Mipweya Real: zopatuka ideality

Mawu akuti "mpweya weniweni" mwa akatswiri ndi sayansi otchedwa mpweya katundu ngati zimene mwachindunji amadalira ankachita intermolecular. Ngakhale aliyense Directory apadera angathe kuwerenga kuti Mole imodzi mwa zinthu m'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino ndi khazikika ali ndi buku pafupifupi 22,41108 malita. maneno awa ali woona yekha kwa otchedwa "abwino" mpweya umene, monga Clapeyron aone kuti pali, asakuchita mphamvu ya kukondana ndi repulsion wa mamolekyulu, ndi buku kulamulidwa ndi yamasika negligibly yaing'ono.

Kumene, zinthu zimenezi kulibe, kotero mfundo zonsezi ndi anapezazo ndi lathu mwangwiro ongolankhula. Koma mipweya lenileni, amene ena atapatuka mmene malamulo abwino kawirikawiri kwambiri. Pakati mamolekyulu zinthu izi ndi zopezeka mphamvu ya kukondana, kutanthauza kuti buku chawo ndi chosiyana pang'ono ku anadziŵa chitsanzo chabwino. Komanso, mpweya onse weniweni ndi osiyana a zopatuka ideality.

Koma pano agona chizolowezi bwino kwathunthu: apamwamba kuwira mfundo mankhwala pafupi madigiri ziro centigrade, m'pamenenso pawiri zimasiyana pa zilizonse. The aone kuti pali boma mpweya weniweni m'manja mwa Dutch sayansi Johannes Diederik Van der mphamvu Waals, iwo anali kudzipatula mu 1873. Dongosolo lino lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe (p + N ² / V ²⁾ (V - Chidziwitso) = nRT , kutumikiridwa awiri kusinthidwa wodalirika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi Clapeyron aone kuti pali (PV = nRT), anatsimikiza experimentally. Woyamba amaganizira mphamvu mogwirizana maselo, zomwe zimakhudza mtundu wa mpweya, komanso buku lake, kachulukidwe ndi anzawo. Malangizo chachiwiri anatsimikiza ndi kulemera maselo a thunthu.

Kusintha zofunika kwambiri udindo tikhale Deta mpweya kuthamanga. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa asafe pa 80 atmospheres amalimbikitsa. kuwerengetsera adzakhala osiyana ndi ganizoli peresenti zisanu, pamene ukuwonjezeka kuthamanga kwa atmospheres anayi kusiyana anakwaniritsa kale zana pa zana. Tidziwanso kuti malamulo a abwino mpweya chitsanzo ndi zoyerekeza. Derogation kwa iwo onse kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe. Woyamba kumaonekera chakuti Clapeyron aone kuti pali re anthu gaseous chonse chenicheni ziri kwambiri. Mthunzi ndi Mkhalidwe sankangotanthauza.

mipweya Real akhoza kusandulika mu madzi ndi olimba boma la loitanirana, zomwe sitingathe kuchita kutsatira kwawo okhwima kwa Clapeyron aone kuti pali. mphamvu Intermolecular kuchita zomangira kuyambitsa mapangidwe mankhwala osiyanasiyana mankhwala. Ichinso sangakhale mu ongolankhula dongosolo mafuta abwino. Aya Choncho anapanga otchedwa mankhwala kapena valence. Ngati kumene weniweni mpweya ndi ionized, m'menemo kuonekere Coulomb kukopa mphamvu kudziwa khalidwe la, mwachitsanzo, ndi madzi a m'magazi, amene ndi quasi ndale amaayoni mitundu. Izi ndi zoona makamaka mu kuwala kwa chakuti plasma sayansi lero lalikulu, mofulumira osauka chilango sayansi, amene ali ndi ntchito lonse kwambiri mu astrophysics, chiphunzitso cha chizindikiro wailesi yoweyula, ndi vuto la ankalamulira nyukiliya zochita maphatikizidwe.

Chemical nsinga mu mpweya weniweni chikhalidwe chawo musati amasiyana mphamvu maselo. Anthu ndi zina kwakukulukulu kusanduka mogwirizana ndi magetsi pakati pa milandu ya atomiki, onse amene anamanga atomiki ndi maselo dongosolo la thunthu. Komabe, kumvetsa wathunthu a magulu maselo ndi mankhwala zinali zotheka ndi zikamera okonzera kwadzidzidzi.

Tiyenera kuvomereza kuti si boma la nkhani n'zogwirizana ndi aone kuti pali wa sayansi Dutch, akhoza akuyendera. Izi zimafuna chinthu chinanso wosasunthika awo thermodynamic. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika wothandizila ngati bata ndi mu kuthamanga aone kuti pali isothermal ayenera mosamalitsa anaona chizolowezi kuchepetsa thupi okwana. M'mawu ena, ndi kuwonjezeka khalidwe V ndi isotherms onse mpweya weniweni angagwe bwinobwino. Nthawiyi, pa isothermal tchati Van der mphamvu Waals m'munsimu yovuta kutentha mlingo wa mbali kuwuka ndi mwachipembedzo. The mfundo mabacteria izi zizigwirizana boma wosakhazikika wa mankhwala, amene amachita sangathe chidzakwaniritsidwa.