Mafuta azitsamba: GOST, ntchito, kupanga

Pogwiritsa ntchito ufa wa mafupa a nyama, kachigawo kakang'ono - mafuta amtundu wothandizira amapatsidwa. Komanso amapezeka ku mitembo ndi ziwalo zawo zomwe sizinafike poyendetsa. Mafuta omwe amapezeka amapezeka m'magulu atatu, ogawanika ndi makhalidwe.

Mafuta a nyama kuyambira nthawi zakale sagwiritsidwanso ntchito kokha kwa chakudya, komanso kupanga kupanga mankhwala osamalira. Panali nthawi yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira nyumba, pochizira chisanu. Mpaka tsopano, mafuta a nyama amagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala ochiritsira.

Kalasi ya mafuta

Mafuta amtundu wa zinyama amatengedwa kuchokera ku mitembo, m'mitsempha, yomwe mwazifukwa zina siinayang'anidwe ndi kuyendera mwaukhondo. Kuti apangidwe, ziwalo zosiyana za nyama zomwe zimapangidwira kuti nyama zizigwiritsidwanso ntchito.

Pambuyo pa mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a zipangizo, mitundu yambiri ya mafuta imapezeka. Aliyense wa iwo amayesedwa mwamphamvu kuti atsatire ma GOST. Zamtengo wapatali zimapatsidwa kalasi.

1. Mafuta oyambirira. Ali ndi nyemba yoyera kapena yaying'ono yachikasu. Zoterezi, chinyezi sichiposa 0.3%.
2. Mafuta a ziweto amodzi omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito. Ali ndi chikasu chachikasu kapena chikasu. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi mmenemo ndi pafupi 0,5%.
3. Gulu lachitatu. Chogulitsidwacho chimakhala ndi mdima wofiira. Madzi amatha kufika 1.5%. Mtundu uwu, monga ena awiri, umapangidwa malinga ndi GOST.

Zizindikiro za mitundu ya mafuta

Mafuta amtundu wambiri amadziwika ndi GOST 1045-73. Pa izo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu ziri ndi makhalidwe osiyana.

Mafupa amtundu wamakono motsatira ma GOST ayenera kunyamula, kusungidwa ndi kutengedwa. Palinso ndondomeko zoyendera maonekedwe a mankhwala.

Kusungirako, kunyamula, kayendedwe

Mafakitale mafuta amadzaza ndi zitsulo zosiyanasiyana. Zitha kukhala:

• Mapale a matabwa (GOST 8777-80);
• Mabotolo a zitsulo (GOST 6247-79);
• Magalimoto a matanki , matanki a sitima (GOST 9218-86).

Mukamapaka chogwiritsira ntchito m'mbale yamatabwa, amakhala ndi polyethylene mkati kapena ali ndi kapu yamadzi. Kugwiritsanso ntchito kachidutswa kumaloledwa, koma kokha pambuyo poyeretsa bwino ndi kutsekemera. Asanadzaze, mankhwalawa atha kutayika mpaka kumakhala kosavuta. Pofuna kuteteza polyethylene kuti asadutse mafuta, matayalawo amatseka. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito zida zapadera.

Kutumiza kumayendetsedwa ndi GOST 14192-77. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mfundo zotsatirazi ziyenera kukhazikika pa chidebe chilichonse:

• Tsiku la chitukuko cha mankhwala;
• Zosiyana;
• Makhalidwe apangidwa.

Mafuta a zinyama za m'kalasi yachitatu akhoza kutengedwa ndi njira iliyonse yobweretsera. Mukamagulitsa katunduyo mumsewu wotseguka, umaphimbidwa ndi chida.

Ntchito

Pogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale, kupanga mafuta a ziweto kunathandiza kuti pakhale malo atsopano. Ndicho, mungathe kuchepetsa kukangana mu zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo magalimoto. Pachifukwa ichi, mafuta anayamba kutenga maziko opangira mafuta osiyanasiyana monga solidol.

Glycerin imapezeka mafuta. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa magulu ankhondo, popanga fodya, popanga varnishes ndi pepala, mu mankhwala.

Mafuta amisiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala osamalira anthu. Chogwiritsiridwa ntchitocho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga maziko mu sopo.

Zamakono zamakono zathandiza kuti athe kupeza biodiesel mafuta ku mafuta. Kuwonjezera biodiesel sikutanthauza injini yokonzanso. Pakalipano, pali magalimoto ambirimbiri padziko lapansi omwe amagulitsa mafuta awa.

Kulandira

Mafuta amtundu amapezeka ndi kusakaniza zosayenera kwa mafuta obiriwira, nyama za nyama zomwe sizinawononge mphamvu zanyama, osati zoyenera kudyetsa ziwalo za nyama.

Zipangizo zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipangizo za kupanga mafuta:

1. Mbali za nyama, ziwalo zomwe zinatayidwa ndi ulamuliro wanyama.
2. Tenga.
3. Ziwalo za thupi lomwe lili ndi chikhalidwe chochepa. Zitha kukhala zovuta, matumbo, maso ndi maso ena.
4. Zowawa kuchokera ku mafakitale. Kuti apange mafakitale amagetsi angagwiritse ntchito mafuta ochepetsa, mafuta a misampha ya mafuta, ndi zina zotero.
5. Mazira, ziwalo zamkati.
6. Mitembo yakufa. Mitembo yotereyi imatumizidwa kuti ikakonzedwe kokha pambuyo pa chilolezo cha kulamulira kwa ziweto. Ngati chinyama chagwa ndi matenda owopsa, mtembo ukutsatidwa malinga ndi malamulo abwino komanso owopsa.

Malinga ndi zipangizo zonsezi, mafuta onse amagawidwe amagawidwa osati m'masukulu okha, koma ndi mitundu ya nkhumba, ng'ombe, mchere, mafupa, ndi osakaniza.

Sayansi yamakono yopanga mankhwala imaphatikizapo magawo angapo akugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo. Choyamba ndidothi, ndiye chosawilitsidwa. Kuyanika kumayambanso. Ndiye zouma zowonjezera zimayidyetsedwa kwa makina osindikizira, kumene mafuta amafufuzidwa. Chogulitsidwacho chimaperekedwa ku mitundu yambiri ya kuyeretsedwa. Zimatumizidwa ku chithunzi chojambulira, komwe kumatsuka kuchoka ku tizigawo ting'onoting'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga, kenaka kumalo osungunuka ndiyeno kumbali yodzipatula.

Pambuyo polimbikitsanso ndi kuyeretsa, zida zapadera zimapangidwa kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti mafuta a nyama amatha kutetezedwa. Pambuyo pake, mankhwala opangidwawo amatha kuwonongeka.

Kusungirako

Kusungirako katundu wotsirizidwa sikufuna kulengedwa kwa zinthu zinazake. Mafuta amtundu wa nyama sayenera kudziwika kuti ndi otsika kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri. Sungani katunduyo kwa nthawi yaitali, pokhapokha mutasungidwa mu thanki kapena mphamvu ina yaikulu.

Mafakitale mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagulu osiyanasiyana. Chaka chilichonse, njira zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa zikuwonekera. Mafuta samangotengera mankhwala okhaokha, zodzoladzola, komanso mafuta a magalimoto ndi zina zambiri.