Masiku kiyi wa mbiri Russian. masiku yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Russia

Russian Federation - Dziko lomwe tithe koyamba m'dera la dera ndi chinayi - chiwerengero waukulu. Dziko lomwe wadutsa njira kwa maukulu anthuwo kuti wakonzekera kuti mayiko amphamvu. Kodi unachitikira mapangidwe uyu wa colossus zandale, zachuma ndi zankhondo?

M'nkhaniyi tiona masiku kiyi wa mbiri Russian. Tiona chitukuko cha dziko ku kutchula koyamba za ku mapeto a zaka mazana makumi awiri.

IX - X atumwi

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu "Russia" amatchulidwa 860 mogwirizana ndi kulanda mzinda wa Constantinople (Constantinople) ndi looting malo ake. Akatswiri ofufuza amanena kuti anaukira yokhudza anthu oposa zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu. The Byzantines sanayembekezere ndi kuukira Nyanja Black, kotero sanathe kupereka atangokanidwa oyenerera. "Lazaro wapita osapatsidwa chilango" - limati mbiri.

Zofunika tsiku lotsatira chinali chaka 862. Mu mbiri ya Russia ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Malinga ndi "nthano ya makedzana Zaka", pa nthawi anapempha akuluakulu a mafuko Asilavo mu ulamuliro wa Rurik.

The amafotokoza akuti atopa wa Mkangano zonse ndi ndewu, amene yekha wolamulira akhoza kuthetsa.

Ngati 862, mu mbiri Russian inasanduka yofunika lotsatira - 863rd. Chaka chino, monga olemba ndi amenenso Asilavo zilembo - zilembo za Chisililiki. Ndi kwa nthawi limayamba nduna zolembedwa m'mbiri ya Russia.

Mu 882, Prince Oleg, m'malo Rurik a, anapambana Kiev, ndi kuvumbitsira ndi "likulu". wolamulira uyu wachita kwambiri ndi boma. Iye anayamba kugwirizanitsa mafuko anapita Khazars, atathamangitsidwa m'mayiko ambiri. Tsopano northerners drevlyans, radzimichy kupereka msonkho si Kaganate ndi Kiev kalonga.

Tiganizire okha masiku kiyi wa mbiri Russian. Chotero ife akukhala yekha pa zochitika zina zokhudza chinsinsi.

Choncho, X atumwi yodziwika ndi kuwonjezeka amphamvu Russ mu maiko oyandikana ndi mafuko. Choncho, Igor anapita Pechenegs (920) ndi Constantinople (944 chaka). Sviatoslav anawononga Khazar Khanate mu 965, motero kwambiri analimbitsa udindo wa Kievan Lazaro kum'mwera ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa.

Mu 970 Kievan Prince Vladimir Wamkulu amakhala. Iye, pamodzi ndi amalume ake Dobrynya, amene fano patapita amasonyezedwa ngwazi epic, zikhala ngati Bulgarians. Iye adzawina mafuko a Serbia ndi Bulgarians pa Danube, kotero kuti mgwirizano anali anamaliza.

Kenako Prince wa Kiev nawo ndawala pa Bulgarians yolimbana ndi Byzantines. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa otsiriza ndi mtima wa Bulgarians m'deralo.

Mnthawi otchulidwa yokopa kalonga zinapatsira ndi Chikhristu. Poyambirira, agogo ake, Mfumukazi Olga, woyamba kutengera chikhulupiriro ichi ndipo sanamvetse mwa chilengedwe. Tsopano Vladimir Veliky anaganiza kuti azibatiza boma lonse.

Choncho, ambiri miyambo cholinga kubatiza mafuko ambiri unachitikira 988. Amene ankakana kusintha chikhulupiriro mwaufulu, anakakamizika mphamvu.

Zofunika tsiku lomaliza m'ma chakhumi imatengedwa yomanga chakhumi mpingo. Ndi kupyola mu chipinda chino mu Kiev potsiriza munakhala Chikhristu pa mlingo boma.

XI m'zaka

M'ma khumi zinali zodzaza ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha nkhondo pakati kalonga. Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa imfa ya Vladimira Svyatoslavovicha kuyamba infighting.

chiwonongeko mpaka 1019, pamene wachifumu wa Prince Yaroslav akukhala mu Kiev, yomwe kenako dzina Ngwanzeru zakuya. Iye analamulira zaka sate-faifi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa zaka za ulamuliro wake, Kievan Lazaro pafupifupi umalandira mlingo wa mayiko a ku Ulaya.

Popeza tikulankhula mwachidule za mbiri ya Russia, zofunika za m'ma khumi ndi tsiku kugwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa Yaroslav (mu theka zoyambirira za m'ma) ndi zipolowe (mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma).

Choncho kuyambira 1019 mpaka imfa yake mu 1054 Prince Yaroslav Mudry ndi chimodzi mwa arches wotchuka - "Choonadi Yaroslav". Ndi mbali wamkulu wa "Russian Choonadi".

Mu zaka zisanu kuyambira 1030, iye akumanga mu Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral.

Mu likulu, yemweyo mu 1037 akuyamba kumanga mpingo wotchuka - St. Sophia. Inatha mu 1041.

Patapita ntchito yochotsa Byzantium, mu 1043, Jaroslav ofanana yamanga Cathedral ku Novgorod.

Imfa ya mkulu wa Kiev chinali chiyambi cha kulimbana likulu la ana ake. Kuyambira 1054 mpaka 1068 Izyaslav malamulo. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito kugalukira m'malo Polotsk Vseslav. Mu epics, iye amatchedwa Volga.

Chifukwa chakuti kazembe akupatsa maganizo zachikunja pankhani ya chikhulupiriro, iye anali mu nkhani Folk amati ndi katundu wa werewolf lapansi. Mu epics anaona nkhandwe, kabawi. Nkhani boma kumbuyo ndi dzina mfiti.

Lembani masiku chachikulu mbiri ya atumwi khumi ndi Russia, ndi kutchula chilengedwe cha "Choonadi Yaroslav" mu 1072 ndipo "Izbornik Svyatoslav" mu 1073 ofunika. Yotsirizira Imafotokoza za moyo wa oyera mtima, komanso ziphunzitso zawo zofunika.

More chidwi chikalata ndi "Russian Choonadi". Amakhala ndi magawo awiri. Woyamba wolembedwa pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Yaroslava Mudrogo, ndipo chachiwiri - mu 1072. zosonkhanitsira muli malamulo a zigawenga, procedural, malamulo malonda ndi cholowa.

Mwambo womaliza umene uli ponena mu chimango cha m'ma leveni mtengo, anali Bungwe la Liubech akalonga. Poyambitsa kugawikana kwa Old boma Russian. Apo izo anavomera kuti aliyense ayenera kusamalira okha fiefdom awo.

m'ma XII

Oddly zokwanira, koma yofunika mu reunification akalonga wakale ankaimba Polovtsy. Ponena za masiku waukulu mu mbiri ya m'zaka khumi Russia, osanenapo maulendo kuti wongosamukasamuka izi mu 1103, 1107 ndi 1111, motero. ntchito zimenezi atatu asilikali amasonkhana a kummawa Asilavo ndipo analenga prerequisites kwa voknyazheniya Vladimir Monomakh mu 1113. Iye anali mwana wake Mstislav.

Mu ulamuliro wa akalonga awa koti kukonzedwanso "The nthano ya makedzana Zaka", ndipo pali kukula kusakhutira pakati pa anthu, zomwe zinachititsa kuukira mu 1113 ndi 1127 a.

Atamwalira Yaroslava Mudrogo pang'onopang'ono kusunthira kutali mbiri ndale ku Ulaya ndi mbiri ya Russia. Madeti ndi zochitika za m'ma akhumi izo zikutsimikiziridwa kwathunthu.

Ngakhale panali yolimbirana mphamvu, chifukwa cha kugwa kwa boma Kievan, kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, Spain ndi mgwirizano unachitikira misonkhano ingapo.

Mu Russia, zotsatirazi zinachitika. Mu 1136 chifukwa cha kupanduka ndi athamangitsidwe wa Vsevolod Mstislavovich anakhazikitsa Republic of Novgorod.

Mu 1147 izo koyamba dzina la Moscow. Ndi kwa nthawi limayamba chitunda mwapang'onopang'ono mzinda, amene tidzayesedwa anakhala likulu la limati ogwirizana.

Kumapeto kwa zaka akhumi zinali zodzaza ndi kugawikana kuposa mphamvu ndi maukulu a kufooka. Zonsezi zapangitsa chakuti Russia akapanda ufulu kulowa gori la Mongol-Chitata.

Popeza zochitika zimenezi m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, ife kulankhula za iwo pa.

XIII m'zaka

M'nthawi imeneyi, mongoyembekezera mawu mbiri osadalira pa Russia. Date, tebulo Batu kuyenda ulendo, amene ali m'munsiwa komanso maps of nkhondo ndi Mongolia akulozera kulephera kwa akalonga ambiri pa nkhani ya nkhondo.

Movies Batu Khan

Council wa Mongol khans anaganiza kuyamba ntchito yochotsa Russia, asilikali kutsogoleredwa ndi Batu Khan mdzukulu wa Genghis Khan	1235
Kugonjetsedwa ndi asilikaliwa wa Volga Bulgaria	1236
Kugonjera Polovtsy ndi chiyambi cha kampeni Russia	1237
Kugonjetsedwa ndi adani a Ryazan	December 1237
Kugwa kwa Kolomna ndi Moscow	January 1238
Kutenga Mongolia Vladimir	3-7 February 1238
Kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali Russian pa Mtsinje City ndi imfa ya Prince Vladimir	March 4, 1238
Kugwa kwa Mzinda wa Torzhok, kubwerera kwa Mongolia mu steppe ndi	March 1238
Chiyambi cha kuzinga Kozelsk	March 25, 1238
Mpumulo wa asilikali Mongolian mu Don steppes	chilimwe 1238
Igwani Murom, Nizhny Novgorod ndi Gorokhovets	m'dzinja 1238
Nkhondo ya Batu kum'mwera maukulu Russian kugwa Putivel, Pereyaslavl ndi Chernigov	chilimwe 1239
Kugonjetsedwa ndi adani a Kiev ndi Mongolia	5-6 September 1240

Pali nkhani zingapo, pamene anthu okhala mu mzinda anatha kupereka kukana amunamuna adani (mwachitsanzo, Kozelsk). Koma sanatchule Mulimonse, akalonga anagonjetsa Mongol asilikali.

Ndi Kozelsk - wangokhala nkhani yapadera. Kukwera losagonjetseka asilikali a Batu Khan, amene 1237 pa 1240 anawononga North-East Russia, inaima pafupi makoma a linga yaing'ono.

mzinda uwu unali likulu la ukulu pa nthaka ya fuko kale Vyatichi. Asayansi amati anthu chiwerengero cha zokometsera palibe oposa mazana anayi. Komabe, kutenga Mongolia linga akanatha pokhapokha masabata asanu ndi awiri ozungulira mzindawo ndi imfa ya asilikali oposa zikwi zinayi.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti chitetezo anali kugulu, popanda kalonga ndi kazembe. Pa nthawi iyi mu Kozelsk "malamulo" mdzukulu wa Mstislav, khumi ndi Basil. Komabe, anthu anaganiza kuuteteza ndi mudzi wa.

Pambuyo pa adani a linga ndi asilikaliwa kuti unawonongedwa pansi, ndi anthu onse anaphedwa. Sanaphe ngakhale makanda kapena odwala okalamba.

Pambuyo nkhondoyi ena masiku zofunika mu mbiri ya Russia, chikugwirizana ndi mliri Mongol, ikukhudzana opita kwa maukulu kum'mwera.

Choncho, mu 1238, pang'ono patsogolo Kuteteza Kozelsk, nkhondo chikuchitika pafupi Kolomna Mtsinje. Mu 1239, izo anagonjetsa ndi Chernigov Pereyaslavl. Ndipo mu 1240 ndipo anagwa Kiev.

Mu 1243 boma Mongol aumbike - Zolotaya Orda. Tsopano akalonga Russian akuyenera kutenga "Simungachite kulamulira" ku khans.

M'mayiko kumpoto pa nthawi imeneyo chiri chosiyana chithunzi. Lazaro imene yatsala Swedish ndi German makamu. Iwo ankadana ndi Novgorod kalonga Alexander Nevsky.

Mu 1240, iye anagonjetsa asilikali a Sweden pa Neva Mtsinje, ndipo mu 1242 konse akuswa Teutonic Knights (otchedwa Battle wa Ice).

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, zimachitika Maulendo angapo Chilango cha Mongolia ku Russia. Iwo anauzidwa akalonga osafunika amene sanalandire chizindikiro pa bolodi. Choncho, 1252 zinali Nevryueva asilikali, ndipo mu 1293-mamita Khan Duden anawononga khumi midzi yaikulu ya North-East Russia.

Poona zochitika zovuta ndi kusintha mwapang'onopang'ono ulamuliro m'mayiko kumpoto, mu 1299 mabishopu, anasamuka ku Kiev kwa Vladimir.

XIV m'zaka

Chofunika kwambiri tsiku m'mbiri ya Russia a m'nthawi ya chinayi. Mu 1325, iye anayamba kulamulira Ivan Kalita. Iye anayamba kusonkhanitsa onse ukulu mu boma limodzi. Choncho 1340 Ufumuyo Moscow, ena dziko, ndi mu 1328 anakhala Grand Duke wa Kalita.

Mu 1326 Vladimir Metropolitan Peter amasuntha kukakhala Moscow ngati mzinda m'tsogolo.

Yomwe inayamba mu 1347 ku Ulaya, mliri ( "Makoswe") revenues mu za 1352-mamita mpaka ku Russia. Anawawononga anthu ambiri.

Ponena za masiku zofunika mu mbiri ya Russia, makamaka wokwanira amasiya pa zochitika kugwirizana ndi Moscow. Mu 1359 iye akukwera wachifumu Dmitriy Ivanovich Donskoy. Mu zaka ziwiri kuyambira 1367-TH, pali nyumba mwala wa boma la Russia mu Moscow. Ndi chifukwa cha ichi anadzatchedwa "woyera mwala".

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chinayi, Russia potsiriza achoka wa khans ulamuliro Golden. Choncho, mu mtsempha zochitika zofunika ndi nkhondo pafupi Vozhi Mtsinje (1378) ndi Nkhondo ya Kulikovo (1380). kuwina asonyeza Mongol-Chitata kumpoto amayamba boma wamphamvu, umene kukhala pansi pa ulamuliro aliyense.

Komabe, Zolotaya Orda sanafune kutaya makhwawa zophweka. Mu 1382 Khan Tokhtamysh asonkhanitsa khamu lalikulu ndi ladziko Moscow.

Icho chinali ngoziyo otsiriza zokhudzana ndi asilikaliwa. Ngakhale Russia potsiriza anamasulidwa wotuluka goli la yekha zaka mtsogolo. Koma pa nthawi imeneyi palibe wina mukusautsika malire ake.

Komanso, mu 1395 Tamerlan potsiriza wawononga Golden gulu. Koma goli pa Russia anapitiriza kulibe.

m'ma XV

Madeti waukulu mu mbiri ya Russia m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu nkhawa makamaka m'dziko kuphatikiza mu boma limodzi Moscow.

Zoyambirira za m'ma unachitikira feuds. Kwa zaka mphamvu anali Vasily Ine ndi Vasily II Mdima, Yuriy Zvenigorodsky ndi wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka.

Events wa theka zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, pang'ono amatikumbutsa 1917 mu mbiri Russian. Adamtsata ulimi, nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi kupeza warlords ambiri zenizeni, atsogoleri zigawenga amene kenako anaphedwa ndi Moscow.

Chifukwa ndewu kugona kusankha njira kulimbitsa boma. Kunja, ndi zandale olamulira wogwirizira chikugwirizana ndi Chitata, ndipo Lithuanians, amene nthawi zina anaukira. Akalonga ena anadalira thandizo la East, ndi ena yaitali kukhulupirira West.

Ubwino wa zaka nkhondo inali amene anawina amene sanali kuyembekezera thandizo achilendo, ndipo limbitsa dziko kuchokera mkati. Choncho, chifukwa anali kuphatikiza a m'mayiko ambiri yaing'ono korona pansi pa ulamuliro wa Grand Duke wa Moscow.

Chinthu chofunika anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa autocephaly wa tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox. Tsopano pano analengeza Metropolitan wa Kiev ndi onse Russia. Ndiko kuti, anawonongedwa ndi kudalira Byzantium ndi Constantinople wa mabishopu.

Pa nkhondo ang'onoang'ono ndi kusamvetsetsana achipembedzo zimachitika 1458 ndi Moscow nthambi ya Kiev Metropolia.

Makangano pakati pa akalonga itatha inalowa a John III. Iye anapambana mu 1471 ku Novgorod Shelonskoy nkhondo, ndi 1478th wa potsiriza amamangirira Novgorod kwa Moscow ukulu.

Mu 1480 panali limodzi la zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu. Amadziwika mu mbiri wotchedwa ataima pa Ugra. Iyi ndi nkhani yokondweretsa kwambiri kuti anthu a m'nthawi kuti "lachinsinsi chitetezero cha Virigo." Han Ahmat anasonkhanitsa khamu lalikulu ndi amatsutsana ndi Ivan III, amene anali mu mgwirizano ndi Crimea khan.

Koma pamaso nkhondo sanabwere. Patapita makamu yaitali ubwenzi ndi mnzake, onse Army anyamata. Akatswiri lero anapeza kuti chifukwa cha kufooka kwa Wamkulu gulu, ndi zochita za magulu oukira boma mu kumbuyo Ahmat.

Choncho, 1480 ndi Moscow ukulu anakhala boma kwathunthu mwayekha.

Similar wofunika inayamba mu 1552 mu mbiriyakale Russian. Za iye tidzakambirana ina.

Mu 1497, iye yokhala anatengera ndi wovomerezeka "Code Chilamulo", malamulo kwa anthu onse a mphamvu.

XVI m'ma

M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi amakhala ndi ndondomeko amphamvu centralization a dziko. Anayamba nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Basil III kuti Pskov Moscow (1510), Smolensk (1514) ndi Ryazan (1521). Komanso kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1517 otchulidwa Boyar Duma monga chiwalo cha boma.

Ndi imfa ya Vasily III amayamba kuchepa ka Muscovy. Malamulo pa nthawi Helen Glinskaya, amene anali m'malo mwa Boyar mphamvu. Koma mapeto a mwankhanza anaika akuluakulu mwana wa mkulu womwalirayo Ivan Vasilyevich.

Iye anakwera pa mpando wachifumu mu 1547. Ivan Grozny anayamba ndi mfundo yachilendo. Mu boma Ndipotu mpaka 1565, Duke anadalira pa Zemsky Sobor ndi boyars. Pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu anatha kugwirizana kwambiri m'gawo.

Lodziwika ndi 1552 mu mbiri Russian. Ndiye Ivan Grozny analanda Kazan Khanate ndi amamangirira za Moscow State. Kuwonjezera iye, iwo unagonjetsedwa m'madera monga Astrakhan Khanate (1556), mzinda wa Polotsk (1562).

Siberia Khan mu 1555 anachonderera m'manja mwa Ivan. Komabe, mu 1563 m'malo mwake pa mpando wachifumu wa Khan Kuchum akuswa maubwenzi anu onse ndi Moscow.

Patapita zaka khumi ndi theka kuwagonjetsa Grand Duke anasolola tione zinthu mkati mwa dziko. Mu 1565 izo anakhazikitsa oprichnina ndipo anayamba kuzunza ndi mantha. Ankhondo onse a banja, amene anayamba kupeza ntchito mphamvu, kuwonongedwa ndi chuma chawo analandidwa. Kuphedwa mpaka 1572.

Mu 1582 Ermak akuyamba ulendo wake wotchuka ku Siberia, umene unatha chaka.

Mu 1583 izo zinasaina pangano mtendere ndi Sweden, yotsirizira akubwerera m'mayiko onse anagonjetsa panthawi ya nkhondo.

Mu 1584 afa Ivan ndi wabwera mphamvu, Boris Godunov. Mfumu weniweni anali kokha mu 1598, pambuyo pa imfa ya Fyodor, mwana Ivana Groznogo.

Mu 1598, iye linasokonekera mzere wa Rurik, ndipo atafa Boris (1605) nkuyamba Nthawi ya Mavuto ndi Semiboyarshina.

XVII m'zaka

chochitika chofunika kwambiri mu 1613 mu mbiriyakale Russian. Iye kwakhudza osati m'nthawi ino, koma kwa zaka mazana atatu. Chaka chino anathetsa Mavuto anayamba kulamulira, Mikhail, woyambitsa wa Romanov mafumu.

M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri amakhala ndi njira ya mapangidwe ndi kukula kwa ufumu Moscow. Mu mfundo yachilendo, pali mikangano ndi Poland (1654), Sweden (1656). Kuyambira 1648 ndi 1654 kunali zipolowe ku Ukraine, pansi pa utsogoleri wa Khmelnitsky.

Ziwawa mu Muscovy anali mu 1648 (Salt), 1662 (Mkuwa), 1698 (Streletsky). Mu zaka 1668-1676 panali zipolowe pa Islands Solovetsky. Ndipo kuyambira 1670 pa 1671 anapandukira Cossacks kutsogoleredwa ndi Stenka Razin.

Kuwonjezera chipwirikiti moŵa zipolowe zokhudza ndale ndiponso zachuma achipembedzo ndi kugawanika pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Kholo lakale Nikon anayesa kusintha moyo wauzimu wa anthu, koma osavomerezeka ndi okhulupirira Old. Mu 1667 iye anatsutsika ndi ku ukapolo.

Choncho, kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zinali ndondomeko mapangidwe boma limodzi, imene mabungwe osiyana "pogaya" kwa wina ndi mzake. Izo zikutsiriza ndi inalowa la Peter I.

Iwo likukhalira kuti mu 1613 ku Russia Mbiri chinali chiyambi cha achire ku ang'onoang'ono. A Poroshenko anatembenuka ufumu mu ufumu ndi kutsogozedwa Russia mlingo lonse.

XVIII m'ma

Century kuchira lamphamvu, chimene akudziwa mbiri ya Russia - m'ma 18. Deti la kukhazikitsidwa kwa mizinda latsopano, mayunivesite, maphunziro ndi malo ena zikuyendera.

Choncho, mu 1703 yomanga St. Petersburg. Mu 1711 izo anakhazikitsa Senate, ndipo mu 1721 - Synod. Mu 1724 anayambitsanso Academy of Sciences. Mu 1734-mamita - waukulu asilikali bungwe la dziko, dziko olemekezeka nyumba. Mu 1755 analenga University of Moscow. Ichi ndi mbali chabe ya zochitika, zomwe zikuonetsa wamphamvu chikhalidwe kukula mu chikhalidwe.

Mu 1712-mamita likulu inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku "lakale" Moscow "mnyamata" Petersburg. Komanso, mu 1721, Russia ankalengeza ufumu, ndi Peter A. oyambirira kulandira lakuti.

M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu ndi chochititsa chidwi kwa anthu amene mbiri lankhondo la Russia. Madeti ndi zochitika za zana lino mphamvu kochuruka kwa asilikali dziko ndi m'nyanja, komanso zodabwitsa za ukachenjede.

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi dziko analowa ufumu wamphamvu amene anagonjetsa Turkey, Sweden, Rzeczpospolita.

XIX atumwi

Ngati atumwi wotsiriza unali mbali ya kukula chikhalidwe ndi asilikali a boma, ndiye nthawi yotsatira pali reorientation pang'ono patsogolo. chitukuko mofulumira zachuma ndi kulekana kwa boma kwa anthu - mbiriyakale yonse ya Russia, m'zaka 19.

Madeti a zochitika zazikulu za nthawi amatiuza za kukula kwa ziphuphu pakati pa akuluakulu aboma, komanso akuyesetsa ndi apolisi analenga zigawo m'munsi mwa executors wa anthu osaganiza.

Major asilikali mikangano ya atumwi anayamba World nkhondo II (1812), ndi nkhondo pakati Russia ndi Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877.).

Ndale zoweta monga pali ya kusintha umalimbana ukapolo kuposa anthu wamba. Izi kusintha Speransky (1809), kusintha kwakukulu (1862), kusintha milandu (1864), kufufuza (1865), mokakamizidwa usilikali (1874).

Ngakhale ngati ife kuganizira chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu 1861, komabe N'zoonekeratu kuti bureaucracy amafuna kudzapeza masuku pamutu anthu wamba.
Yankho ndondomeko amenewa anali mndandanda wa kusamvera. 1825 - Decembrists. 1830 ndi 1863 zaka - zipolowe ku Poland. Mu 1881, anthu anaphedwa Alexander II.

Pa nthawi imene Rute wosakhutira anthu ndi boma la Democrats Social umalimba malo. Msonkhano woyamba unachitika mu chaka cha 1898.

XX atumwi

Ngakhale zafotokozedwa pamwambapa nkhondo, tsoka ndi zoopsa zina, makamaka mantha ena masiku a zaka za m'ma 20. Russian mbiri mpaka nthawi imeneyo sindinadziwe kutulo chotero, chomwe kotala zoyambirira za m'ma, ndi Bolsheviks ankachitika.

Kukwera kwa 1905 ndi nawo nkhondo World I (1914-1917.) Anali udzu otsiriza antchito wamba ndi anthu wamba.

1917 mu mbiri Russia a udakumbukika kwa nthawi yaitali. Zitasintha October ndi abdication a Nicholas II ku mpando wachifumu wa banja lake analandidwa ndi mfuti mu July 1918. Umayamba nkhondo yapachiweniweni kuti chinakhalapo mpaka 1922, pamene Union of Soviet Socialist unakhazikitsidwa. Mofananamo, dislocation ndi mavuto zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro china mu 1991 mu mbiri Russia.

Zaka zoyambirira za boma latsopano sankawabisira tsoka chikhalidwe cha kufanana lalikulu. Izi njala 1932-1933 ndi 1936-1939 kupondereza.

Mu 1941, boma la Soviet Union adzalowa mu nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Tili mkangano mwambo mbiri amatchedwa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Pambuyo kuwina mu 1945, amayamba kubwezeretsa ndi waufupi kudzachitika wolemera dziko.

1991 mbiri ya Russia anakhala chitembenukiro. Soviet Union anakomoka, kusiya mu makhalidwe maloto zonse "tsogolo lowala". Ndipotu, anthu anafunika kuphunzira moyo kuchokera zikande mu chuma msika ku boma latsopano.

Choncho, ife tili nawe, okondedwa, mwachidule kuyenda mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri Russian.

Zabwino, ndipo kumbukirani kuti mayankho a mafunso a m'tsogolo zasungidwa mu maphunziro a m'mbuyomu.