Lubwe (mwala): makhalidwe ndi katundu. madipoziti lubwe

Ndi latini "lubwe" likumasuliridwa kuti "mbewu". Ndi yaikulu grained chiphala thanthwe, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu ndondomeko ya kuzirala pang'onopang'ono komanso solidification kwa chiphalaphala pa akuya okwanira. Komanso, magwero ake kuti nthawi metamorphism, mwa kulankhula kwina, pamene granitisation osiyana Mitundu. Nthawi zambiri amatamanda ndi magulu a lubwe magmatic, metamorphic chiyambi losanganikirana. Miyalayo - thanthwe ambiri mu matanthwe a pansi padziko.

Popeza makhalidwe ake, tikhoza kunena kuti ndi zinthu cholimba kwambiri, umene ndi kumanga sizachilendo. Mmodzi mwa makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri a mtundu wa akuti ndi mphamvu yake yapamwamba.

khalidwe

1. Mphamvu. Miyalayo - thanthwe, lomwe ndi osiyana kukana kuti kumva kuwawa, psinjika ndi kukhululukirana. Izi mwala wandiweyani kwambiri (compressive mphamvu yake ya 90-250 MPa).
2. Kwake. Zabwino-grained lubwe wayamba kuonetsa zizindikiro woyamba kulephera patapita zaka 500, motero amatchedwanso "wosatha" mwala.
3. Kukana kuti zidulo ndi zochitika mumlengalenga. Miyalayo - ndi mwala yabwino kunja chokongoletsera nyumba.
4. Zachilengedwe wochezeka. Natural mpweya wa poizoni mlingo wa kuchuluka waukulu granites limafanana kalasi loyamba. M'mawu ena, iwo cheza Safety, choncho oyenera a mitundu yonse yomanga.
5. Madzi kugonjetsedwa. Iyi ndi lalikulu Mbali lubwe. Chinyezi zimakhala zilibe kuyamwa. N'chifukwa chake mwala oyenera cladding nyumba, embankments ndi zina zotero.
6. Kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe. Unpolished akhakula mwala kuti zimatenga kuwala ndi opukutidwa kuwala kwambiri, kusonyeza dziko kuwala masewera inclusions wa Mica - mwayi kukongoletsa ya mchere izi amatha kumasulira zovuta kwambiri kapangidwe mfundo.
7. A yaikulu mtundu phale. Mchere ambiri amaona kuti imvi, komanso anapeza wofiira lubwe, lalanje, pinki, bluish-wobiriwira, buluu imvi.
8. Ngakhale ndi zipangizo zina. Bwino pamodzi ndi zitsulo, matabwa, ziwiya zadothi ndi zipangizo zina zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zomangamanga lero. Iye akhoza "woyenera" mu zonse zamkati - kuchokera kopitilira muyeso-masiku ano tingachipeze powerenga.

mbewu Granites kukula anawagawa:

• chabwino-grained;
• medium-;
• coarse.

Ngati tikulingalira mwala labwino, lubwe khalidwe la mtundu uwu udzakhala wosiyana kwambiri ndi ena onse. gulu zimatsutsana ndi nkhawa makina bwino. Ntchito amavala uniformly kwambiri pamene usavutike zochepa osokoneza kugonjetsedwa weathering.

gulu ili mtengo kwambiri ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Wolemekezeka kukana kuwonongedwa madzi kukana ndi mphamvu yapamwamba. zitsanzo coarse yodziwika ndi osakwanira moto kukana. Pamene usavutike pamwamba 600˚S iwo anayamba osokoneza ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu ya mawu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake nthawi zina m'nyumba pambuyo moto zambiri kuonedwa masitepe losweka lubwe ndi masitepe.

Ngakhale osalimba kwambiri ndi mphamvu, mwala mosavuta kukonzedwa: opukutidwa, opukutidwa ndi odulidwa. Iwo ali kwambiri matenthedwe madutsidwe, chifukwa cha zimene inakwaniritsidwa heaters.

Kumene, makhalidwe pamwamba amaonedwa kukhala ubwino wa nkhaniyi. Koma mwala lubwe ali ndi zovuta zake. The sangathe waukulu imatengedwa ake kulemera katundu, chifukwa Iye ndi imodzi mwa zipangizo kuzisiya kuwamaliza. Mkhalidwe umenewu ayenera kumwedwa nkhani polenga ntchito ya zomangamanga.

Kandalama, ndi mipweya

Miyalayo - thanthwe, lomwe lili granular dongosolo krustalo. Unakhala alkalis, wolemera mu silika, pamene chitsulo, magnesium ndi calcium okhala ochepa.

The zikuchokera mchere mu mtengo wake zikutanthauza:

• feldspars - 60-65%;
• khwatsi - 25-30%;
• lakuda akuda mchere - 5-10%.

Mtundu wa thanthwe mu malo oyamba zimadalira chikhalidwe cha feldspar alipo zikuchokera. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu wake ndi imvi ndi mithunzi zosiyanasiyana wofiira, pinki, imvi, buluu, lalanje, nthawi zina bluish-wobiriwira.

Komanso, mapangidwe hue mdima yofiira anakhudzidwa zigawo zikuluzikulu. zinthu izi thanthwe kupereka mdima mtundu, zambiri wobiriwira. Chitsanzo ndi yantsevsky lubwe.

Koma khwatsi zambiri colorless Choncho, chikhalidwe cha mtundu si bwanji. Pankhaniyi, mungathe nthawi zina mchere khwatsi ndi wakuda, osachepera - purplish-pinki. mchere chosowa kwambiri amaonedwa kukhala buluu khwatsi. Kwambiri yokongola makhalidwe - zabwino kuwala ziwembu imvi ndi kulocha buluu. Komanso, kufunika ndi buluu wobiriwira kwambiri ndi wofiira lubwe.

maonekedwe

Monga tanena, mchere ndi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito yomanga. Izi mosavuta anafotokoza. Miyalayo - nyanja thanthwe, lomwe ndi mwangwiro opukutidwa. The analandira galasi pamwamba pokhalabe nthawi yaitali pa nkhani ya kugwiritsa ntchito nkhani za mpanda kunja.

Komanso mwala ndi zosavuta ntchito, zovuta kupeza njira zosiyana. Relief kapangidwe padziko lubwe likusonyeza nyumba yaikulu, apereka chidwi kukongoletsa zotsatira za kuunika ndi mthunzi sewero.

Komabe, mitundu ina ya kukongoletsa mwala kapangidwe analandira pokhapokha kutentha mankhwala. Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito makamaka kwa kuwala mithunzi imvi ndiwo mankhwala pafupifupi shuga-woyera.

gawo

Mawonekedwe waukulu yatsoka amaonedwa batholiths. Akuimira khamu lalikulu mahekitala angapo. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu lagona mu mawonekedwe a m'matangadza, dikes ndi zina matupi intrusive. Nthawi zina mitundu mchere matupi angapo tabular alternating ndi miyala nyanja ndi metamorphic.

Ngati ife kulankhula za madipoziti lubwe, yotsirizira opezeka pa aliyense wa dziko lonselo. Kwenikweni, nkhani ya padziko m'madera amenewa, omwe anapangidwa kwa miyala wakale, kumene, chifukwa kukokoloka ndi denudation njira zinachitika chiwonongeko cha overburden.

Mu US, mitundu zimapezeka kumpoto kwa dzikolo, pamodzi Atlantic gombe, mu mapiri a Black Hills ndi mtima wa Ozark Plateau. mwala ncho ku Georgia, Wisconsin, South Dakota ndi Vermont.

Komanso si zachilendo m'dziko lathu. Mu positi-opareshoni 200 madipoziti. Yaikulu ya iwo: Mokryanskoe, Malokohnovskoe, Mikashevichi.

Pa gawo la Russia lubwe ndi ofala kwambiri mu dera Karelian-Kola kum'mawa Siberia, mu Urals, Far East ndi Caucasus. Today pali za makumi asanu minda, imene chidutswa atamupopa mchere. Miyalayo chomenyedwa ndi mabotolo ncho mu Nyanja Ladoga, Onega, Arkhangelsk ndi Voronezh m'madera pa Karelian kamtunda kopita ku chilumba, mu Chelyabinsk ndipo Sverdlovsk m'madera a Khabarovsk Krai ndi Primorye, mu East Transbaikalia. Kwambiri makhalidwe kukongoletsa akusiyana rapakivi ncho kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dziko, kuwonjezera, ndi ofunika kwambiri ndiponso amazanitovye yonse ya Trans-Baikal ndi Ilmen mapiri. Chifukwa cha minda sachiza nthawi zonse, makamaka pa miyala chomenyedwa. Mu mogwirizana, wachotsa midadada ya lubwe, womwe wapangidwa kwa maonekedwe.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya lubwe, iwo m'nkhani pansipa.

Gabbro-diabase

Izi makolokoto phiri lubwe yunifolomu wakuda mtundu, ndi specks ka imvi. Kwambiri amasonkhana, ndiye kenako kutentha mu misa ndi usavutike wogawana, mitundu yaitali sasiya khalidwe kupukuta ndi katundu luso.

mwala uwu akuti ndi zipangizo yomanga 1 kalasi. Iye sakunena zimatulutsa zosafunika zoipa, si nyukiliya. Mu nkhani iyi, Karelian gabbro-diabase - wapadera thanthwe mapangidwe, zomwe ziribe analogues ena zigawo za dziko lathu.

mchere ndi ntchito yopanga msewu chipika mwala (njerwa zithunzi, amaika mumsewu midadada, kumathandiza kuchepetsa), kupanga zinthu mkati ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana mwambo, makina mwatsatanetsatane, mapangidwe malo ngati mwala pansi yomanga. Ndi abwino yokongola mkati ndi wapakamwa nyumba, pali gawo pa miyala mabotolo ntchito heaters mu saunas ndi malo osambira.

M'dziko lonse, pali 3 zazikulu dera chipika mwala m'zigawo:

• Chiyukireniya gabbro-diabase, lomwe ndi otsika Karelian, koma mtengo ndi pafupifupi theka. Iye panopa muli ambiri zosafunika ayironi amene ziwole amasokoneza watha, mu nkhani iyi kugwiritsidwa pa mwala chithunzi msanga chimazilala.
• Australia gabbro-diabase, Karelian ofanana mu quality, ngakhale zinali zambiri zodula.
• Gabbro, diabase Karelian amene ali mtundu wakuda, otsika kumva kuwawa, mkulu kukongoletsa katundu, durability, ozizira kukana, nthawi amangokhalira kujambula chinaperekedwa pa izo.

Potengera muyezo wa khalidwe ndi mtengo, pa Karelian gabbro-diabase kufunika zambiri apamwamba. Motero chaka chilichonse likunena kumawonjezera. Kutchuka kwa ntchito mchere Karelian chifukwa durability ake ndi mphamvu. mwala ili pafupi si atengeke chikoka zoipa za chilengedwe. Ndi yaitali lofotokozabe katundu wa nsangalabwi, ndi zizindikiro choyamba cha kulephera kuoneka pokhapokha zaka zana.

"Shanxi Black" (Chinese lubwe)

Chinese lubwe - thanthwe yakuda, yomwe ndi chimodzi cha zabwino mu dziko. Anatulutsa kumpoto China, m'chigawo Shanxi. mwayi waukulu - wolemera ndiponso akuda ndi pang'ono inclusions. Izo ntchito pamakoma, chokongoletsera mkati, kupanga mankhwala zolinga zosiyana, zipilala ndi zipilala.

Shoksha

Izi lubwe kapezi, mtengo umene ofikika kwambiri - 10 000 rubles / T ncho mu Republic of Karelia .. Iwo amakhala ndi mphamvu yapamwamba ndi durability. Akatswiri amanena kuti mankhwala anapanga kwa zaka 600, sadzatayikiridwa mawonekedwe ake. Iye chokongoletsedwa mausoleums, zachifumu ndi zipilala. Zolemba ndi wolochedwa chithunzi pa Shoksha zosiyana tione.

"Kapustinsky" lubwe

Izi si yunifolomu ndi coarse, duwa lofiira, chowala, chachikulu, vysokodekorativny lubwe, zomwe amakambirana kuti kukongola imathamangira. Field ntchito oyenera kupanga zitsulo, komanso nyumba zina kamangidwe, kupezera zinthu za nyumba ndi nyumba, ku malo okwezeka mapulani expressiveness. Ntchito liza kachisi kukumbukira ili Poklonnaya Hill, Manezhnoj m'deralo. Munda ndiwo m'dera Kirov, Ukraine.

labradorite

Ndi mwala achilengedwe amene ali kuphiri granular crystalline thanthwe. Labradorite kuonekera mu kuya magmatic. Iwo makamaka zigwirizana plagioclase, amene ali feldspar. Kapangidwe ka mchere crystalline. Iwo agawidwa miyala sing'anga-grained ndi coarse-grained.

Labradorite - mtundu wa anorthosite. Dzinali iwo ali ku gawo wawo woyamba - zotchedwa Peninsula ku Canada. Lero, kupanga mwala zachilengedwe zikuchitika m'mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo Ukraine ndi Finland. Mu Russia, palinso madipoziti lalikulu. The nyumba mchere woyamba anapezeka mu Kievan Lazaro - ndiye lubwe wakhala ntchito yokhayo ngati mwala nazo, anayamba kukongoletsa nyumba yaikulu.

Kwenikweni, lubwe izi imvi kapena lakuda. Mafic mchere basi kupereka mwala zabwino mthunzi mdima. Waukulu katundu labradorites ndi chisanu awo kukana ndi mphamvu yapamwamba. Choncho, miyala iyi Kawirikawiri ntchito kunja chokongoletsera nyumba.

Komanso, lubwe ndi kusiyana ndi katundu structural ndi textural.

porphyry

Izi lubwe Ural lili elongated kapena isometric inclusions, amene amasiyana kukula (angafikire masentimita 10) ku thupi chachikulu. Kawirikawiri umaimiridwa ndi orthoclase, khwatsi ndi microcline.

pegmatoid

thanthwe ili lubwe ndi yunifolomu khalidwe mchenga. Kukula kwa inclusions wa feldspar ndi khwatsi - za 3 masentimita.

Chifinishi lubwe

Miyalayo Izi - igneous thanthwe ndi khalidwe anamaliza yamawangamawanga zambiri za orthoclase wofiira hue wa masentimita mpaka asanu, atazunguliridwa ndi malire a buluu wobiriwira kapena imvi oligoclase. Udindo wa chochuluka momwemo mutuluka mbewu akaphatikiza orthoclase, plagioclase, hornblende, khwatsi ndi biotite.

gneissose

Ural Izi uniformly grained mwala lubwe ndi ochiritsira khalidwe coarse-tirigu kufanana lathu hornblende kapena Mica flakes.

pegmatitic lubwe

Mwa mitundu ambiri amaona pegmatite lubwe lopangidwa muscovite, khwatsi ndi orthoclase. Chitsanzo woimira mitundu - otchedwa olembedwa lubwe, feldspar wophuka dongosolo ka khwatsi woonda mphero mawonekedwe.

Leznikovsky lubwe

mphamvu yapadera ndi kutchuka zosiyanasiyana wofiira ndi pinki yofiira leznikovsky lubwe, dzina lake malinga ndi dzina la m'munda mwanu. Tikumbukenso kuti zotchedwa mitundu yambiri ya lubwe. Mwachitsanzo, wofiira mwala - Mezhdurechensk Simonov, tokovsky, Emelyanovsky, Kapustinsky. Ndipo apa ndi imvi lubwe korninsky, Pokostivske, zhezhelevsky, Sophia.

rapakivi

Wina chidwi ndi mtundu wa rapakivi mchere. Ndi porphyritic mapangidwe ndi ovoids okhutira kwambiri.

woyera lubwe

Komanso amapezeka lubwe woyera. Kodi miyala kuti sangathe kuyankha zonse mwakamodzi. Mfundo imeneyi zambiri gulu woyera, ngati otchedwa miyala moyera-mchere kuwala mithunzi. Mtundu akhoza zimasiyana ngale imvi kuwala wobiriwira.

ntchito

Pomanga lero lubwe ndi choncho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti angatchedwe zakuthupi moona zosunthika.

mfundo mkati

Cornices, zenera sills, njanji, baseboards, countertops, nsonga bala, matebulo khofi, mizati, balusters - mkulu mphamvu mwala adzalola inu kuyitanitsa mankhwala amenewa kwa lubwe, ndipo iwo sudzadukizidwa kwa zaka zambiri.

Masitepe, simenti

Miyalayo - mfundo ndi digiri otsika kumva kuwawa. Ngati inu mu nyumba yanu pa masitepe a anthu miliyoni chaka, misozi izo siteji, iwo adzatha munthu pazipita 0,12 mm.

Mkati ndi kunja kuwamaliza

Miyalayo - ndi ergonomic kwambiri zinthu zimene angapereke iwe kukhala omasuka kwambiri nyumbayi.

malo

Rockeries, Alps Wopanda mchere kakang'ono, minda Japanese, zopangidwa lubwe, malo anu adzawonjezera m'maganizo mwachibadwa.

Kumathandiza kuchepetsa, amaika mumsewu miyala pavements, masitepe

Miyalayo ndi kuligwiritsa ntchito malo amenewo kumene chachikulu "chipiriro" chofunika. Maminolo kugonjetsedwa kuipitsidwa mankhwala, makina maganizo ndi kutentha kusintha, chifukwa katundu sakusintha pa m'zinthu zambiri yozizira koopsa ndi thawing.

Kukumana embankments

Miyalayo nkomwe kuyamwa chinyontho, choncho mu pores ya mwala pamene kutentha kwa madzi achisanu aumbike mkati kuthamanga zina, tingayambe kuwonongedwa kwa thanthwe ndi mapangidwe ming'alu.

Miyalayo pavers

Ntchito amaika mumsewu miyala ku mwala wa zaka zikwi. Malinga ndi Roma wotchuka cobbled misewu ndi lero mungayende; Street amaika mumsewu miyala angapezeke mu gawo lakale la iliyonse likulu European; mu dziko lero, pamene processing wa lubwe kwa mabwana sayambitsa vuto, misewu mwala ndi pang'onopang'ono m'malo konkire ndi phula.

katundu Magic

Zingaoneke koyamba, kuti lubwe, zithunzi zimene zili m'nkhani ino, alibe katundu zamatsenga, monga mwa nyumba zamakono nyumba izo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito yokongola, choncho amanyamula yekha mbali zokongoletsa. Koma pali umboni wakuti mchere izi akhoza kukhala ndi moyo wabwino anthu.

Miyalayo anamangidwa mu kusamba akale. Zakhala malo aukhondo imene anthu amatha kumasuka. Apa pali funso osati za chikoka ndi maonekedwe mwala, koma kuti mchere akhoza kuteteza malo ndi munthu mphamvu negative.

Pali otchuka akuti: "kudziluma lubwe sayansi". Tsiku lililonse iye alibe mwayi. Lubwe (miyala tanthauzo ili, zilibe kanthu) ali katundu yotithandiza maluso ndi ntchito maganizo.

Red lubwe munthu kumathandiza kupeza kumvana ndi dziko, kumaonjezera yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale ake, ndi mwini wake kuvumbitsira kumva mofewa.

mankhwala

Lubwe, zomwe chithunzi angapezeke mu ndemanga iyi, ndi sipekitiramu yotakata mankhwala omwe chingathandize matenda osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Pakati pawo - chibayo, chifuwa cha mphumu, matenda a mtima, matenda.

Stone kwa chimfine kuthandiza kutentha kuchepetsa, kuli ndi ubwino pa msana ndi mafupa, pamene pali mavuto ndi iwo.

mascot

Miyalayo - Izi ndi mascot yabwino kwa anthu amene adzipereka miyoyo yawo kwa sayansi kapena pedagogy. Maminolo anola yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale, timapitiriza kukumbukira ndi akufotokozera maganizo zomveka ndi zina zotero. N.

Zamgululi ku lubwe angakhale zithumwa wangwiro aphunzitsi ndi aphunzitsi, amatha kuthandiza kupeza njira ana wouma ndi zovuta, komanso kupambana yonena awo.

Miyalayo - ndi mchere ndi chopanda malire mphamvu zabwino, zomwe si kuvutitsa aliyense, choncho sitiyenera kuwaopa.

Miyalayo: Ndemanga

Chifukwa lubwe chotchuka kwambiri yomanga, kumene poyamba, lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana, ndemanga za izo sizidzakhala zovuta kupeza. Pafupifupi onse amene anali kulimbana ndi zinthu ameneyu, woyamikiridwa mphamvu yake yapamwamba ndi ntchito zabwino. Other mantha mtengo wake. Koma mu nkhani iyi m'pofunika kuganizira kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere mwina mtengo osiyana. Kotero inu mukhoza nthawi kusankha njira yoyenera ndi inu.