36 ntchito chinathetsedwa mu 1949. Komanso, US Air Force ankaona simulators wabodza-chandamale opangidwa yoponya mabomba mu chochitika adani ndege, mtima kwambiri kuposa nkhondowo womenya chivundikirocho.

Boeing B-29, ntchito 40s, anapereka kwa kubala omenyana awiri. Komabe, kupindika kwambiri malekezero a mapiko zinachititsa kuti tsoka, zomangidwazo B-29 chinatsekedwa ndipo zosiyana chimatengedwa ngati oopsa.

American airship USS Akron 30s anali mmodzi wa waukulu zeppelin dziko. Iye anali wokhoza kunyamula mpaka asanu ndege amene ntchito anali reconnaissance.

Zouluka ndege onyamula m'tsogolo

American ndi Soviet zouluka ndege onyamula, ndemanga ya lopatsidwa pamwamba, mwamwayi, sanabadwe chitsanzo cha ntchito zawo nkhondowo, kupatula ntchito kuononga malo mafuta yosungirako mu Constanta pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

Komabe, lingaliro la zouluka ndege chonyamulira akadali ukulamulira maganizo opanga.

Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yaitali akukonzekera The silikhali Research Jobs USA (DARPA) wakhala anayambitsa ntchito ya "Gremlins" pa chitukuko cha magalimoto opanda mlengalenga, amatha kuduliratu kuchokera chonyamulira ndege, ndiponso kubwerera ku mbali yake.