Mitundu sentimentalism. Features wa sentimentalism mabuku

Mitundu sentimentalism, mosiyana kwa chakale-kalembedwe, wotchedwa wowerenga chidziwitso cha maganizo wamba, kuti mtundu zachilengedwe ndi boma mkati, kuti kuphatikiza ndi chikhalidwe. Ndipo ngati classicism ankalambira chifukwa chokha, ndithu kukhalapo mu zolondola, dongosolo (malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha ndakatulo Boileau), wojambula-sentimentalist anali ufulu m'lingaliro mawu ake, ndege wa m'maganizo. Anabadwa Zionetsero ndi chifukwa dryness wa chibadidwe ndi Choonadi, Mitundu yonse ya sentimentalism si zomwe iwo ali nazo kwa chikhalidwe, ndipo kuya kwa moyo kutenga kuchokera pansi pake.

Maziko a sentimentalism

Absolutist ang'onoang'ono boma wagwa mu sagwirizana. M'malo mwa makhalidwe kubwera mfundo unazunguliridwa mu munthu, ndi vsesoslovnoy. Sentimentalism - tanthauzo mu mabuku a amaganiza za strata linafalitsidwa kwambiri kwa anthu ndi wamphamvu odana ndi ang'onoang'ono makani.

Munda lachitatu viability zachuma, koma chikhalidwe ndi wopanda ndale, walimbikitsa motsutsa apamwamba ndi atsogoleri. Kumeneko, mu kalasi la chitatu, anabadwa wotchuka: "Liberty, azimai fraternity" - omwe anakhala chiphiphiritso cha kusintha onse. Social chikhalidwe cha anthu anafuna democratization.

Rationalist worldview poyera zopanda ndi ulamuliro wa malingaliro, choncho mavuto maganizo. Mtheradi ufumu monga mawonekedwe a dongosolo boma anagwera mu kuwonongeka. Ganizo mafumu lilibe lingaliro la mfumu ŵakusanga - komanso chifukwa pafupifupi munthu mmodzi kapena ena sanali kukumana ndi zosowa zenizeni za anthu.

Kugonjetsedwa chikhalidwe

Kutheka kwa bourgeoisie ndi theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18 chawonjezeka kwambiri moti anayamba azikuuzani mawu magulu ena onse, makamaka chikhalidwe. Kukhala kutsatira za maganizo a patsogolo, anagawira mabuku ndi luso.

Komanso wotanganidwa ndi owayimilira za chilengedwe chawo: Rousseau - mawotchi banja, Voltaire - odziwitsa Diderot - waluso ... About aluso ndi kukumbukira palibe nzeru, chifukwa iwo kwathunthu wachitatu munda, basi kokha.

Ngakhale m'magulu onse a anthu a maganizo demokalase m'ma 18 chinakwera ndi leaps ndi malire, osati Malo Chachitatu. amenewa acimuuza kuti mochedwa Chenicheni ngwazi zina, zinthu mwapadera ndi zomverera latsopano. Komabe Mitundu ya sentimentalism mu atsopano mabuku sanali. Elegiac ndakatulo, epistolary mtundu wanyimbo, Maulendo - onse kale njira wodzazidwa ndi okhutira latsopano.

Mbali yaikulu ya sentimentalism mabuku

Monga njira ina mfundo za Choonadi nzeru rationalist kukonza njira inanso maganizo a dziko: simusamala, ndi mtima, ndiye, kunena gulu la zotengeka ndi maganizo. Literature - ndi munda umene unafalikira Mitundu yonse ya sentimentalism.

Sentimentalists ankakhulupirira kuti munthu ndi chikhalidwe chake kukhala mlendo kwa nzeru ndi rationality, chiri pafupi chilengedwe, mwa kuphunzitsa mphamvu amapereka mtendere wamumtima. Ukoma ayenera kukhala zachilengedwe, iwo analemba, ndi kokha digiri yapamwamba ya tilinazo anthu angathe kupeza chimwemwe chenicheni. The Mitundu waukulu sentimentalism mabuku choncho anasankhidwa pa maziko a ubwenzi: ubusa, yabata, kuyenda, zolemba kapena makalata.

Kudalira zachilengedwe chiyambi (An Education) ndi kukhala mu chilengedwe - m'chilengedwe - izi ndi zipilala ziwiri pa zomwe ndi zochokera Mitundu yonse ya sentimentalism.

Luso ndi chikhalidwe patsogolo, boma, anthu, mbiri, maphunziro - mawu awa ali mu mzere ndi sentimentalism makamaka achipongwe. Patsogolo monga maziko limene Chenicheni inamangidwa ndi asayansi ndi lotanthauzira mawu, anali sochton zosafunika ndi zoipa, ndi mawonetseredwe onse a chitukuko - zoopsa anthu. Kulambira anapereka osachepera moyo payekha kumidzi, komanso munthu pazipita - moyo wosazindikira ndi zakuthengo ngati n'kotheka.

nkhani amunamuna a Mitundu lotsiriza la sentimentalism, osati limodzi. Daily, zidindo yosavuta vinyo. M'malo mwake maganizo owala, nkhondo makhalidwe oipa ndiponso makhalidwe abwino a sentimentalism mu mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma 18 anasonyeza chiyero cha maganizo ndi kuchuluka kwa dziko mkati anthu wamba. Nthawi zambiri, mbadwa ya munda lachitatu, chiyambi cha nthawi sali otsika. Sentimentalism, tanthauzo m'mabuku a pathos demokalase kwathunthu amakana kusiyana kwa magulu zoyikidwa ndi chitukuko.

Dziko mumtima wa munthu: view wina

Kumapeto kwa M'badwo wa Choonadi, khalidwe lomwe yatsopano ndithudi sanapite patali ndi mfundo maphunziro. Komabe, sentimentalism ndi Classicism mabuku mosavuta anazindikira: kwa olemba classicists osokoneza khalidwe, chikhalidwe - ndi predominance wa munthu chili ndi lamulo kuwunika abwino.

Sentimentalists anasonyezanso ngwazi monga munthu ndi kutsutsana sizidzatha. Iye akanakhoza kuphatikiza namatetule ndi zoipa, chifukwa anabadwa kwa chibadidwe zabwino wake ndi zoipa. Ndi chikhalidwe - wabwino chiyambi, chitukuko - zoipa. Monosyllabic ziyenera zambiri si woyenera kanthu ngwazi chimatsogoleredwa ntchito. Mwina kuchimwa, koma nikogoda Mtheradi, chifukwa iye nthawizonse ali ndi mwayi kutsatira chikhalidwe ndi kubwerera ku njira ya ubwino.

Pano didacticism, ndipo nthawizina okondera, ndi sentimentalism chikugwirizana mwamphamvu kuti nyengo ya mtundu wake.

Kulambira kumverera ndi subjectivity

The Mitundu waukulu sentimentalism kwambiri okhudzana ndi nkhani, m'njira imeneyi amatha kusonyeza kwambiri kayendedwe ka mtima wa munthu. Ichi ndi buku m'makalata, ndi elegy, zolemba, Maulendo ndi zonse zimene zimathandiza kulankhula mwa munthu woyamba.

Mlembi si inaimitsidwa kwa chinthu chimene chimaimira, ndi chinyezimiro chake - chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa nkhaniyo. Kapangidwe lili ndi ufulu malamulo zolembalemba musati kuchotsa malingaliro, zikuchokera ndi lachabechabe, ndipo chiwerengero cha digressions m'nyimbo.

Anabadwa khumi chachiwiri m'mphepete mwa England, ndi Mitundu waukulu sentimentalism mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma aŵiriwo ku Ulaya. bwino kwambiri - mu England, France, Germany ndi Russia.

England

Mawu a woyamba anavomereza kuti mzere awo zimaonetsa sentimentalism mabuku. Oimira yowala: wotsatira wa theorist chakale Nikola Bualo - Dzheyms Tomson, amene wakhala chikhalidwe chake English elegy, wodzala wotaya; anayambitsa "manda" wa poetics Edward Jung; kuthandiza mutu Scot Robert Blair a ndakatulo "Manda" ndi Thomas Gray ndi elegy wapangidwa ndi manda m'mudzimo. Onse alembi amenewa ndi lingaliro lalikulu la Kuyanjana pakathi pa anthu asanamwalire.

Ndiye - ndi bwino - zimaonetsa sentimentalism anaonekera mu mabuku mtundu wanyimbo buku. Samuel Richardson mosazengereza anathyola ndi mwambo wa ulendo, ulendo ndi picaresque buku, kulemba buku m'makalata. "Atate," malangizo a Lourens Stern inayamba ankalemba buku "A chimatsogoleredwa ulendo France ndi Italy, Bambo Yorick," womwe unawonjezera dzina la malangizo. Pachimake cha yovutayi English sentimentalism imatengedwa kuti ndi ntchito ya Oliver osula golidi.

France

Mawonekedwe ambiri yakale ya sentimentalism zimawonedwa wachitatu zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mu France. De Marivaux anali pachiyambi penipeni a prose ichi, tikulongosola za moyo wa Marianne ndi wamba, limene linatuluka mu anthu. The Abbe Prevost Polemeretsedwa ndi phale la maganizo anafotokoza mu mabuku - kumulakalaka zomwe zinachititsa ngozi.

Kukwaniritsidwa kwa sentimentalism ku France - Jean-Zhak Russo ndi mabuku ake epistolary. Nature ntchito zake ndi wofunika yokha, anthu achilengedwe. Buku "kuvomereza" - Chivumbulutso autobiography mu mabuku dziko.

De Saint-Pierre, wophunzira Rousseau, anapitiriza mchirikizo wa choonadi, amene alalikira Mitundu yaikulu ya sentimentalism: chimwemwe wa munthu mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe ndi ukoma. Iye mwachidwi, maluwa a "zosowa" mu romanticism, chosonyeza dziko zotentha za m'nyanja lakutali.

Komanso, musatenge otsatira udindo Rousseau ndi ZH.-S. Mercier, kukankhira buku "The molapitsa" wosazindikira (abwino) ndi mitundu civilizational aliko. Zipatso za chitukuko Mercier limanenedwa ngati publicist mu "zithunzi za Paris."

Wolemba anaphunzitsa de A La Chiburetoni (mazana awiri ntchito mabuku!) Mmodzi wa otsatira wokhulupirika wa Rousseau. Iye analemba za mmene zowononga m'tawuni chilengedwe kuti kwasanduka chigawenga, makhalidwe abwino ndi oyera mnyamata ndi kukambirana mfundo za pedagogy mawu a maphunziro ndi analeredwa akazi.

Chiyambireni cha kusintha mbali sentimentalism mabuku mwachibadwa mbisoweka. Mitundu sentimentalism mabuku amatilimbikitsa zenizeni latsopano.

Germany

A maonekedwe atsopano pa mabuku Germany ankatsatira G.-E. Lessing. Zonse zinayamba ndi kutsutsana Zurich University aphunzitsi Bodmer ndi Johann Jakob Breitinger ndi othandiza odzipereka a classicism - German Gottsched. The Swiss anamenyera m'maganizo ndakatulo, koma German sudalingane.

F.-G. Klopstock walimbitsa udindo wa sentimentalism ntchito folklore Medieval Germany mwambo mosavuta zapiringizana ndi malingaliro a mtima German. Koma heyday wa sentimentalism German anabwera yekha mu makumi asanu ndi awiri za m'ma 18 mogwirizana ndi ntchito pa chilengedwe cha dziko ophunzira adzadziwire Literature mu gulu "Sturm und Drang".

Kukuchititsa zimenezi ndi JW unyamata wake Goethe. "Zingwe za Young Werther," Goethe anatsanulira akuzigawo mabuku German pa poto-European. Zoonekeratu chifukwa cha "Sturm und Drang" ndi sewero ndi I.-F. Schiller.

Russia

Russian sentimentalism anatsegula Nikolaem Mihaylovichem Karamzinym - "Makalata a Traveler Russian", "Osauka Liza" - ndi katswiri wa prose chimatsogoleredwa. Tilinazo, wozingwa, kapena kufuna kudzipha - mbali yaikulu ya sentimentalism mabuku - mu Karamzin pamodzi ndi zaluso zina zambiri. Iye anakhala woyambitsa wa gulu la olemba Russian, amene nkhondo chachikale chinkawavuta grandiloquent syllable ndi chinenero chatsopano ndakatulo. Kwa gulu ili a II Dmitriev, VA Zhukovsky ndi ena.