Matchlock mfuti. Mbiri ya zida zankhondo

Kumayambiriro kwa XIII ndi XIV zaka zambiri, dziko kwathandiza kwambiri zida - panali zobisika mpaka zitsanzo gunshot mu arsenals wa makamu European. Komabe, ufa ndi maziko awo akhala kale izo kupangidwa mu China, koma pali ntchito zake zinali zochepa makombola. Ku Ulaya anatsimikizira anthu bwino, ndipo posakhalitsa munda wa nkhondo anamukwiyira kulengeza cannonade.

zida zatsopano ndi sikunachitekepo

Nthawi ya mfuti zopanga Cannon choyamba. Ngakhale wosazindikira awo ndi opanda ungwiro, nthawi yomweyo analenga kwambiri ntchito ya usilikali. Ngati mphamvu yowononga ya mfuti anali otsika, zotsatira maganizo pa ntchito yawo ndi yaikulu. Zokwanira kulingalira mmene anamvera ataona adani a yonyezimira kung'anima limodzi ndi kubangula zoopsa ndi mtambo wa utsi. Ndipo pachimake prosvistevshee mlengalenga ndipo inasokoneza pakhoma la linga, ndi Sikudaonjezere chidaliro.

Iyo inali nthawi zina pamaso pa kapangidwe maganizo a armourers akale chinachititsa kuti kulenga pa maziko a bulky ndi zosamveka zida zankhondo za Baibulo zing'onozing'ono. Mapulani n'kulola asilikali amachita mfuti mu dzanja lake, ndi kukhalabe sayenda okwanira ndi kukwapula mdani chapatali. Motero zinaoneka woyamba matchlock mfuti.

chipangizo ndi zitsanzo loyambirira la manja ang'onoang'ono

chipangizo luso, ndi amatikumbutsa kholo la mbeu'yo - mfuti. Mwa njira, ngakhale mayina a iwo anali ofanana. Mwachitsanzo, Western gunsmiths European kubala otchedwa bombardelly - Baibulo ang'onoang'ono a bombards ndi Russia afalitsa ruchnitsy, ntchito kuwombera ndi izo. Zitsanzo loyamba zida ndi zitsulo chubu pafupifupi mita m'litali ndi ku makumi masentimita wandiweyani. Mbali imodzi ya izo anapanga kuzimiririka, ndi dzenje mokhomerera pamwamba pa poyatsira lapansi.

chubu uyu anali odzaza ndi bokosi matabwa, idaluma thereto ndi mphete zitsulo. Kukunenedwa mfuti kuipanikiza. Iwo unatsanuliridwa ufa wophwanyidwa, amene tikaumbike ntchito wad. Ndiye mbiya anakankhidwira chipolopolo. Mu zitsanzo oyambirira udindo wake ikuchitika miyala ing'onoing'ono awiri abwino. Pambuyo pake, mfuti anali wokonzeka kumenyana. Ine ndikanakhoza kokha kubweretsa izo kwa chandamale ndi kubweretsa izo kwa incandescent poyatsira dzenje pa ndodo brazier zitsulo.

Luso anapezazo gunsmiths

Popeza manja yaing'ono anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito, izo nthawizonse chikusintha. Mwachitsanzo, matchlock mfuti XV atumwi anali poyatsira dzenje kumanja, ndi shelefu wapadera linakhazikitsidwa pafupi, pamene anamangidwira ufa mbewu. Mapulani mwayi wa: kubweretsa chingwe kuti shelufu (Pankhaniyi - ndi incandescent ndodo), ndi chowombelera osati waposa zolinga monga momwe analiri poyamba. Chifukwa patsogolo ngati wopepuka akanakhoza kwambiri ikhale yolondola kwambiri kuwombera.

The kusintha otsatirawa, omwe kakusintha mfuti matchlock, anali kuoneka chivindikiro kulumikizidwa amateteza alumali ndi ufa mbewu chinyezi komanso kukhudzana ndi mphepo. Ndipo weniweni luso yojambula Kutulukira akhoza kutchulidwa linseed chingwe m'malo red-hot zitsulo ndodo. Kukonzedwa nitrate kapena mowa vinyo, izo smoldered kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo mwangwiro akukwaniritsa ntchito yake, moto lama fuyusi.

Kutulukira hule

Koma wakale matchlock mfuti anapitiriza kukhala wovuta. Vuto linali lakuti kuwombera ankafunikira kubweretsa alumali dzanja ndi ufa mbewu, chifukwa cha zimene kawirikawiri ndi Abiti ndi kuwombera. Komabe, gunsmiths kuti anathetsa vuto limeneli. Iwo mokhomerera dzenje bokosi matabwa, ndipo anali anadutsa gulu zitsulo mu mawonekedwe a kalata S, ndi movably ananamizira pakati.

Mpaka kumapeto chapamwamba izo yalunjika pa maalumali umboni, idaluma chingwe kusonkhezera, ndi mmunsi ali ndi ntchito yofanana monga choyambitsa masiku ano manja yaing'ono. Ankalimbikira chala chake pa kumtunda kwa utagwa, ndi lama fuyusi akayaka ndi onga, namtsata mpirawo. Mapulani opulumutsidwa oponya mivi kuchokera kufunika kukumbukira kuti brazier kumunda.

Kumapeto kwa XV m'ma matchlock muzzleloader anali zokuzira ndi chipangizo yapadera, makamaka bwino ndi dzuwa la kuwombera. Icho chinali choyamba matchlock, mfuti zinachitika pa kutsekedwa m'tsogolo. Patapita nthawi iyo inali ndi zipangizo chotchinga choteteza oteteza maso chowombelera pa mliri wa poyatsira wa onga. Mapulani anali ndi khalidwe kwa kupanga ambuye a England.

Kudula mbiya ndi butts kusintha

Mu makumi asanu ndi awiri a atumwi XVI yosaiwalika mu kusintha kwa manja wamng'ono wakhala zikamera wa migolo woyamba rifled. Iwo anatulukira gunsmiths ku Nuremberg, ndi mphamvu ya zaluso ngati yomweyo linaonekera monga rifled matchlock mfuti analola kugunda mipherezero ndi lolondola kwambiri.

kusintha kwambiri akukonza ndi nthawi ino, ndipo mbuyo. Pamaso iye anali kulondola, ndi kuwombera unali anapuma pachifuwa, amene anayambitsa mavuto kwambiri. ambuye French anamupatsa mawonekedwe yokhota kumapeto, yomwe anapereka malangizo a mphamvu angadzachite ndi osati chabe, monga momwe analiri poyamba, koma mmwamba. Ndiponso, izi zikhoza kukhala mbuyo linkakhala ndi phewa. Ndi mamangidwe wakhala tingachipeze powerenga ndi kukhala monzama masiku ano.

Zikamera wa muskets matchlock

Pofika kumapeto kwa XVI m'ma mfuti dzanja ankaweruza potsiriza inkayenda monga mtundu paokha, amene amasiya kalekale ndi mamangidwe, mavuto a zida zankhondo wake. Nthawi imeneyi, khomo lonse ndi mayina asilikali lotanthauzira monga chingwe musket arquebus, musket, ndi zina zotero. Kamangidwe lingaliro gunsmiths zaka wafunsira patsogolo kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, musket odziwika linaonekera lingaliro anabadwa kuika katundu matchlock mfuti pa thandizo otchedwa podsoshkom. Zingaoneke yosavuta Kutulukira zokwanira, koma nthawi yomweyo zotheka kusintha molondola ndi osiyanasiyana, kuonjezera likungosonyeza a mbiya ndi kulenga womenya zowonjezera. Museum zida kufalitsidwa mu expositions wa Hermitage, ali ndi kusonkhanitsa chuma zitsanzo za manja yaing'ono imeneyo.

Kuipa chingwe zida

Koma zoyesayesa zonse kusintha, pang'ono patsogolo kwa musket mfuti matchlock m'ma 15. Nthawi zonse, tisanasankhe mpirawo, chikufunika, kupumula pa mbuyo mu nthaka, akugona mu izo wambiri okwanira ufa. Kenako, ntchito wad ndi ramrod, bwinobwino asindikize ndi kugwera mu chipolopolo lapansi. Ndiye kutsanulira pa ufa alumali mbewu, kutseka chivindikiro ndi kumanga chingwe kusonkhezera. Ndiye kuphimba ndi akutsegulanso pokhapokha kale kuchitika cholinga. kuyesera anasonyeza kuti ndondomeko imeneyi lonse amatenga mphindi zosachepera ziwiri, mu vuto nkhondowo kwambiri. Koma ngakhale izi ungwiro zida dziko, kukhala moto, iwo wachibadidwe anasintha ndondomeko khalidwe la nkhondo.

The kupambana kwa manja Russian

Tikumbukenso kuti muskets, wopangidwa Russia m'zaka XVII ndipo ntchito mu ankhondo, pamodzi ndi Dutch, ayi wolephera yotsirizira makhalidwe ake nkhondo, ndipo zitsanzo payekha anali kwambiri kuposa iwo. Nthawi imeneyi asilikali Russian makamaka anasintha chifukwa anatenga kukonza izo, chifukwa malamulo a zinthu zakale ndi ndale zaka. Kuteteza boma ku zoyesayesa osaleka a mokwiya ndi Western anansi wamakono wa asilikali kunali koyenera, ndipo chimodzi mwa zigawo zake zakhala bwino zida, kuphatikizapo manja yaing'ono.

chithandizo German kwa kuwombera musket

Ntchito luso muskets nthawi zimaoneka bwino mu lofalitsidwa mu 1608 ku Germany, buku lapadera ndi chida maphunziro kwa infantrymen. Iwo amapeza zinachitikazo ndi zojambula mochita kugoba za wojambula Yakova Van Gein, chimasonyeza njira potsegula mfuti ndi njira kubowola mankhwala. Komanso, zojambula alola owerenga masiku ano kumvetsetsa momwe kuyang'ana mu mivi zonse nkhondowo zida.

Kuoneka bwino pa zipsera otchedwa Bandelier - malamba, wolema pa phewa kumanzere kumene amagwira teni mpaka fifitini muli chikopa ndipo aliyense ali ndi mlandu umodzi wa onga. Komanso, womenya lamba anali ndi botolo ndi youma wophwanyidwa ufa mbewu. Amathandizana ndi chovala thumba ndi pyzhami ndi zipolopolo. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti kalata iyi ya lero ndi mtengo wake wapatali, ndi osowa Museum zida ali mu expositions awo.