Mitundu kachitidwe kubanki. Bank Central. Network a mabanki malonda

Kukula bwino chuma cha dziko ya boma m'dziko amafuna bwino dongosolo kubanki. Pali njira zambiri kumumanganso. Koma choyamba, utsogoleri wa dziko adzaona dongosolo la mtundu wa dongosolo banki akuyembekezeka kukhala. Kodi zikhomo mu nkhani iyi, angagwiritse chidwi cha Boma?

dongosolo banki Kodi

Tisanaone malo amene akhoza wachinsinsi dongosolo banki (mitundu, dongosolo lililonse lachitsanzo), chimatanthauza chilli ankaona yaitali. ndi njira wamba kwa Kuwulura malingaliro zogwirizana kafukufuku chiyani?

The Russian katswiri m'dera pansi dongosolo banki nthawi zambiri kuwamva monga Lachitatu zimachitika pakati pa Boma, mabungwe osiyanasiyana ndi mabungwe, anthu zachilengedwe ndi malamulo amene ankayendetsa mosavomerezeka ndi ndalama ndi katundu ndalama. Data kukambirana zichitike kudzera zosiyanasiyana njira. Kachitidwe banki - bungwe ndalama kuti ndi mbali yofunika ya chuma cha dziko.

Mfundo yaikulu ya kuyankhulana amalembedwa ndi boma, malonda ndi anthu makamaka anatsimikiza ndi mtundu wa dongosolo kubanki. Mwa kuphunzira zimene iwo akhale.

Gulu la machitidwe banki

Pali zifukwa zambiri gulu la machitidwe kubanki. Mu mchitidwe Russian yafalikira zosiyana, monga mwa amene zogwirizana mabungwe ena azachuma akhoza kuperekedwa otsatirawa Mabaibulo zofunika:

- yogawa (kapena mlingo umodzi) dongosolo;

- dongosolo Transitional;

- msika (kapena duplex) dongosolo.

Tidzaphunzira zambiri awo enieni.

dongosolo gawo

Umboni mitundu kachitidwe banki kumafuna Choncho kusankha limodzi lomwe mabungwe a zachuma.

kulunjika awo ndi pamaso pa aya yopingasa pakati pa mabungwe ngongole, kugwiritsa ntchito kasamalidwe likulu malinga ndi mfundo za chilengedwe ndi malamulo. The mphoto mtundu dongosolo banki amakhala makamaka m'mayiko ndi chuma ofooka, ndi m'mayiko mchitidwe njira loyang'anira kasamalidwe a dongosolo la zachuma.

dongosolo ziwiri gawo

Akuti lingaliro, limene limatchula mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kachitidwe banki Chimaphatikizanso Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa ziwiri gawo mabungwe a zachuma.

Mu inawo, mauthenga pakati pa mabungwe ngongole akutsatiridwa kaya ndege yopingasa kapena choimirira. Ponena limagwirira chachiwiri zimachitika pakati CB - kiyi bungwe ndalama boma - ndi mabanki pambuyo pake. Mu chimango cha limagwirira wokhazikitsidwa kulankhula yopingasa pakati pa udindo ofanana milandu mbali ya mabungwe ngongole. Udindo wa Bank ku Central mu dongosolo ziwiri gawo - kuonetsetsa liquidity wa nyumba malipoti azachuma, komanso kukhazikitsa lamulo zazikulu za citukuko.

Lachitsanzo Soviet wa bungwe la chitetezo cha banki

Mitundu kachitidwe banki, tafotokoza pamwambapa, si chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi ziwalo bungwe ndalama zinalili mu nthawi Soviet - chifukwa chakuti lili angapo mikhalidwe yapadera. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Pamwamba taonera kuti mmodzi gawo dongosolo banki kumapereka lingaliro la kukhalapo kwa limagwirira limodzi mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe ngongole payekha - horizontally. mlingo awiri zikusonyeza kuti ndondomeko ya zimene zimachitika pakati pa mabungwe a zachuma komanso Bank ku Central chikugwirizana.

Ponena za chitsanzo Soviet, sitingathe kunena kuti kwathunthu ndi makhalidwe ndi maonekedwe a mtundu woyamba kapena wachiwiri wa kachitidwe. chakuti mabanki mu USSR ntchito mu centralization kutchulidwa ndi okhwima subordination ku Bank State. Kuti palibe kulankhulana yopingasa sichichitika pakati pawo. Nayenso muyezo uliwonse kusiyanitsa m'njira ziwiri za zimachitika pakati pa mabungwe a zachuma ku Soviet Union, komanso chimakuvutani. chakuti Bank State lakhala limodzi dongosolo banki ya dziko, ndi udindo wake yofanana ndi yomwe ndi Bank ku Central la Russia si ntchito yokonza liquidity ndi lamulo. Ntchito yake chimaoneka mu mfundo kupereka uthunthu wonse wa ntchito banki operekedwa kudzera zopezera malamulo Kumvetsela a mabanki dera.

Komabe, ena akufufuza amakonda kunena chitsanzo Soviet wa gulu la ngongole ndi mabungwe ena azachuma mtundu umodzi mlingo. ndi mtsutso wa akatswiri pa nkhani imeneyi? chakuti Bank State wa USSR, okhala chambiri pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya misonkhano banki, inde, kukhala Choncho "mlingo umodzi" mwa likulu. Pali ofufuza amene m'kagulu ulemerero ndi chuma cha USSR ndipo limati winayo, amene yodziwika ndi chitsanzo loyang'anira kasamalidwe zachuma monga mitundu osiyana - centralized.

Dongosolo Transitional

Tchulani zimaonetsa dongosolo banki mu kusintha? N'zotheka mme- kulankhula, amene khalidwe onse mitundu limodzi lomwe mabungwe a zachuma, ndi awiri mlingo. Mbali yoyamba tingakambirane pamaso pa magombe boma, lomwe ndi liwiro chizindikiro, nawo chidwi lonse dongosolo mitundu ndalama ndi nthawi yomweyo kusunga ufulu wa Bank ku Central m'kukoma mawu a Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ndalama zimene zimalimbikitsa msika, tanthauzo la zinthu zofunika chitukuko. Komano, mu dongosolo banki dziko zikhoza kupezeka pa bungwe, zimene pamapeto, lipoti mwachindunji Bank ku Central ndi kukhala ulamuliro malire anakhazikitsa lamulo.

Dongosolo ano banki la Chitaganya cha Russian

Kotero, ife anayang'ana pa mitundu zofunika machitidwe banki mu chimango cha malingaliro akhala ofala akatswiri a masiku ano. Ponena za mabungwe ano ndalama Russia, iwo angakhoze bwanji wachinsinsi?

Pa zizindikiro kwambiri ya dongosolo Russian banki - ziwiri gawo. Ndi pafupifupi sikuti ankachita zinthu mabungwe ndalama kuti sichili ku Bank ndi Central. Nawonso Russian dongosolo banki ikukhudza ntchito ambiri mabungwe ngongole amene amatenga kucheza ndi mnzake mu ndege yopingasa. The Bank chapakati la Chitaganya cha Russia akuchita onse chilungamo ndi ntchito zolimbana. Imakhala liquidity banki ndi kuwapatsa ngongole mogwirizana ndi mlingo kiyi.

Komabe, ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wa dongosolo Russian banki tsopano - akadali osokonezeka. Koma osati mwa mawu a osakaniza zizindikiro imodzi gawo ndi ziwiri gawo zitsanzo, ndi mbali ya kukhalapo zizindikiro zina khalidwe la dongosolo centralized Soviet wa gulu la bungwe zogwirizana ndalama. Akatswiri kukangana izi mawonedwe chakuti mu mabanki Russia ndi kutsogolera - boma. Zina mwa Bank ndalama, "VTB", "ulimi Bank". Kudziwa chakuti boma, ngati Bank State wa USSR, makamaka nayo mitundu ngongole ndi chuma pansi pa ulamuliro. Nayenso, mu dongosolo Russian banki ndi okhazikika bwino msika mtundu, kutanthauza kuti mu gawo lolingana wa zamalonda udzakhala nawo ambiri osewera ZINTHU horizontally. Mbali imeneyi ndi khalidwe la chitsanzo ziwiri gawo.

Onani kuti isanafike Soviet Union - mu masiku a Russian Ufumu - m'dziko lathu palinso mokwanira anayamba dongosolo kubanki. Iwo anali yodziwika, malinga ndi ofufuza ambiri, mogwirizana kwambiri bwino boma ndi oziyimila paokha mabungwe a zachuma. Akatswiri ena, zinachitikira m'mbiri ya zaka pamlingo winawake lingagwiritsidwe Russia ano.

zinachitikira lonse

Dziwani mfundo imene mabanki ntchito, ndi dongosolo Russian banki, taonani mfundo chidwi kwambiri za ntchito ya mabungwe zogwirizana ndalama m'mayiko ena. Makamaka zothandiza kulabadira zimene zinachitikira chuma patsogolo Western. Kukula kwa dongosolo Russian banki ikuchitika mu chimango cha chitsanzo capitalist. Mwachionekere, chochitika cha mayiko Western tinganene n'chachikulu kwambiri kuposa.

Wakudza kwa tanthauzo la ntchito ya mabanki

Mwa chidwi kwambiri a zinthu za banki ano m'mayiko a Azungu - ndi rethinking wa njira kuti timvetse bwino udindo wa mabanki chuma cha dziko. mfundo ndi yakuti m'mayiko Western ulemerero tingachipeze powerenga ndi mabungwe ena azachuma - si osewera yekha mu gawo zogwirizana msika. Iwo anakonza kulimbikitsa udindo ndi kufunika kwa chuma cha dziko la mabungwe omwe si a kubanki. nyumba izi mwina ntchito kumlingo pafupi umene uli khalidwe la mabanki chakale: Mwachitsanzo, kupereka chithandizo kulandira malipiro, kuti magawowa kukhazikitsa ntchito ndalama. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ntchito ya nyumba sizingakhale amafuna pamaso pa Bank ku Central chiphatsocho ndi sikudzakhala mu nkhani yoteroyo monga mwankhaza aone zoletsedwa ndi malamulo a zachuma amene ankachita akuluakulu supervisory kwa mabanki.

Kumene, mabungwe amenewa kale zimayesetsa zochitika mu Russia. Zikuphatikizapo makamaka zamagetsi-malipiro, komanso mabungwe yaying'ono-ngongole. Ndithudi, iwo sangakhoze kukhala m'gulu la mtsinje, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo akhoza kupereka ntchito zimene zikusonyeza kuti nthawi mabungwe chakale ndalama. Ofufuza ena, kulunjika wa ntchito EPS, mabungwe microfinance ndi mabungwe ena omwe si banki mu Russia kuti wopanga malamulo amafuna zikugwirizana ndi zomwe malangizo ntchito ya nyumba ya mtundu umenewu ndi mabanki chakale. ndi mfundo za akatswiri amene amati chiyani? Choncho, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti Chilamulo "Pa dongosolo pakompyuta-malipiro" nthawi kumaphatikizapo chinali kugwirizana kwa mfundo zolimbana. Mwachitsanzo, mwa mawu a kudziwa ogula la utumiki. Mu zaka zoyambirira za ntchito mu Russia EPS ntchito zonse za ntchito e-malipiro latsopano la Russia munthu safunikira kuti atsimikizire chizindikiro chako, ndiye kukhazikitsidwa lamulo la funso, ngati panafunika.

Nayenso, mu West mbali ya dongosolo banki, monga taonera ndi akatswiri ena, zimaoneka mu nkhani ina. EPS ndi osewera ena kuti simuli gulu ngongole tingachipeze powerenga ndi mabungwe ena azachuma adzakhala, malinga ndi imodzi mwa mfundo wotchuka chiyenera kutenga osiyana, osati mwachindunji zokhudzana kagawo kakang'ono kubanki. Koma kodi i akhoza kukhala maziko kulekana kwa zigawo ziwiri?

Choncho, malinga ndi ofufuza za, mabanki ndi dongosolo la banki kuchita zosiyanasiyana zotsatirazi ntchito:

- depository zothandizira anthu ndi mabungwe alamulo ndi chitsimikizo chodzaza ndi kuteteza likulu;

- gulu mabizinesi ntchito ndalama ndi makhalidwe onse tanthauzo malamulo;

- makonzedwe a "yaitali" ngongole (kubweza, ngongole kwa amalonda).

Nawonso nyumba sanali banki ayenera malinga ndi imodzi mwa mfundo wotchuka kwambiri ndi zimene Ntchito zotsatirazi:

- kupereka kudya ndi odalirika kutumiza ndalama, kulandira malipiro ntchito zawo ndi anthu;

- makonzedwe a zomangamanga zamakono atapereka matikiti kwa modes osiyana zoyendera;

- makonzedwe a "lalifupi" ngongole (makamaka amene ali m'magulu monga-Kuyamikira yaying'ono);

- Gulu lotsogolera ntchito bwino masitolo Intaneti.

Izi ndi mfundo zimene zimasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa udindo wa chikhalidwe banki mabungwe a zachuma komanso mabungwe osakhala banki m'mayiko a Azungu. Moti zimene mfundo ndi yosemphana ndi mchitidwe wa Russian aya ndalama? Akatswiri ena, chifungulo cha mfundo tatchulawa ali oyenera kwambiri chifukwa la Russia. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri - kuti wopanga malamulo operekedwa mlingo zinafunika thandizo la ntchito za osewera msika mu mawu a misonkhano zogwirizana.

Malonda ndi ndalama mabanki

M'mayiko ambiri Western amachita kusiyana a mabanki (ndipo izi chifukwa chinanso zotheka kwa mtundu wa kachitidwe zogwirizana) kuti iwo achite ngongole ndi ntchito zachuma ndiponso amene amachita makamaka ntchito ndalama (zokhudzana ndi kugula ndi kugulitsa magawo, sheya, etc. . d.). Mwachitsanzo, mu United States kwenikweni awiri mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabungwe. Mofanana ndi nkhani Japan. Mu Russia, panali chizolowezi chimene mtundu umodzi akhoza kupangidwa mayunitsi udindo onse banki ndi ntchito ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, mu dongosolo la "VTB" atagwira kapangidwe ndi "VTB 24" ndi "VTB Capital". The amachita poyamba ndi banki, wachiwiri - chimodzimodzi basi ntchito ndalama.

Udindo wa Bank ku Central

Features a dongosolo banki dziko makamaka anatsimikiza ndi ntchito yeniyeni Bank ku Central, ntchito ka boma. ndi njira kumvetsa ake anayamba chuma capitalist chiyani?

Pali limati imene Bank ku Central ndi yang'anira yekha wa dongosolo dziko chuma. Mwa anthu - Australia, Ireland, Italy. M'mayiko ena, Bank ku Central ukugawa ntchito Amowabu ndi mabungwe ena - Chizolowezi zachitika mu United States, Germany, France. Mwa zitsanzo zosangalatsa zambiri za gulu la dongosolo banki dziko - American.

Motero, Kapangidwe ka bungwe ndalama zogwirizana mu United States pali kwenikweni amitundu inayi mabungwe:

- national mabungwe kukongoza ;

- boma mabanki mwa dongosolo la Federal Reserve System;

- mabanki sali m'gulu la Kukhuta, koma osiyana ndi Federal Corporation Gawo Insurance;

- ngongole nyumba kuti sindikufuna kucheza ndi mabungwe wolemekezeka.

Kukhuta Pankhaniyi amachita ngati analogi wa CBA yomwe imagwira ntchito umuna ndi kupitiriza kusamala liquidity. Komabe, mu United States akhoza ntchito mabungwe ngongole zimene sizikugwirizana ndi ntchito ya Federal Reserve System.

Chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha dongosolo Russian banki

Choncho tinaphunzira mfundo ndi mitundu kachitidwe kubanki. Ndani mwa mfundo za chitukuko za bungwe zogwirizana ndalama yabwino wosakanikirana ndi Russia? Yankho la funso limeneli kumafuna kusanthula zovuta za chuma, chikhalidwe, ndi zinthu zambiri komanso zinthu mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe zomwe ndi kulunjika la Chitaganya cha Russia monga boma. Ofufuza ambiri, mavuto a dongosolo banki Russia, kuti pali tsopano, makamaka mitengo ndi mkulu chiwongoladzanja pa ngongole, ndi kudalira ndi lalikulu mabungwe Russian chuma ndi ngongole yachilendo, ndi anakonzeratu nthawi n'chakuti ambiri mfundo kumadzulo kuika mu banki mchitidwe ku Russia popanda kutenga nkhani limatchula mitundu kulankhulana boma, malonda ndi nzika za dera limeneli.

Pankhani imeneyi, akatswiri ambiri amaona zothandiza kuti tione osati zinachitikira mayiko a azungu za chitukuko za bungwe zogwirizana ndalama, komanso chitsanzo mbiri ya ntchito kwa mabungwe ngongole ku Russia. Komanso, iwo, monga taonera pamwambapa, wakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo yodziwika, monga ena ofufuza digiri yapamwamba ya zimachita. Choncho, ntchito mu Russian mitundu mbiri kachitidwe banki ndi makhalidwe awo akhoza kukhala gwero zosafuni- wa akatswiri mu mawu kukonza chitsanzo atsopano a boma kasamalidwe dziko likulu.