Mkaka: mitundu ya mkaka ndi mkaka, kupanga ndi kusunga

mkaka ndi chiyani? Milks ndi katundu opindulitsa Adzaperekedwa ku zipangizo za nkhaniyi. Ifenso kukuuzani zimene nyama kupereka mankhwala ndi momwe kusunga bwino.

mwachidule

Mkaka otchedwa madzimadzi michere kuti amapangidwa ndi zopangitsa maselo a mabere a nyama. cholinga zachilengedwe akudya ana amene si okhoza kugaya zakudya zina.

Mkaka ndi mkaka ndi mbali ya mitundu ghjlernjd, ntchito ndi munthu. kupangidwa zachititsa kuti bizinesi yaikulu.

Mkaka ndi mkaka

mkaka amachokera kwa katulutsidwe wa zopangitsa maselo a mabere a nyama. Ndi madzi woyera (nthawi zina ndi kulocha chikasu) ndi zokoma kukoma.

Nthawi zambiri, mu dziko lino zimawononga mkaka wa ng'ombe, kukonzedwa mu dairies. Komabe, mu mafuko ena, mankhwala kawirikawiri akamagwira kukama mkaka wa nyama zina. Mwachitsanzo, nkhosa, Mayi, ngamila, mbuzi ndi ena. Choncho, atsala pang'ono mkaka ndi abwino kwa yokonza koumiss, opangidwa kuchokera ku cheese nkhosa, ndi ngamila - shubat.

kapangidwe

Kodi zigawo zikuluzikulu monga mkaka? Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mkaka. Chifukwa kusintha zikuchokera awo. Komanso izo zimatengera mtundu wa nyama, siteji ya mkaka wa m'mawere, nyengo ndi zina zotero.

Malinga ndi akatswiri, mankhwala tichipeza mapuloteni zovuta, amene ali zofunikira kwa amino zidulo onse.

The England maselo a mabere a nyama imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo atagonjetsa lymph, mitsempha ndi mitsempha. Ponse nkhani zonse zofunikira kaphatikizidwe wa mkaka.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti zikuchokera mankhwala monga mafuta ndi chakudya mu mawonekedwe a dzuwa yosavuta lactose. The akuwaza wa yotsirizira m'matumbo wokongola pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa nayonso mphamvu adaletsa la mankhwala.

Mkaka mafuta anatsimikiza ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta ali m'bukuli. Iwo ali mu mkhalidwe emulsion ndi sizingafanane ndi osakaniza triglycerides, amene ali mafuta-sungunuka mavitamini ndi lecithin.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti mkaka mafuta zili Mzimuyo wokhutira calorie. Ngakhale akatswiri amanena kuti mankhwala mafuta lilibe oposa 60 kcal pa 100 ml.

mkaka ndi chiyani? milks

Nthawi zambiri, chakudya ankadya mu mkaka pasteurized. Iwo agawidwa mitundu ingapo:

• Lonse. Izi mkaka yovomerezeka imene ili ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta (i.e., 2.5% kapena 3.2%).
• Zokonzedwa. mkaka otere pang'ono kapena kwathunthu ku mkaka zamzitini, ndiwo woyeretsedwa, pasteurized, homogenized, utakhazikika, nawatsanulira ena. mankhwala kawirikawiri anawakonzera Kutha mu madzi ofunda, mkaka wonse ufa ndi akuwukha ake kwa maola anayi. Inali nthawi imeneyi akhoza pathupi mapuloteni kutha kukoma madzi, komanso kupanga osalimba wabwinobwino ndi kukhuthala.
• Kusungunuka. Ndi palibe chinsinsi kuti mtundu wa mkaka anasungunuka ali osangalatsa poterera mthunzi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mafuta wokhutira ndi osachepera 6%. Iwo pasteurized ndi homogenized pa kutentha pafupifupi 95 madigiri unachitikira kwa maola anayi. Mwa njira, ichi chithandizo cha mankhwala amapanga mtundu wa anasungunuka kirimu mkaka ndi aipatsa kukoma wapadera ndi fungo.
• Mkaka mafuta kuchuluka. Izi mankhwala dekhetsa amene chinaperekedwa ku homogenisation. Childs, ali ndi mafuta zili 6%.
• Mapuloteni. Si mkaka basi. Mu ndondomeko ya normalization mmenemo kuwonjezera mkaka condensed kapena mkaka wa ufa. mankhwala losiyana zili mkulu wa zigawo zikuluzikulu mafuta wopanda.
• Zokhalamo. Izi ndi chokoma ndi wathanzi mkaka. Chopangidwa kuchokera otsika-mafuta kapena mankhwala wonse, olemera ndi mavitamini C, A ndi D.
• Taphunzira. Low-mafuta mkaka khalidwe nthawi zonse osauka. mankhwala amenewa zakonzedwa ku chakumwa pasteurized ndi kulekanitsidwa ake. Kawirikawiri mafuta wokhutira ndi 0,05%.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe ndi mkaka. Milks akhala tatchulazi.

Malinga ndi ena dieticians, mankhwala phunziro kwa yolera yotseketsa, akhoza kuvulaza yokulirapo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ndi mankhwala kashiamu ndi mkaka mapuloteni ndi denatured ndipo kenako wayamba kudwala.

mafakitale processing

Vuto mkaka kuti zingathe kusokoneza boma la dongosolo m'mimba anthu. Komabe, izi zimachitika pokhapokha ngati mankhwala wakhala kuonongeka.

Kuonjezera alumali moyo wa chakumwa ankaona, mkaka atsopano koyamba utakhazikika ndi osasankhidwa, ndiyeno anatumiza kwa mafakitale ndi. Pamenepo pansi kuyeretsa, pasteurized, dekhetsa, homogenized ndi utakhazikika pabwino.

Ndi mankhwala chakumwa akuzisunga makhalidwe onse opindulitsa. Komanso, chinalepheretsa kukula ndi chitukuko cha tizilombo wagwidwa izo.

Ngamila mkaka, ng'ombe, mbuzi, Mayi ndi T. D. wosabala, ndipo yotengedwa ndi nyama milking. Komabe zina pansi processing wapadera. chakumwa anali mwayeretsa ku molokoochistitelyah centrifugal ndi osasankhidwa pansi kuthamanga. Chifukwa cha mankhwala kumachotsa zoipa zonse.

Kupulumutsa mkaka ku maselo bakiteriya ntchito centrifuge wapadera. Monga amadziwika, ndi ntchito yoyeretsa akutchulidwa baktefunirovaniem.

mankhwala

Kungofika mkaka kuti masitolo sindingakhoze. Chilengedwe mafakitale izo kwenikweni pansi chithandizo chilichonse.

Normalization mkaka anatchula kuwonjezera kapena kuchepa munali m'malovu mafuta. Kodi izo kubweretsa chizindikiro anati mwakale.

Mafuta pushdown mankhwala sayenera upambana 3.2%. Chifukwa chaichi, izo kukonzedwa kudzera olekanitsa-normalizer kapena wothira mkaka lonse.

Pasteurisation ikuchitika pansi kulingalira chakumwa kuti kuonjezera alumali moyo wake. Mkaka ili yovomerezeka a pansi kutenthetsa mankhwala pa kutentha osati kuposa 85 digiri ndi okalamba masekondi 15-20.

Pasteurization yochepa, n'kamodzi ndi okhalitsa. Pakuti onse a mitundu ntchito hardware processing osiyana.

Malinga ndi akatswiri, pasteurization yomweyo ikuchitika popanda nthawi masekondi angapo. Mu nkhani iyi, Kutentha kutentha ukufika madigiri 85-90.

Mwachidule pasteurisation chakumwa ndi usavutike madigiri 75 kuti alipire 17 masekondi.

Wopitiriza pasteurisation ikuchitika pa kutentha madigiri 65 anachedwa theka la ora.

Nthawi zambiri, mafakitare mkaka, mtengo wa amene ali m'munsiwa a pansi yochepa pasteurization.

homogenization

mtundu wina wa processing ndi mkaka homogenization. njira yotero zingamuthandize kupanga zina za mankhwala thovu mkaka.

homogenization ndi chiyani? Izi makina onongani mafuta m'malovu mu particles ang'onoang'ono. processing amenewa chakumwa imagwiridwa ndi wodziwitsidwa emulsion zomwe si kupatukana pa yosungirako.

Zotsatirazi homogenization, mankhwala yatsala utakhazikika digiri 4-6 natuma litulukira lapansi.

mkaka yopangidwa kuchokera ku mkaka pasteurized yekha. Kawirikawiri, izi zimachitika mu njira ziwiri - pa mosungiramo ndi imodzi.

Pamene njira thanki m'galimoto umadzala ndi chotsirizidwa, womwe wakhala kuyambirira kusungidwa kwa kusasitsa ndi kucha tarakh wapadera.

Mu njira thermostatic homogenized choperekedwa chakumwa mu chotengera ndi acidify kuti thermostats, kenako utakhazikika ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 8.

Nthawi zina, ndi njira yolera yotseketsa wa mkaka ntchito njira kutsegula. Bukuli lili pa ntchito cheza infuraredi ndi ultraviolet.

Features mkaka wa nyama zosiyanasiyana

Anthu ambiri ankaganiza kuti zoweta mkaka - mkaka wa ng'ombe. Komabe, m'madera ena midzi, kuphatikizapo dziko lathu, ntchito zina mankhwala. Iwo akamagwira kukama mkaka wa nyama zosiyanasiyana. Taganizirani mbali ya zakumwa awa tsopano.

nkhosa

Izi mkaka mafuta, wolemera mu mapuloteni. Iwo ali osalimba mkulu ndi acidity. Chifukwa pakalibe carotene anali kulocha grayish.

Nkhosa chakumwa zili 6% mapuloteni. Pankhaniyi 80% - ndi casein ndi 20% - mapuloteni seramu.

Chotero malonda amagwira ntchito yokonzekera mitundu zotsatirazi tchizi: pekarino, tchizi, Kashkaval, Roquefort tchizi ndi kobiysky ena. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti ku Central Asia, zikhale mu batala.

mbuzi

mankhwala wolemera albumin, phosphorous, calcium ndi vitamini C. Chifukwa cha ochepa colorants ali kuwala mtundu. Pambuyo kumwa coagulates mkaka ndi mitundu ndi flakes yaing'ono. Chifukwa ichi mosavuta chosakanikirana ndi thupi.

Mbuzi chakumwa amadya lonse kapena kukonzedwa. Chifukwa zimachititsa tchizi ndi mkaka. Iwo yodziwika ndi katundu zochiritsa ndi njira, zingakuthandizeni pa matenda gastro-m'mimba.

chakumwa nthawi zambiri m'gulu zakudya zakudya ndi mwana.

Mare

Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, chinali pachiyambi kavalo anali kuŵetedwa kubala nyama ndi mkaka. Patapita kanthawi, nyama zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandiza banja.

Atsala pang'ono kumwa ndi wokoma, tart kukoma, ndi kulocha bluish. Komanso, bactericidal katundu wa zilembo izo. mankhwala anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kupanga koumiss. Izo ntchito pa matenda a anam'peza TB ndi magazi m'thupi.

ngamila

chakumwa ndi chakudya yaikulu ya chipululu ndi theka-m'chipululu cha anthu a Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Georgia ndi Armenia. Iwo ali enieni zokoma kukoma ndi wandiweyani kapangidwe.

Ngamila mkaka akhoza kudyedwa mu mawonekedwe mwatsopano ndi mu mawonekedwe a malonda thovu mkaka monga ayran, kanyumba tchizi, katyk, shubat, Akasidi ndi anthu ena. Komanso, zikhale mu tchizi ndi batala. zinthu zonsezi yodziwika ndi katundu mkulu achire.

njati

Buffalo ali zimaŵetedwa ku mayiko ambiri. ziŵeto zoterozo mwachilungamo kugonjetsedwa nyengo yotentha. mkaka awo ali ndi kukoma okoma ndi fungo. Ndi wandiweyani ndipo lili zambiri mchere, mapuloteni ndi mafuta.

Chotero malonda chimadyedwa atsopano. Komanso zikhale batala ndi tchizi.

bulu

Malinga ndi katundu thupi mipweya mkaka kwambiri Mare lapansi. The zikuchokera mankhwala zikuphatikizapo immunoglobulins ambiri. N'chifukwa chake ntchito zochizira ana, kuphatikizapo ana.

Mkaka bulu amachita Mare.

nswala

chakumwa ali ndi kugwirizana mwachilungamo wandiweyani, omwe akufanana kirimu. Monga ulamuliro, ndi kuchepetsedwa pamaso ntchito.

masamba

Ankaona madzi chakumwa ndi otentha mtengo galaktodendron. Anthu alonga mbewu wotchedwa ng'ombe kapena mkaka. juwisi kwambiri ngati mankhwala chinyama, ndipo osati maonekedwe komanso mu kukoma ndi katundu zakudya.

mkaka

Ng'ombe mkaka (GOST), ndi mbuzi, Mayi, ngamila ndi zina zingagwiritsidwe ntchito osati mawonekedwe olimba, komanso mu mawonekedwe a mkaka. Anthu ambiri ndi zotsatirazi:

• Kirimu.

Izi gawo mafuta a mkaka amapangidwa ndi kulekanitsidwa. Iwo ali lalikulu mafuta okhutira, kupanga ali mtengo wapatali zakudya.

Kirimu kudya pambuyo pasteurization. Iwo ikuchitika pansi kutentha. Zimenezi zimawachititsa kukoma wapadera ndi kukoma, komanso chitsimikizo cha chiyero zosiyanasiyana mabakiteriya.

Pasteurized kirimu ali kirimu mtundu, zokoma kukoma ndi kugwirizana yosalala.

• Zamzitini mkaka.

Kotero kuti mkaka anachisunga yayitali, zamzitini. Malinga ndi kupanga zakudya zoterezi zam'chitini anawagawa youma ndi unakhuthala.

mankhwala youma zimapezeka ndi kuchotsa madzi ndi mkaka. Ndiyamika mankhwala, iwo zasungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali.

Mkaka, condensed mkaka ndi shuga kapena popanda, yopangidwa ndi atsopano kapena kutungira madzi akumwa. Madzi chamunthuyo ku izo, ndiyeno kuchiritsa kapena kungoti chosawilitsidwa.

The ndondomeko zofunika yokonza zakudya zamzitini ndi pasteurization maziko awo, mwachitsanzo mkaka. Kenako, chitumidwa kwa zida zingalowe kumene kutentha anakhalabe pa zosaposa 55-57 madigiri. Next ndi condensed mkaka anali utakhazikika ndi anazitsanulira mwa mabanki.

Pogwiritsa ntchito shuga oterowo mankhwala ali mkulu caloric okhutira komanso kukoma zabwino.

• Youma lonse mkaka.

mankhwala amenewa anali akamagwira kuumitsa pasteurized lonse mkaka. Ali ndi kukoma wofatsa ndi wokhwimitsa kuwala kirimu mtundu. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti ufa izi anyamula particles yopsereza.

Komanso, kugulitsa angapezeke skimmed mkaka. Chopangidwa kuchokera chakumwa kutungira.

• Kirimu ufa.

ufa amapangidwa kirimu pasteurized ndi kuyanika awo. Iwo mmatumba mu chidebe losindikizidwa kapena chitsegukire.

• Batala.

anthu ochepa mukudziwa, koma mosavuta zidyeke mankhwala. Lili zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse zoyambirira za mkaka. mafuta wotaya kukoma kwake patapita nthawi yina. Chopangidwa kuchokera kirimu mwa kukwapula mu kaŵirikaŵiri zimafalitsa a. mafuta Izi ankadya, ndi monga choncho, ndipo ntchito pophika zakudya zosiyanasiyana.

Batala kungakhale mchere ndi unsalted. Lili pafupifupi 25% chinyezi ndi 71% kapena 72,5% mafuta ndi 1.5% mchere. mankhwala amakhala ndi okhutira mkulu salt mchere, gulu vitamini PP, B ndi C.

• Ayisikilimu.

Chotero lokoma ndi chokoma mchere kirimu kapena zakonzedwa ku mkaka pasteurized mwa kuwasakaniza ndi stabilizers, shuga, ndi zina flavoring. zosakaniza zonse mosamala mazira, namkwapula.

• yaiwisi zipangizo Secondary.

mankhwala otere amakhala tinasonkhanitsa pa ulimi wa batala, kumwa mkaka mankhwala, tchizi ndi curd. Zikuphatikizapo buttermilk, whey ndi mkaka kutungira.

yosungirako

Nthawi zambiri, mkaka kusungidwa pa kutentha madigiri 2-5 pafupifupi 2-3 masiku. Mu processing ake mafakitale, nthawi imeneyi akhoza ziwonjezeke kangapo. Ngati mkaka ndi odzaza mu matumba wapadera kapena mabotolo, tsiku lothera zambiri kwa miyezi ingapo. Komabe, ubwino mankhwala amenewa kwambiri zokayikitsa.

Kuti kwambiri pa alumali moyo wa chakumwa pansi kulingalira, ndi kuikapo maganizo ndi shuga kapena zouma.

Chifukwa osamwa mkaka?

Vuto mkaka ndi pamene ntchito yaitali munthu amayamba kuona ofooka kwambiri. Akatswiri ena, mafani mankhwala mwachilungamo msanga kudziunjikira mafuta ndi Iyamba ukalamba.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti ntchito mankhwala amenewa angachititse kufooka kwa mafupa, chifuwa, kudzimbidwa, flatulence, ndipo blockage wa mitsempha ya. N'chifukwa chake akatswiri a zinthu zakudya zambiri amalangiza kuti achotse zakudya mkaka wanu, batala ndi zonona. Koma yogurt otsika-mafuta ndi tchizi, angakwanitse, koma zedi zochepa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi mtengo wake

Zingati mkaka? mtengo umadalira pa mtundu ndi njira processing. Childs, mtengo wa lita imodzi ya chakumwa zimasiyanasiyana mkati 30-65 rubles.

Pa phindu la mkaka wachita kale kutsutsana. Akatswiri ena amati zimenezi ndi mankhwala zoipa. Komabe, ambiri a iwo ankaona kuti chakumwa ndi zothandiza kuti matenda mafuta kagayidwe. Lilinso ndi phindu pa dongosolo m'mimba.

Ubwino wa mankhwala pa thupi la munthu chifukwa zili wambirimbiri madzi, komanso pamaso pa methionine, zomwe zimafunika mapangidwe hemoglobin.

Tiyenera kuona kuti pa kafukufuku wa asayansi apeza kuti mkaka nyama kumathandiza kuwalimbikitsa impso. Komanso, mkaka ndi njira yabwino normalizing nyama matumbo. madyedwe zawo zonse kumateteza inali kuwola ndi kubweretsa dongosolo m'mimba.

Malinga ndi akatswiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mkaka mu zakudya kuteteza thupi. Amachepetsa tilinazo maselo kwa timadzi insulin. Komanso, anthu amene tsiku lililonse zimawononga batala, mkaka, cheese ndi yogurt, pali kuli mkulu mafuta ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi.

Mkaka zakudya amachepetsa chiopsezo kunenepa ndi matenda insulin kukana, nthawi zambiri imautsa chitukuko cha matenda a shuga ndi matenda a mtima.

Malinga asayansi ena, calcium potassium ndi magnesium zili mkaka lalikulu zedi, kuchepetsa kufala kwa matenda oopsa. Komanso, kuthokoza kwa chakumwa angathe kuchotsa chitukuko cha mtima, matenda a shuga ndi matenda opha ziwalo.