Maselo ndi mapangidwe ofanana a phenol

Phenols ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la zonunkhira za mowa. Ndi katundu wawo, zinthu zili zofooka. Chofunika kwambiri ndi a homologues ambiri a hydroxybenzene C ₆ H ₅ 0H (phenol formula) - woyimira wotsogolera kwambiri. Tiyeni tipitirire pa izi mwatsatanetsatane.

Phenols. Njira yowonjezera ndi magawo

Njira yaikulu ya zinthu zakuthupi zokhudzana ndi zonunkhira za mowa ndi R-OH. Mamolekyu a phenols ndi zokolola zoyenera zimapangidwa ndi kwambiri - phenyl C6H5, yomwe imodzi kapena magulu a hydroxyl magulu OH (hydroxy magulu) akugwirizanitsidwa mwachindunji. Mwa nambala yawo mu molekyu, phenols amagawidwa kukhala osakwatiwa, aŵiri ndi a polyatomic. Mitundu ya monatomic ya mtundu uwu ndi phenol ndi cresol. Ambiri mwa polyhydric hydroxybenzenes ndi naphthols, omwe ali ndi 2 osakanikirana nuclei.

Phenol ndi woimira mafuta onunkhira

Phenol ankadziwika ndi ogwira nsalu kale m'zaka za zana la XVIII: nsalu zogwiritsa ntchito monga dye. Mu distillation ya malasha mu 1834, katswiri wa zamagetsi wa ku Germany F. Runge anasankha makristasi a chinthu ichi ndi fungo labwino. Dzina lachilatini la malasha ndi carbo, motero gululo limatchedwa carbolic acid ( carbolic acid ). Wofufuzira wa ku Germany analephera kudziwa momwe zimayambira. Pulogalamu ya phenol inakhazikitsidwa mu 1842 ndi O. Laurent, amene ankaganiza kuti chochokera ku benzeni. Pakuti asidi atsopano amatchedwa "phenyl". Charles Gerard adatsimikiza kuti mankhwalawa ndi mowa, ndipo amatcha phenol. Malo oyambirira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamaguluwa ndi mankhwala, kuyisaka khungu, kupanga utoto wojambula. Zizindikiro za mankhwala:

• Njira yodabwitsa ya mankhwala ndi C ₆ H ₅ OH.
• Mlingo wolemera wa phulusa ndi 94.11 a. E. M.
• Njira yowonongeka, yomwe ikuwonetseratu, ndi C ₆ H ₆ O.

Mapulogalamu ndi magetsi a phenol molecule

Bungwe la benzeni la Germany lopangidwa ndi mpweya wotchedwa F. Kekule mu 1865, ndipo posakhalitsa - I. Loschmidt. Asayansi ankaimira molekyu wa zinthu zakuthupi monga mawonekedwe a hexagon yodziŵika pamodzi ndi zomangira zosavuta ndi ziwiri. Malingana ndi malingaliro amakono, khungu lamoto ndi mtundu wapadera wokhala ndi mphete, wotchedwa "conjugated connection".

Maatomu 6 a carbon C amapanga njira ya sp ² -hybridization ya electronic orbitals. Mitambo ya p-electron, yomwe siimayambitsa nawo mapangidwe a C-C, imagwera pamwamba ndi pansi pa ndege ya kamolekyu. Pali magawo awiri a mtambo wodabwitsa wa magetsi, umene umaphimba mphete yonse. Mapangidwe a phenol angayang'ane mosiyana, opatsidwa njira yakufotokozera momwe mapangidwe a benzene alili. Pofuna kutsimikizira kuti mavitamini a hydrocarboni, omwe ali ndi mavitamini asanu ndi atatu osasunthika, sagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtundu uliwonse.

Kusokoneza mgwirizano wa hydroxy gulu

Mu zonunkhira bwino hydrocarbon - benzene C ₆ H ₆ - mtambo wa electron ndi wosiyana. The formula phenol amasiyana ndi hydroxy gulu. Kukhalapo kwa hydroxyl kumasokoneza maselo ofanana, omwe amasonyezedwa mu katundu wa chinthucho. Ubale wa oxygen ndi haidrojeni mu hydroxy gulu ndi polar covalent. Kuthamangitsidwa kwa magetsi awiri ku atomu ya oxygen kumabweretsa kuwonetsa kwachinyengo (ndalama zina). Hydrojeni imasiyidwa ndi electron ndipo imatenga ndalama zochepa za "+". Kuonjezera apo, mpweya wokhala mu gulu la O-H ndi mwini wake wa awiri awiri osagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mmodzi wa iwo amakopeka ndi mtambo wamakono wa phokoso lamoto. Pachifukwachi, mgwirizanowo umasintha kwambiri, atomu ya haidrojeni imalowetsedwa mosavuta ndi zitsulo. Zitsanzozo zimapereka lingaliro la chikhalidwe chosagwirizana cha phenol molecule.

Zapadera za kugwirizana kwa maatomu mu phenol

Mtambo umodzi wa electron wa phokoso lopaka mu phenol molecule umagwirizana ndi gulu la hydroxyl. Pali chodabwitsa chomwe chimatchedwa conjugation, chifukwa cha mitundu yambiri ya ma electron ya atomu ya oksijeni ya hydroxy gulu imakopeka ndi dongosolo la benzene. Kuchepa kwa mlandu woipa kumalipiritsidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa mgwirizano wa gulu la O-H.

Kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kumagwiranso ntchito phokoso lopaka mafuta. Zimachepa pa kaboni, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi mpweya, ndipo imayandikira pafupi ndi ma atomu apamtima omwe ali ndi malo otchedwa ortho-positions (2 ndi 6). Kugonjetsa kumayambitsa kusungidwa kwa mlandu "-" pa iwo. Kupitanso kwina kwa mphamvu zake ndi kuyenda kwa ma atomu meta (3 ndi 5) kufika ku carbon pa para-position (4). Chombo cha phenol chokhala ndi mwayi wophunzira kugonana ndi kugwirizanitsa kawirikawiri kumakhala ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu a ringeni ya benzene.

Kufotokozera za mankhwala a phenol pa maziko a magetsi

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsitsirana kwa phokoso ndi hydroxyl zimakhudza katundu wa particles ndi mankhwala onse. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa magetsi a ma atomu mu malo otchedwa ortho- and para (para, 2, 4, 6) kumapangitsa kuti ma C-H a mphete zonyeketsa za phenol zikhale zowonjezereka. Mphamvu yoipa ya maatomu a mpweya m'magazi amachepetsa (3 ndi 5). Kuthamanga kwa magawo a electrophilic mu machitidwe omwe amachitidwa ndi carbon, yomwe ili mu malo otchedwa ortho- and para-positions. Bromination reaction ya benzene, kusintha kumachitika ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndi kukhalapo kwa chothandizira. Chotsitsa cha monohalogeno, bromobenzene, chimapangidwa. The phenol formula amalola kuti mankhwalawo achite ndi bromine pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo popanda Kutentha ndi osakaniza.

Phokoso lamoto limakhudza chigwirizano cha ubale mu hydroxy gulu, kuwonjezeka. Atomu ya haidrojeni imakhala yochuluka kwambiri, poyerekezera ndi kuchepetsa mowa. Phenol amagwira ntchito ndi alkali, kupanga ma salt - phenolates. Ethanol sichimachita ndi alkalis, kapena m'malo mwake, zimagwira ntchito - zotchedwa ethanolates - zimawonongeka. Mankhwalawa, phenols ndi amphamvu kwambiri kuposa mankhwala oledzeretsa.

Oimira a kalasi ya zonunkhira za mowa

Njira yowonjezereka ya homologue ya phenol-cresol (methylphenol, hydroxytoluene) ndi C ₇ H ₈ O. Dothi lazinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri limaphatikizapo phenol, limakhalanso ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Other phenol ena:

• Pyrocatechin (1,2-hydroxybenzene). Mankhwalawa ndi C ₆ H ₄ (OH) ₂ .
• Resorcinol (1,3-hydroxybenzene) -C6H4 (OH) ₂ .
• Manyowa (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) -C6H3 (OH) ₃ .
• Nafitali. Chinthu chonsecho ndi C ₁₀ H ₇ OH. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala, mankhwala, zonunkhira mankhwala.
• Timol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol). Mankhwalawa ndi C ₆ H ₃ CH ₃ (OH) (C ₃ H ₇ ). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zimapangidwe za organic kaphatikizidwe, mankhwala.
• Vanillin, kuwonjezera pa phenolic kwambiri, ali ndi ether gulu ndi aldehyde mabwinja. Chinthu chachikulu cha pakompyuta ndi C ₈ H ₈ O ₃ . Vanillin amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati fungo lopangira.

Njira ya reagent yodziwika kwa phenols

Cholinga cha phenol chikhoza kuchitika mothandizidwa ndi bromine. Chifukwa cha kusinthika mmalo, kutuluka koyera kwamtundu wa tribromophenol kumadutsa. Pyrocatechin (1,2-hydroxybenzene) ndi yaiwisi wobiriwira pamaso pa utomoni wa chloride. Ndi reagent yomweyi, phenol imagwira mankhwala, ndipo katatulo, okhala ndi mtundu wofiirira, amapangidwa. Chimodzimodzinso ndi resorcinol ndi mawonekedwe a mdima wonyezimira pamaso pa chitsulo cha chloride. Pang'onopang'ono, mtundu wa njirayo umakhala wakuda. Mankhwala a reagent, omwe amatithandiza kuzindikira phenol ndi ena a anzake, ndi FeCl ₃ (chloride yachitsulo (III).

Hydroxybenzene, naphthol, thymol onse ndi phenols. Njira yowonjezereka ndi kupanga zinthuzo zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kudziwa ngati mankhwalawa ndi a zonunkhira. Zamoyo zonse zomwe zili mumtambo wawo ndizozizira kwambiri C ₆ H ₅ , zomwe ma hydroxy amagwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji. Zimasiyanasiyana ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi zabwino zomwe zimaonetsa acidity. Poyerekeza ndi zinthu za mtundu wa benzene, mankhwala otchedwa phenols ndi omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri.