Magulu zinenero mitundu. Text monga gulu la chinenero. Magulu Language ndi mavuto a categorization zinenero

M'nkhani ino tikulingalira siyana zofunika chinenero, apereke zitsanzo. Mudzaphunzira kuti zilankhulo anatsindika mayanjano zosiyanasiyana, sipangakhalenso wachinsinsi mu umodzi kapena wagawo wina.

ndi gulu zimene

Lingaliro kwambiri "gulu" poyamba ndi Aristotle. Makamaka, iye anasankha la magawo 10. Apa iwo ali: kupirira, kanthu, udindo, malo, nthawi, malo, maganizo, quality, kuchuluka, chikhalidwe. Mu njira zambiri, zimakhudza awo pa Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa kufufuza wotsatira wa predicates osiyanasiyana, predicates la chiganizo ndi mbali ya kulankhula.

cilamulo gulu

Musanawerenge magulu a chinenero ndi mavuto a categorization chinenero, m'pofunika kuti anthu amvetse mawu. Patsinde zambiri amatanthauza mtundu wa dongosolo chatsekedwa wa khalidwe khalidwe zamalankhulidwe chilengedwe kapena zopindulitsa kwa Chikhalidwe ichi ndi ofanana ndi njira akuti ( "zolaula" kapena "zobisika") ndi digiri ya grammaticalization mu chinenero anapatsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, tikhoza kulankhula za kukhalapo kwa zotsatirazi siyana cilamulo :. Alienability / inalienability, ntchito / wongokhala osiyanasiyana, malo, zolinga, etc. Mu zilankhulo, pali lexical-zamalankhulidwe siyana chinenero. Pansipa iwo amatanthauza makalasi monga maina dziko, ntchito, ndi zina zamoyo Ngati derivational ofunda akuti alandira categorical sema. Siyana zinenero amatchedwa mawu mapangidwe. Zitsanzo: maina Pet (pancake-Chik, utsi-ok, nyumba IR), maina mtsogoleri (kuthamanga-li-, amene-Chik, kuphunzitsa Tel).

Zinenero gulu m'njira yotakata ndi yopapatiza

Language gulu - osakaniza kuti angaonedwe ngati yotakata ndipo m'njira yopapatiza. Mbali yoyamba ndi gulu la zinthu zimene allocated zochokera katundu wamba. M'njira yopapatiza siyana chinenero - ndi magawo ena (makhalidwe), ndi kugawa chimapangitsa mayunitsi homogeneous wa nambala inayake ya makalasi disjoint. mamembala awo yodziwika ndi phindu zina khalidwe ndi. Zitsanzo :. Category mtundu, choncho, zamoyo / zopanda moyo, voicelessness / akayamba etc. Koma nthawi zambiri, mawu amatanthauza imodzi mwa mfundo za chizindikiro ichi (Mbali). Zitsanzo: gulu inanimateness, accusative boma voicelessness anachita mawonekedwe.

Mitundu siyana malinga ndi muyezo zosiyanasiyana

Malinga amene khalidwe ali chizindikiro lolingana ndi waima pa iwo kwambiri, komanso ubwenzi wake ndi kugawa magulu tikhoza kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya siyana. Ikani akhoza wapangidwa phonemes, amene homogeneous mayunitsi. Pankhaniyi, kusiyanitsa osiyana- siyana phonological chinenero. Mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kwa voicelessness / sonority. Chitsanzo china - m'gulu la amasiya zilembo. Pamaziko a masiyanidwe gulu phonetic analengedwa mu nkhani iyi.

Anatipatsa lopeza m'magulu, akhoza wapangidwa ndi umodzi amgwirizano. Kawirikawiri izi ndi zitsanzo, mawu ndi mawu. Mu nkhani iyi, allocated mawu mapangidwe, lexical-zamalankhulidwe, syntactic, kalembedwe ndi magulu ena. Malinga ndi makamaka mbali zamalankhulidwe kapena syntactic akuyendera gulu. Zimakhala ngati syntactic yoyenera, zamalankhulidwe, ndi obschekategorialnym (mawu awa nthaŵi zambiri monga "ankanena za mbali ya kulankhula").

Mtundu ndi kusintha makhalidwe

Imani ndi zina. Mokhudzana ndi magulu anawagawa partitions mtundu (kusankha, yofunika) ndi kusintha (flexion, ndi masiyanidwe). Khalidwe zinthu zimene ali kusinthidwa pamene limafanana ndi mchitidwe ena kalasi ena kugawa osiyana yekha ndi phindu Mbali imeneyi. Kutsutsa amatchedwa kuti ofananira. Ngati si mwaona kuti zinthu lolingana ndi chizindikiro cha mtundu wa. Zimene zinachitikira, tingalankhule twangwi ya mitundu wamba mayunitsi pa maziko a kusintha? Tiyeni tiyankhe funso limeneli. Ndiye, pamene nyengo amasiyana mzake kokha mwa mfundo za kulemba Mbali. Koma mtundu, phindu lake nthawi zonse, lokhazikika kwa wagawo ndi.

Wokonzedwanso mwamakono ndi mtundu siyana

Nthawi zambiri, ambiri a zinthu a modifier chizindikiro. Kenako gulu lonse amatchedwanso modifier. Mwachitsanzo, iwo inflected (inflectional) gulu. Zikuphatikizapo chiwerengero cha imfa ndi liwu lofotokozera kapena lokamba, case, chiwerengero, adjective jenda, maganizo, nthawi, munthu, chiwerengero anabadwa mneni. Ngati okwanira zinthu za khalidwe categorical ndi mtundu, ndiye adzakhala m'gulu limodzi lonse. Mwachitsanzo, ndi lexical-zamalankhulidwe mlingo. Zitsanzo: mbali animateness mtundu wa kulankhula ndi nauni transitivity / intransitive, mwadzina makalasi mneni, etc ...

"Malamulo" ndi "kuchotserapo"

Ndiye mtundu wanji ayenera zimachitika kapena gulu kutengera gulu la mayunitsi zinenero pachiyambi, nanga "ulamuliro" kalasi ina, ndipo kodi ayenera kutchedwa "kupatulapo." Mwachitsanzo, akhoza ankaganiza kuti chinenero cha Chirasha ena makalasi a kasewenzetsedwe ka mau gulu mtundu Kukweza mawu (modifier), ndipo ena a makalasi wake - derivational (wachinsinsi). Kapena mukhoza kutenga chimodzi mwa zosankha anthu poyerekezera ndi gulu lonse la zizindikiro chabe. Dziwani kuti onse a iwo akupezeka philology Russian.

magulu zotsatsa

Kuphunzira alipo malembedwe asapita paradigmatic, akatswiri ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo "kulankhula ndi kalembedwe siyana" kapena "mfundo search". Pansipa iwo amatanthauza zamalankhulidwe mbali zapadera ziganizo zina (malembedwe modality, pakuvomereza / kukana, tseleustanovka mawu). Pasanathe ambiri kungakhale mfundo munthu deta makhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, negation wa gulu). Ochita kafukufuku, makamaka, N. Y. Shvedova, amapereka lingaliro osiyana. Iwo amalankhula za magulu frazoizmenitelnyh. Pali mfundo zina.

kalembedwe gulu

Magulu kalembedwe zinenero mitundu ndi anthu ambiri kuphunzira ndi zofunika kwambiri. mbali khalidwe - kusintha mbali mtundu, unatenga maziko, akukhudzidwira zake malembedwe a, pamaso pa unsembe zonse imene umaonetseredwa, komanso "adzamangidwa" kusankha njira (mawu) za thupi amaika inayake, mmodzi wa zake. Magulu kalembedwe ndi machitidwe chatsekedwa amatsogoza, ndi matanthauzo ofananafanana. Akukufunsa kugawa mu makalasi disjoint akonzedwa kwambiri mitundu mawu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kalembedwe tanthauzo ngati mmodzi kapena owonetsera onsewo gulu chiwerengero.

Lingaliro la lemba

Tisanafotokoze zinenero gulu lemba umakhala mfundo kiyi. Text - raznoaspektnogo chinthu akuphunzira zilankhulo, koma mabuku mpaka lingaliro ili kutanthauziridwa mosiyana. Palinso palibe tanthauzo ambiri amavomereza. Choncho, taona kuti ndilo ambiri.

Text ambiri yodziwika monga mankhwala a nthito anthu (rechemyslitelnoj). Yotsirizira kumachitika mu ndondomeko kulankhulana mozungulira ndi mwachindunji, ndipo m'kati nzeru zenizeni.

Text monga gulu zinenero

Mayunitsi kupanga zigawo zake (zigawo structural) kuti zinatumizidwa m'chiganizo chimodzi chokha kapena gulu. Mwatsatanetsatane (texteme, mawu, chilango) ndi mbali yaikulu ya lembalo. Iwo anazindikira ndipo amaona kugwirizana ndi kupereka ina. Ndiko kuti, ndi chigawo chimodzi cha mbali zina za lonse. Munganene - zake kulankhula wagawo kuthungo.

SCC (SFU)

The dongosolo la malemba , pamodzi ndi bwana Nthaŵi zina m'magulu, ofufuza osiyana ndi mayina osiyanasiyana. V. A. Buhbinder Mwachitsanzo, amatanthauza ensembles awo ndi phrasal phrasal unities. Zovuta syntactical lonse (SCC) amakhulupirira awo NS Pospelov, A. P. Peshkovsky, S. G. Ilenko, L. M. Loseva. Microtext (SFU) kuwatcha TM Nikolaeva, oi Moskalskaya, I. R. Galperin. Boznacheniya gulu la maganizo ofanana mkati tanthauzo la zofala kwambiri ntchito SFU ndi SCC. Izi ndi zovuta structural umodzi, zomwe zigwirizana bwana osachepera awiri osiyana, amene pa nkhani ya coherent kulankhula zamalankhulidwe wokhulupirika, komanso kuchita monga gawo la kulankhulana wathunthu.

Free ndi amphamvu maganizo

Taonani kuti kapangidwe ka mawu, osati onse bwana yagawidwa pamodzi. Allocated ndi ufulu, sali m'gulu iwo, koma semantically zokhudzana wina kapena gulu lina. Lili ndemanga, wolemba mthunzi. ntchito zoterezi ndi kugwirizana pakati pa SSC, ali ndi njira imene unasankha mikrotema latsopano.

Akatswiri ena nawonso olekanitsidwa ndi amphamvu mwatsatanetsatane lemba. Iwo akhoza kumva popanda kudziwa zomwe zili ena. ntchito zoterezi mu SSC palibepo.

mayunitsi kulankhulana ndi mayunitsi zikuluzikulu

siyana zimene ena akhoza kuwasiyanitsa chinenero malemba? bwana Gulu amaphatikiza midadada mbali zikuluzikulu. Iwo amatchedwa maphunziro osiyanasiyana kapena zidutswa kapena maofesi predicative-wachibale. dzina lina wamba - kulankhulana atilakwira.

Mayanjano pali zikuluzikulu. Polankhulana ndi zotsatirazi zigawo lemba: mutu, gawo la ndime, ndime.

Choncho, maganizo ndi magulu awo - zinthu zazikulu kulankhulana Malemba. onse ikuchitika monga kulamulira, malemba-kupanga ntchito. Iwo kawirikawiri interphase aya. Tikulidzera tanthauzo, ndi maganizo amenewa.

Ubwenzi interfacial

Bwaloli kugwirizana pakati pa SCC, maganizo, chaputala ndime, ndi mbali zina za mawu, umene bungwe structural ndi zamalankhulidwe mgwirizano. Pankhaniyi, ubale zamalankhulidwe pakati pa bwana munthu kudzera lexical ndi kalembedwe. Nthawi zambiri zikufanana kapena unyolo links. inawo chitakwaniritsidwa mwa kubwereza gawo lotsiriza la chiweruzo mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena, mu analamula wotsatira mbali ya dongosolo lake. Maganizo chifukwa kugwirizana kufanana si kuchita, ndipo akuyerekezedwa. Pankhaniyi, nyumba ya alipo kapena Kutchulira amalola kufanana, malingana zili ziwalo lexical.

Njira kukhazikitsa zosiyanasiyanazo kulankhulana

Mothandizidwa ndi chuma chinenero akuyendera aliyense wa mitundu ya kulankhulana. Mwachitsanzo, kwa pawiri particles ntchito mayanjano malemba, mawu athandizira ndi ena. Kukhazikitsa kulumikizana unyolo pakati pa bwana SSC ntchito mofanana, kubwereza syntactic, kulankhula ndi phindu okhudza malo ndi wathupi, akuti ndi ena. Pankhani kugwirizana analemba kuti litsatira yoyenera kufanana kupanga ziganizo. Izo zili ntchito kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ndi wamba nthawi ndandanda, zinthu anaphoric a dongosolo lomwelo, ndi zina zotero. D.

Magulu zinenero creolized malemba

Iwo yodziwika ndi magulu mofanana otchedwa chakale malemba homogeneous mawu. M'pofunika kulongosola mfundo "creolization". Ndi osakaniza njira zosiyanasiyana kachitidwe chizindikiro mu zovuta, amene ali ndi udindo tekstuarnosti chikhalidwe. zigawo zithunzi ndi njira imene creolization malemba mawu. Iwo kukhudzanso pa kumasulira kwawo ndi nkhani zonse luso zokhudzana ndi kamangidwe ka lemba, imakhudza tanthauzo lake. Onekera mwa iwo ndi awa: maziko mtundu ndi wosasintha lemba la limatanthauza zopumira, kalembedwe, mawu mapangidwe, luso lazojambula (mu ndime mu mawonekedwe a zimakwana) tinkawasindikiza otchulidwa wodziwika bwino (ideograms, pictograms) ndi ena.

lemba Choncho dongosolo zina, pamene mbali ndi bwana wa munthu cholukanalukana. Magulu zinenero zomveka - mutu umene angaulule nthawi yayitali. Ife tayesera kuti asonyeze chinthu chofunika kwambiri muyenera kudziwa chilichonse philologist.