Makhalidwe a magnesium. Mankhwala a magnesium

Mankhwala a magnesium ndi khumi ndi awiri pansi pa nkhaniyi mu tebulo la periodic. Ilo limatanthawuza gulu lachiwiri ndi nthawi yachitatu. Zimaphatikizidwa muzitsulo zonse zazitsulo zamchere. Sayansi yomwe imaphunzira zinthu izi ndi zamakina. Tebulo la Mendeleev, lochokera pa omwe angaphunzire sayansiyi, limatisonyeza kuti ma proton ndi neutroni omwe ali mu atomu ya magnesiamu ali khumi ndi awiri. Izi zikhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi nambala ya ordinal (ndi yofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma protoni, ndipo chiwerengero cha electron chidzakhala chofanana ngati atomu, osati ion).

Mankhwala amtundu wa magnesium amathandizanso kufufuza zinthu. Tebulo la Mendeleev ndilofunikanso kuti liwoneke, chifukwa likutiwonetsa valence ya element (mu nkhaniyi ndi ofanana ndi awiri). Zimatengera gulu limene atomu ili. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi chithandizo chake mungadziwe kuti magnesium ya molar ndi yofanana ndi makumi awiri ndi anayi. Momwemo, mole imodzi yachitsulo ichi chikulemera magalamu makumi awiri ndi anayi. Mlingo wa magnesium ndi wophweka - suli ndi ma molecule, koma ma atomu ogwirizanitsidwa ndi latrist lattice.

Khalidwe la magnesiamu mu fizikiki

Mofanana ndi zitsulo zonse, kupatula mercury, chigawochi chili ndi boma lokhazikika bwino. Ili ndi mdima wofiira wowala kwambiri. Chitsulochi chili ndi mphamvu zamphamvu. Maganizo a magnesium samatha pamenepo. Taganizirani za kusungunuka ndi malo otentha. Yoyamba ndi madigiri sikisite ndi makumi asanu pa Celsius, yachiwiri ndi zikwi zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu. Zingaganize kuti izi ndizitsulo zosasunthika bwino. Kuwonjezera apo, ndiwopepuka kwambiri: mphamvu zake ndi 1.7 g / cm3.

Magesizi. Chemistry

Podziwa zochitika za thupi lino, mukhoza kupita ku gawo lachiwiri la makhalidwe ake. Chitsulochi chili ndi msinkhu wa ntchito. Izi zikhoza kuwonedwa kuchokera ku zitsulo zamagetsi - zowonjezereka, ndizowonjezera. Magesizi ndi imodzi mwa yoyamba kumanzere. Ganizirani mwatsatanetsatane, ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimakhudza ndi momwe zimachitikira.

Ndi zophweka

Izi zikuphatikizapo omwe ma molekyulu amakhala ndi mankhwala amodzi okha. Izi ndi oxygen, ndi fisfor, ndi sulfure, ndi zina zambiri. Choyamba, ganizirani momwe mpweya umagwirira ntchito. Amatchedwa kutentha. Pachifukwa ichi, amapezeka okosidi a chitsulo. Ngati mumayaka magetsi awiri a magnesium, pamene mukugwiritsira ntchito mole imodzi ya oksijeni, timapeza timadontho timene timapanga timadzi timene timapanga timadzi timene timapanga timadzi timene timapanga timadzi tokoma. Kufanana kwa zomwe zimachitikazi ndi kulembedwa motere: 2Mg + O ₂ = 2MgO. Komanso, pamene magnesiamu imatenthedwa kunja, nitride yake imapangidwanso, popeza chitsulochi chimagwirizana ndi nayitrogeni yomwe ili mumlengalenga.

Kutentha kwa magulu atatu a magnesium, mole imodzi ya nayitrogeni imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo chifukwa chake imodzi imodzi ya nitride ya chitsulo imapezeka. Kugwirizana kwa mtundu uwu wa kuyanjana kwa mankhwala kungalembedwe motere: 3Mg + N ₂ = Mg ₃ N ₂ .

Komanso, magnesiamu imatha kuchita ndi zinthu zina zosavuta, monga halo. Kuyanjana nawo kumachitika kokha pamene zigawozo zimatenthedwa ku kutentha kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, kuwonjezeredwa kumachitika. Halogens zimaphatikizapo zinthu zosavuta: chlorini, ayodini, bromine, fluorine. Ndipo zochita zimatchedwa moyenerera: chlorination, ayodini, bromination, fluorination. Monga momwe zinalili zotheka kulingalira, chifukwa chotsatirana koteroko n'zotheka kupeza kloride, iodide, bromide, magnesium fluoride. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutenga mole imodzi ya magnesium ndi ayodini yofanana, timapeza mole imodzi ya iodide ya chitsulo. Mankhwalawa amatha kufotokozera motere: Mg + I ₂ = MgI ₂ . Mfundo yomweyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chlorination. Pano pali equation reaction: Mg + Cl ₂ = MgCl ₂ .

Komanso, zitsulo, kuphatikizapo magnesium, zimachita ndi phosphorous ndi sulfure. Poyamba, mungapeze phosphide, m'chiwiri-sulfide (osati kusokonezeka ndi phosphates ndi sulfati!). Ngati mutenga makilogalamu atatu a magnesium, onjezerani phosphorous ndi kutentha kwa madzi awiri omwe amafunidwa, mole imodzi ya phosphide ya chitsuloyo imapangidwa. Mgwirizano wa mankhwalawa ndi awa: 3Mg + 2P = Mg ₃ P ₂ . Mofananamo, ngati tiphatikiza magnesium ndi sulfure mofanana mofanana ndikupanga zinthu zofunikira ngati kutentha kwakukulu, timapeza sulfure ya chitsulo chopatsidwa. Kugwirizana kwa mgwirizanowu kumatha kulembedwa monga: Mg + S = MgS. Choncho talingalira momwe zitsulo zimagwirira ntchito ndi zinthu zina zosavuta. Koma mankhwalawa a magnesium samatha pamenepo.

Zomwe zimachitika ndi zovuta zambiri

Zinthu izi zikuphatikizapo madzi, salt, asidi. Ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a mankhwala, zitsulo zimachita mosiyana. Ganizirani zonse mu dongosolo.

Magesizi ndi madzi

Pamene chitsulocho chimagwirizanitsa ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka kwambiri padziko lapansi, oksidi ndi hydrogen amapangidwa ngati mpweya wokhala ndi fungo loipa kwambiri. Kuti achite mtundu uwu wachithupi, zigawozi zikufunikanso kukhala mkangano. Ngati mutasakaniza imodzi ya magnesium ndi madzi, timapeza mofanana wa oxide ndi hydrogen. The equation reaction yalembedwa motere: Mg + H ₂ O = MgO + H ₂ .

Kuyanjana ndi zidulo

Mofanana ndi zitsulo zina zowonongeka, magnesium imatha kuchotsa maatomu a hydrogen m'magulu awo. Zoterezi zimatchedwa kusintha mmalo. Zikatero, maatomu a zitsulo amaloŵedwa m'malo ndi maatomu a hydrogen ndi kupanga mchere wokhala ndi magnesium (kapena chinthu china) ndi acid acid precipitate. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutenga mole imodzi ya magnesium ndi kuwonjezera pa hydrochloric acid mu kuchuluka kwa ma moles awiri, mole imodzi ya chloride ya chitsulo ndi momwemo hydrogen amapangidwa. Mchitidwe wa equation udzawoneka ngati: Mg + 2HCl = MgCl ₂ + H ₂ .

Kuyanjana ndi salt

Monga mchere umapangidwira kuchokera ku zidulo, tanena kale, koma ma magnesium opangidwa kuchokera ku malo ofunikira amaphatikizapo kulingalira za momwe amachitira ndi salt. Pachifukwa ichi, kuyanjana kungatheke kokha ngati chitsulo mumchere sichitha kuchepa kusiyana ndi magnesium. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutenga mole imodzi ya magnesium ndi mkuwa sulphate, timapeza sulphate yachitsulo chomwe chili mu funso ndi mkuwa wonyezimira mofanana. Kufanana kwa mtundu woterewu kungalembedwe mu mawonekedwe otsatirawa: Mg + CuSO ₄ = MgSO ₄ + Cu. Apa, kuchepa kwa magnesium kumawonetseredwa.

Ntchito ya chitsulo

Chifukwa chakuti amaposa aluminiyamu m'zinthu zambiri - nthawi zitatu zimakhala zowala, koma kawiri mwamphamvu, zakhala zikufala m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Choyamba, izi ndi zomangamanga. Pano, zida zamagetsi zogwiritsa ntchito magnesium zimakhala zoyamba pakati pa zipangizo zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuonjezera apo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani monga mankhwala ochepetsera kupanga zitsulo kuchokera ku mankhwala awo. Chifukwa chakuti pakuyaka moto, magnesium imapanga kuwala kwakukulu kwambiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu ankhondo kuti apange zida za mbendera, zipolopolo zopanda phokoso, ndi zina zotero.

Kupeza magnesium

Kwenikweni, zipangizo izi ndi chloride ya chitsulo chomwe chili mu funso. Izi zimachitidwa ndi electrolysis.

Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitsulo zikhale zogwiritsidwa ntchito

Iyi ndi njira yapadera yokonzera kukhalapo kwa ion ya chinthu. Poyesa yankho la kukhalapo kwa mankhwala a magnesium, mukhoza kuwonjezera potaziyamu kapena sodium carbonate. Chotsatira chake, mawonekedwe oyera, omwe amatha kusungunuka mosavuta.

Kodi chitsulochi chikupezeka kuti m'chilengedwe?

Izi zimakhala zofala kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Kutalika kwa dziko lapansi kuli pafupifupi magawo awiri a chitsulo ichi. Amapezeka mchere wambiri, monga carnallite, magnesite, dolomite, talc, asibesitosi. Mchere wa oyambirira umawoneka monga: KCl • MgCl ₂ • 6H ₂ O. Zikuwoneka ngati makristu a bluu, pinki yotumbululuka, yofiira, yofiira kapena yonyezimira. Magnesite ndi magnesium carbonate, mankhwala ake ndi MGCO ₃ . Ili ndi mtundu woyera, koma malingana ndi zosayera, ikhoza kukhala ndi imvi, yofiirira kapena yachikasu. Dolomite ili ndi njira yotsatirayi: MgCO ₃ • CaCO ₃ . Ndi mchere wonyezimira kapena wachikasu umene uli ndi sheen yamoto.

Talc ndi asibesitosi ali ndi zovuta zambiri: 3MgO • 4SiO ₂ • H ₂ O ndi 3 MgO • 2SiO ₂ • 2H ₂ O, mofanana. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwawo kutentha, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani. Kuonjezera apo, magnesium ndi gawo la mankhwala opangidwa ndi selo ndi kapangidwe kake ka zinthu zambiri. Izi tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane.

Udindo wa magnesium kwa thupi

Chomera ichi ndi chofunikira kwa zolengedwa zonse zamasamba ndi zinyama. Magesizi a zinyama ndizofunikira. Monga momwe chitsulo ndicho maziko a hemoglobini, chofunikira kwa moyo wa zinyama, kotero magnesium ndiyo njira yaikulu ya chlorophyll, yopanda yomwe sipangakhale zomera. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga photosynthesis, zomwe zimapangidwira zakudya kuchokera kumagulu a masamba. Magnesium ndi yofunikanso kwambiri kwa nyama. Gawo lalikulu la microelement mu selo ndi 0.02-0.03%. Ngakhale kuti ndizochepa, zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe a organoids monga mitochondria, omwe amachititsa kupuma kwa maselo ndi mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu, komanso ribosomes, momwe mapuloteni ofunikira ntchito yofunikira amapangidwa, amasungidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi mbali ya mankhwala omwe amapangidwa ndi mavitamini ambiri omwe amafunika kuti maselo ofikira m'magazi ndi DNA asinthidwe.

Kwa thupi lonse, magnesiamu amafunika kuthandizira kusinthanitsa kwa shuga, mafuta ndi zina zotchedwa amino acid. Ndiponso, mothandizidwa ndi chidule ichi, mitsempha ya mitsempha imatha kufalikira. Kuwonjezera pa zonse zomwe tafotokozazi, mphamvu yowonjezera ya magnesium m'thupi imachepetsa chiopsezo cha mtima, matenda a mtima ndi zikwapu.

Zizindikiro zapamwamba ndi zochepa mu thupi la munthu

Kuperewera kwa magnesium m'thupi kumawonetseredwa ndi zizindikiro zoyenera monga kuthamanga kwa magazi, kutopa ndi kugwira ntchito yosauka, kukhumudwa ndi kugona koipa, kukumbukira kukumbukira, chizungulire. Komanso, kunjenjemera, kugwedezeka, kunjenjemera ndi zala, kusokonezeka kungaoneke - izi ndi zizindikiro za kudya kochepa kwambiri ndi chakudya cha microelement. Kuperewera kwa magnesium m'thupi kumabweretsa matenda opuma, kupweteka kwa ntchito ya mtima, komanso matenda a shuga a mtundu wachiwiri. Kenako, ganizirani zamagetsi zamagetsi. Pofuna kupeŵa kusowa kwake, muyenera kudziwa kuti chakudya chimakhala chochuluka bwanji. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti zizindikiro zambirizi zingadziwonetsere mosiyana ndizo - kupitirira magnesium m'thupi, komanso kusowa zinthu monga potaziyamu ndi sodium. Choncho, nkofunika kuti muwerenge moyenera zakudya zanu ndikumvetsetsa kuti vutoli ndi lotani, ndibwino kuti lichitike mothandizidwa ndi odyetsa.

Magetsi okhala ndi mankhwalawa

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, chinthuchi ndicho chachikulu cha chlorophyll. Choncho, mukhoza kulingalira kuti chiwerengero chachikulu cha izo chikupezeka mu greenery: udzu winawake, katsabola, parsley, kolifulawa ndi kabichi, letesi, etc. Komanso, zambiri zakumwa, makamaka buckwheat ndi mapira, komanso oatmeal ndi balere. Kuonjezerapo, mcherewu uli ndi mtedza wambiri: makasu, walnuts, mtedza, makedza, ndi amondi. Komanso, zitsulo zambiri zomwe zili mu funsoli zimapezeka mu nyemba, monga nyemba ndi nandolo. Zambiri mwa izo ziri mu algae, mwachitsanzo, m'nyanja kale. Ngati kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwalawa kumachitika phindu lenileni, ndiye kuti thupi lanu silidzasowa chitsulo chomwe chili m'nkhaniyi. Ngati mulibe mwayi wodya chakudya chomwe chili pamwambapa, ndibwino kugula zakudya zowonjezera, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mfundoyi. Komabe, musanayambe kutero mufunsane ndi dokotala wanu.

Kutsiliza

Magesizi ndi imodzi mwa zitsulo zofunika kwambiri padziko lapansi. Wapeza ntchito zambiri m'magulu ambiri a mafakitale - kuchokera ku mankhwala kupita ku ndege ndi zamagulu. Komanso, ndikofunika kwambiri kuchokera ku malo owonetsekera. Popanda izo, kulibe zamoyo kapena zinyama zowoneka. Chifukwa cha chinthu ichi, njira yomwe imapereka moyo ku dziko lonse lapansi ikuchitika - photosynthesis.