Mitsempha ya magazi a nyama chifukwa cha zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha dziko

Mitsempha ya magazi a nyama wadutsa kutali mapangidwe m'kupita kwa zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha dziko. Inakhalapo mu malo ya pulayimale mbali achikalekale wa thupi M'mimbamo, imene nyama apamwamba wakhala m'malo tsellomom kapena thupi sekondale patsekeke. Pa ontogeny ndi mitsempha ya magazi a nyama wakhala mbali chilengedwe kuchichita, ndicho kulanda zakudya, mpweya, mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya, mahomoni ndi zinthu zina biologically zofunika. Choncho n'chofunika kulowetsa dongosolo la chamoyo wamoyo, amene amaonetsetsa kukhulupirika kwake.

Full magazi dongosolo maphunziro, asayansi olekanitsidwa ngati zinyama wosazindikira monga nemerteans, annelids, echinoderms, mollusks ndi tizilombo, ndiye makalasi zokhudza mtundu wa nyama zonse zopanda mafupa. kholo lawo wamba Kapangidwe ka m'thupi kunali kovuta kwambiri - yaing'ono mipata dongosolo, ndi M'mimbamo popanda maselo zaminyewa, omwe si akhazikitsidwa malangizo a magazi. Modern nyama zonse zopanda mafupa dongosolo mfundo za m'thupi komanso ali wosazindikira ndithu: zikuluzikulu ziwiri kotenga ziwiya - ndi ventral ndi dorsal bodza pamwamba ndi pansi intestine ndi, motero. Ndipo cholukanalukana ndi yopingasa Mitsempha kuti kuphimba intestine mu mphete ndi nthambi zambiri kwa ziwalo za thupi ndi chikuto. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mbali ya ntchito kwa dongosolo ndi mwazi wa chotengera ventral amasuntha mmbuyo ndi kumbuyo - patsogolo. pagalimoto magazi ntchito amaperekedwa ndi rhythmic chidule cha m'dera dorsal chotengera.

Mu zamoyo za mitsempha ya magazi a nyama bwino m'njira zambiri makalasi onse. chitukuko si linachokera ku dongosolo kwambiri mtima wa invertebrates. Ikufotokoza zinchito waukulu Mbali: kukhalapo kwa minofu kugunda limba, wotchedwa mtima amene amapezeka chordates wosazindikira bungwe oimira - mu cyclostomes. Komanso, kayendedwe ka magazi kumachitika zotsatirazi chotengera ventral patsogolo, ndipo kumbuyo - kumbuyo.

Mitsempha ya magazi a nyama zimene zili ali limodzi structural dongosolo, zovuta ndi ungwiro wa kumene kunachitika pang'onopang'ono mchitidwe wa chisinthiko. Koma si onse kukonzanso zamoyo zinachita anali aromorphoses, ie, mwapang'onopang'ono morphological ndi thupi kusintha. Kuvuta kuwonjezeka kwa gulu kapena kukonza sangatengedwe kukhala mwapang'onopang'ono mbali ya kusintha kuti azitentha nyama amamuonera kwambiri kwambiri. Mu masinthidwe zinachokera kwa mitsempha ya magazi chordates undoubted aromorphosis anali chitukuko cha mtima oimira amakezana, komanso intensification a ntchito yake ndi mapangidwe dongosolo chatsekedwa magazi mu kalasi jawed. Ndi aromorphoses zofunika ankaona kusintha kwa zipangizo waukulu mtima ndi kulekana kwa otaya ndi venous wolumikizira magazi mu zokwawa, mbalame ndi nyama.

Mitsempha ya magazi a nyama anapanga ziwiya mtima ndi magazi. Mtima - m'dzenje akulu limba kuti magazi kudzera ziwiya, ikukoka ake. Kwa iye ziwalo zonse chimachititsanso magazi kudzera mitsempha, ndi ziwalo kuchokera mumtima - kudzera m'mitsempha yake. Mtima mu magulu osiyanasiyana a inakhala zimakhala rekodi (pa cyclostomes) ndi dvukamernym (nsomba), atatu chambered (achule, zokwawa) ndi zinayi chambered (mbalame ndi nyama). Choncho, thunthu la mtima angaone mlingo wa woyambira kagayidwe wa chamoyo Zimathandizanso kuti kugawanika nyama poikilothermic ndi nyama magazi ofunda. Mu chordates wosazindikira, nthawi zonse kukhala mu madzi, mfundo zosavuta gulu la m'thupi - iwo ali makope wina. Zokolola nyama pa dziko amafuna kwambiri kagayidwe, yodziwika ndi maonekedwe a kupuma m'mapapo mwanga, ndi chifukwa, kwa mawu makope chachiwiri, amene ali ndi udindo kuwombola mpweya magazi mu mapapo. Mitsempha ya magazi a nyama zovuta bungwe, pamodzi ndi kulekana wathunthu wa kufalitsa zokhudza zonse, kuti amakhala ndi mtima zinayi chambered, ndi kupezeka kwa mabwalo zina, monga latuluka, ndi mtima enieni a Willis bwalo la magazi.