Chitetezo

Kutsegula kwa maselo woyamba wa chitetezo cha m'thupi (1887) - phagocyte (macrophage) - limabweretsa I. I. Mechnikovu. Phagocytosis (mayamwidwe ena maselo ena) anali kale kuyambira 1862. Komabe Mechnikov nthawi unkakhazikitsidwa kugwirizana pakati pa ndondomeko iyi ndi ntchito zoteteza, amene ali chitetezo cha m'thupi. Ofufuza ambiri, kuyambira mphindi anayamba kulibe nthambi yatsopano ya mankhwala - immunology.

The chitetezo cha thupi ndi mndandanda wa nyumba anatomical. Ntchito yake ndi kuonetsetsa chitetezo malowedwe a wothandizila osiyana opatsirana kwa mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya awo, komanso zinthu zimakhala anapatsa yachilendo antigenic katundu.

chitetezo cha m'thupi amatha kuzindikira kuchuluka yaikulu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - kuchokera tizilomboto nyongolotsi, motero kusiyanitsa iwo ku mamolekyulu kwachilengedwenso maselo yekha. Nthawi zambiri, kutanthauzira ndi wothandizila matenda ndi zovuta ndi mphamvu yake kuti azolowere mwa kukulitsa njira zatsopano malowedwe ndi matenda.

Antigens ndi mamolekyulu kuti zimene zingachititse kupanikizika. Sikuti tizilomboto tikalowa m'thupi kuchokera kunja. Mwachitsanzo, mu pathologies autoimmune monga antigens ndi thupi maselo yekha.

Cholinga chachikulu ndi kuwononga dongosolo zoteteza zoipa tizilomboto. chitetezo cha m'thupi wapatsidwa njira zosiyanasiyana ndi zida kudziwika ndi Kupha wothandizila yachilendo. Zimenezi lonse chikudziwika ngati "yankho". Kuyankha m'thupi akhoza yotengedwa kapena kobadwa nako.

Kuthi anachita isiyana alipo mkulu kulunjika chibadidwe zimene mtundu wofunitsitsa wothandizila yachilendo. Amalola malowedwe mobwerezabwereza tizilomboto kuti kuzindikira ndi kuthetsa izo posachedwapa.

Nthawi zina, munthu wapanga chitetezo moyo wake wonse akutsutsa malowedwe a antigens zina, mwachitsanzo, pambuyo nthomba, diphtheria, chikuku.

Kuyambira mfundo anatomical amazionera, chitetezo cha m'thupi penapake unagawanika. Ngakhale ena kufalitsa thupi, onse a nyumba yake ali paubwenzi ndi lymphatic ndi magazi zotengera. Mabungwe dongosolo zoteteza lagawidwa chapakati ndi zotumphukira. Palinso maselo mthupi.

Kuti ziwalo chapakati lymphoid dongosolo zoteteza monga thymus (thymus), mapangidwe lymphoid mu m'matumbo, zakumapeto, yoopsa chiwindi, mafupa.

maselo Immunocompetent amaonedwa leukocytes polynuclear, monocytes, lymphocytes, maselo Langerhans (khungu loyera epidermotsitov Njira), ndipo ena.

Kuteteza zotumphukira lymphoid ziwalo monga ndulu, lymph mfundo.

Unyinji okwana maselo onse ndi ziwalo zimene zimaphatikizapo chitetezo cha m'thupi la munthu wamkulu imodzi kilogalamu.

The nyumba zotumphukira zosiyanasiyana limapezeka (yatsoka kusiyana pakati pa maselo homogeneous) ndi kuchuluka kwa Antigen. Mu ziwalo chapakati ndi nyumba pakati pa maselo okhwima immunocompetent. Otsiriza (ambiri a iwo) mowirikiza kufalitsidwa. Motero, mbali ya maselo mthupi ku bedi mtima amasuntha kwa khadi iliyonse dongosolo kumatenda ndi kumbuyo. Onse zigawo zikuluzikulu zigawo zikuluzikulu poteteza kapangidwe ndi inakula. maselo kucheza ndi mzake kalekale mwachindunji kulowa kugwirizana kapena kumasuka cytokines ndi immunoglobulins (chitetezo) mu chilengedwe. Cytokines, amene anapanga ndi monocytes ndi macrophages, lotchedwa monokines, ndipo popangidwa ndi lymphocytes - lymphokines.

Choncho, interrelationship wa nyumba yonse ya chitetezo cha m'thupi ndiponso oteteza allocated selo ndipamene limagwirira zovuta wodzilamulira chitetezo.