Maselo a glial. Ntchito ndi mbali za maselo amodzi

Mitsempha ya mitsempha imakhala ndi ma neuroni okha komanso njira zawo. Pa 40% amaimiridwa ndi maselo amodzi, omwe amathandiza kwambiri pamoyo wawo. Zimapangitsa kuti ubongo ndi dongosolo la manjenje zisamangidwe kuchokera kumalo ena onse a thupi ndikuonetsetsa kuti ntchito yake ndi yofunika kwambiri, yomwe ndi yofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu ndi nyama zina zomwe zimakhala ndi mitsempha yoyenera. Ndipo maselo a neuroglia amatha kugawa, omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi neurons.

General maganizo a neuroglia

Chiwerengero cha maselo am'madzi otchedwa glial cells amatchedwa neuroglia. Awa ndiwo maselo apadera omwe ali m'katikati mwa mitsempha ya m'mitsempha komanso pamtunda. Amathandizira maonekedwe a ubongo ndi msana, komanso amapereka zakudyazo. Zimadziwika kuti m'katikatikati mwa mitsempha, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa magazi-ubongo, palibe chitetezo cha mthupi. Komabe, ngati antigen yachilendo imalowa mu ubongo kapena msana, komanso mu cerebrospinal, mchere wambiri, kamodzi kake kamene kamakhala kochepa kwambiri kamene kamakhala kovuta, kameneka kamapangika. Komanso, ndiko kupatukana kwa ubongo kuchokera kumatenda ozungulira omwe amapereka ubongo.

Chitetezo chamthupi cha ubongo

Ubongo, komwe kumachitika zambiri zamagetsi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zinthu zambiri zosadziwika bwino zimapangidwa, ziyenera kutetezedwa ku chitetezo cha umuna. Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti minofu ya neuronal ya ubongo imakhala yovuta kwambiri kuwonongeka. Choncho, maonekedwe a malo m'katikatikati a mitsempha, komwe magulu a chitetezo cha mthupi amatha, amachititsa imfa ya maselo oyandikana nawo kapena kuwonongedwa kwa mpweya wa m'mphuno.

Pamphepete mwa thupi, kuwonongeka kwa maselo osokonezeka posachedwapa kudzadza ndi ophunzira atsopano. Ndipo mu ubongo sikutheka kubwezeretsa ntchito ya yotayika ya neuron. Ndipo ndi ubongo umene umalepheretsa ubongo kuti usagwirizane ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, chimene chimayambira pakati pa mitsempha yambiri ya ma antigen.

Chiwerengero cha maselo amodzi

Maselo ofiira amagawanika kukhala mitundu iŵiri malinga ndi kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino. Sungani maselo a microglial ndi macroglia. Mitundu yoyamba ya maselo imachokera ku tsamba la mesodermal. Awa ndiwo maselo ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi njira zambiri, zomwe zimatha kupangira phagocytizing solids. Macroglia ndi chiyambi cha ectoderm. Glial cell ya macroglia imagawidwa m'mitundu yambiri malinga ndi morpholoje. Maselo a Ependymal ndi astrocytic, komanso oligodendrocytes, amadziwika. Mitundu yambiri ya ma makinawa imagawidwa m'mitundu yambiri.

Ependymal glial cell

Maselo amtundu wa Ependymal amapezeka m'madera ena apakatikati a mitsempha. Zimakhazikitsa mapeto a ziwalo za ubongo ndi pakatikati. Amachokera ku embryogenesis, amachokera ku ectoderm, ndipo amaimira njira yapadera ya neuroepithelium. Imakhala yanyumba yambiri ndipo imapanga ntchito zingapo:

• Zothandizira: zimapanga makina opangidwira, omwe amasungidwa ndi hydrostatic pressure ya cerebrospinal fluid;
• Chinsinsi: Amalowetsamo mankhwala ena;
• Kuchulukitsa: kumasiyanitsa ubongo kuchokera ku cerebrospinal fluid.

Mitundu ya ependymocytes

Pakati pa ependymocytes palinso mitundu yawo. Izi ndi ependymocytes ya 1 ndi 2 ndandanda, komanso matanicites. Choyamba chimakhala choyambira cha ependymal membrane, ndipo ependymocytes ali pamzere wachiwiri pamwamba pawo. Ndikofunika kuti ependymal cell selo yoyamba ichite nawo mapangidwe a chitetezo cha magazi (pakati pa magazi ndi chilengedwe cha mkati mwa zinyama). Ependymocytes ya yachiwiri ili ndi villi yomwe imayang'ana kutsogolo kwa cerebrospinal fluid. Palinso timannicles omwe ali maselo a mapulogalamu.

Iwo ali mu zigawo zotsatila za pansi pa ubongo wachitatu wa chiberekero. Pokhala ndi microvilli kumbali ya apical ndi imodzi pambali pa basal, iwo akhoza kutumiza uthenga kwa neurons za kapangidwe kachakumwa madzi. Pachifukwa ichi, cerebrospinal fluid kudzera m'mabwalo ang'onoang'ono omwe ali pakati pa ependymocytes a 1 ndi 2 amatha kupita ku neurons. Izi zimatithandiza kunena kuti ependyma ndi mtundu wapadera wa epithelium. Zomwe zimagwira ntchito, koma osati mafanidwe a morphological pamphuno mwa thupi ndi endothelium mitsempha ya mitsempha.

Oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocyte ndi mitundu ya maselo amodzi omwe amayandikana ndi neuron ndi njira zake. Zimapezeka zonse pakatikati za mitsempha, komanso pafupi ndi mitsempha yambiri yomwe imasokonezeka. Oligodendrocyte okha ndiwo maselo a polygonal omwe ali ndi mphukira 1-5. Zimalumikizana wina ndi mzake, kuchotsa mpweya wochokera ku chilengedwe cha mkati mwa zamoyo komanso kupereka chikhalidwe cha mitsempha ya mitsempha ndi chibadwa cha zofuna. Pali mitundu itatu ya oligodendrocytes, yomwe imasiyanasiyana ndi morphology:

• Selo lalikulu lomwe lili pafupi ndi thupi la ubongo neuron;
• Malo osungira satellita oyandikana ndi thupi la neuron mu ganglion wamba;
• Selo la Schwann, lophimba njira ya neuronal ndi kupanga chidutswa cha myelin.

Maselo otchedwa oligodendrocyte m'maso amapezeka m'maganizo ndi m'kati mwa msana, komanso m'mitsempha ya m'mimba. Ndipo pamene sichidziwika, kodi seti ya satelliti imasiyana bwanji ndi imodzi yapakati. Popeza kuti maselo onse m'magulu onse a thupi, kupatulapo kugonana, mofananamo, zikutheka kuti oligodendrocytewa amatha kusintha wina ndi mzake. Ntchito za oligodendrocyte ndi izi:

• Kusamalira;
• Kusokoneza;
• Kusiyanitsa;
• Trophic.

Astrocytes

Astrocytes ndi maselo ochepa a ubongo omwe amapanga ubongo. Iwo ali ndi mawonekedwe a stellate ndipo ali ang'onoang'ono, ngakhale ali aakulu kuposa maselo a microglia. Pali mitundu iwiri yokha ya astrocytes: fibrous ndi protoplasmic. Mitundu yoyamba ya maselo ili mu nkhani yoyera ndi imvi ya ubongo, ngakhale kuti ndi yaikulu kwambiri yoyera.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndizofala kwambiri mmadera omwe muli nthiti zambiri za neuronal myelinated. Astrocyte ya protoplasmic imakhalanso maselo ofunika kwambiri: amapezeka m'mimba yoyera ndi imvi ya ubongo, koma imakhala yaikulu kwambiri mu imvi. Choncho, ntchito yawo ndi kulenga chithandizo cha matupi a neuroni ndi bungwe lokhazikika la magazi a ubongo.

Microglia

Maselo a microglial ndi mtundu wotsiriza wa neuroglia. Komabe, mosiyana ndi maselo ena onse a m'katikati mwa zamanjenje, ali ndi chiyambi cha mesodermal ndipo ndi mitundu yapadera ya monocytes. Oyambirira awo ndi maselo ofunika. Chifukwa cha zenizeni za kapangidwe ka ma neuroni ndi mapulaneti awo, maselo am'mlengalenga amachititsa kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chitetezeke m'katikati mwa mitsempha. Ndipo ntchito zawo zili zofanana ndi za macrophages. Iwo ali ndi udindo wa phagocytosis ndi kuzindikira ndi kufotokoza kwa antigen.

Microglia ili ndi mitundu yapadera ya maselo am'mlengalenga omwe ali ndi magulu osiyanitsa mafupa, omwe amatsimikizira kuti mafupa awo amachokera komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chitetezo cha mthupi m'katikati mwa mitsempha. Iwo ali ndi udindo wa chitukuko cha matenda opatsirana, matenda a Alzheimer ndi matenda a Parkinson. Komabe, selo lokhalo ndi njira yokhayo yodziwira zovuta zomwe zimachitika. Choncho, mwinamwake, padzakhala zotheka kupeza njira yothandizira microglia, njira zothandizira matendawa zidzathetsedwa.