Kwambiri mtengo ndalama ya Russia wakale

Lililonse boma tingafunse pa dziko lino lapansi mu iliyonse ya nthawi zakale, kudali kumapeto zomwe wofunika koposa tsintho. Kukula kukula kwa malonda ndi zikamera a m'mizinda ikuluikulu kukakamiza olamulira kapena wa mmudzi kupeza njira wounikira chobalidwa. Choncho anapanga asapita chofunika ndalama.

Ndalama Ancient Yairo anaonekera mu ukulu Kiev mu nthawi imene boma achinyamata amaona kufunika moyo.

Ndalama Kievan Lazaro kuti Ndalama awo

Pamaso mafuko Asilavo anali ogwirizana mu boma limodzi lalikulu - Kievan Lazaro, ndi mbiri zambiri wakale wa dziko kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo anayambitsa ndalama zinali chifukwa iwo kusinthanitsa ndi mzake.

The ndalama wamkulu wa Russia, pa dera la ukulu wa Kiev, tsiku kwa 1-3 TH zaka AD. e. ndipo iwo ali madinari achiroma. zakale otere pa malo a midzi wakale, koma ntchito iwo kulipira Asilavo kapena zodzikongoletsera mpaka silidziŵika. Popeza yapakati-mafuko asapita malonda anali wamkulu kuwombola khalidwe, phindu khobiri m'dera sikuti afufuza.

Choncho, ndalama wakale Russia Kuna - lingaliro limene likugwira ntchito pa mbiri yakale monga Roma, Byzantine ndi Arab ndalama, ndi ubweya wa martens, amene kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito kulipira katundu. Ubweya ndi khungu kwa nthawi yaitali akhala nkhani ubale chofunika ndalama m'gawo la mayiko ambiri.

ndalama yekha Kievan Yairo anayamba kupangidwa mpaka m'ma 10 mochedwa.

Ndalama Kievan Lazaro

The ndalama loyambirira la Russia wakale, pa dera la ukulu wa Kiev, kalonga ndi chithunzi mbali imodzi ndi mikondo ya mano atatu kapena mikono iwiri ya mano - pa ena. Adasanduka golidi ndi siliva, kotero m'nthawi ya 19 mu phunziro la ndalama wakale ndi kufotokozera awo mu mbiri ya iwo anapatsidwa dzina la "zlatniki" ndi "ndalama zasiliva".

Image wa Prince Vladimir pa ndalama kuchokera 980 kwa 1015 anali akuti "Vladimir pa mpando wachifumu, ndi siliva wake." Kumbali n'zosiyana akufotokozedwa chizindikiro cha Rurik, amene asintha malingana amene analamulira.

Oyambirira siliva ndalama ya Russia wakale, ndi ntchito iwo dzina "UAH" ndi etymologies awo. Poyamba liwuli linatanthauza ndi bullion siliva, wofanana ndi mtengo wa kavalo mmodzi (manyenje). gulu "Hryvnia siliva" amatchulidwa m'masiku a zaka. Kenako, pamene vuto la ndalama zachitsulo izi, anayamba mogwirizana ndi kuchuluka mu banknotes.

Pansi Vladimir Great zinapangidwa zlatniki amene anali kulemera ~ 4.4 ga ndi ndalama zasiliva, kulemera kwa amene anasiyana ndi magalamu 1.7 kuti 4,68. Komanso, deta zolemba banki chinafala ndi mtengo wa chofunika mu Kievan Yairo, iwo atenga kunja kuwerengetsera mu malonda. Gold ndalama Russia wakale anapangidwa kokha pamene Prince Vladimir, pamene otsatira ake anali kuchita yekha siliva.

Chithunzi pa obverse chithunzi cha Prince Vladimir, ndipo n'zosiyana - chizindikiro cha a Rurik mafumu anali wa khalidwe wandale, izo zikusonyeza nzika za posachedwapa United States ulamuliro wofunika.

Banknotes la Russia 11-13 zaka

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Vladimir ndalama Russia wakale anapitiriza timbewu mwana wake Yaroslav (Prince a Novgorod), lotchedwa mu mbiri pansi pa dzina la Ngwanzeru zakuya.

Popeza Orthodoxy yafalikira mu ukulu wa Kiev, pa banknotes Jaroslav pano chithunzi si mkulu, ndi Saint George, amene ankaona mbuye wa woyang'anira wake. Pa n'zosiyana wa ndalama kunali ndi mikondo ya mano atatu ndi chidindo kuti srebro Yaroslav. Atayamba kulamulira Kiev, Ndalama zidaleka, ndipo hryvnia wakhala siliva diamondi chitsanzo.

The ndalama lotsiriza la Russia wakale (chithunzi m'munsimu - Oleg Svyatoslavich ndalama) - ndi banknotes 1083-1094, monga nthawi wotsatira wa mbiri wa boma wotchedwa coinless. Panthawi imeneyi, anaganiza kuchita ndi mawerengedwe siliva hryvnia, chimene chiri mochitika ingot.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya hryvnia, amene anali chachikulu mu mawonekedwe ndi kulemera. Choncho, Kiev Hryvnia ali maonekedwe a cheroots rhombus, kulemera umene unali wofanana ~ 160 ga Mu Maphunzirowa nayenso chernigovskaya (rhombus mawonekedwe zolondola masekeli ~ 195 g), Volga (lathyathyathya bala 200 g), Chilituyaniya (notched bala) ndi Novgorod (bala yosalala masekeli 200 g) hryvnia.

Ndalama zing'onozing'ono Russia yakale awo anachokera ku Ulaya, chifukwa chakuti siliva sasintha ndalama. Mu nthawi ya ukulu wa Kiev ndalama zakunja anali nalo dzina lawo - Kuna, nogata, Vaxjo - ndipo anali ndi maonekedwe ake akunja. Choncho, 11-12 zaka 1 Hryvnia ukugwira 20 nogata coon kapena 25, ndi zaka za m'ma 12 - 100 50 Växjö kapena coon. Ichi ndi chifukwa kwafalikira kwa Kievan Lazaro, ndi ubwenzi malonda ake ndi maiko ena.

Pali maganizo asayansi kuti ndalama zochepetsetsa ankaona marten apeze zikopa - coon ndi gologolo - Växjö. khungu limodzi ndi wofanana ndi makumi awiri ndi lachisanu kapena makumi asanu a hryvnia, koma kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 12 malipiro ubweya wakhala lotha, monga chitsulo anayamba kuthamangitsa kun.

Maonekedwe a ruble ndi

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 12 Kievan Lazaro kupezeka kuonekere "akanadulidwa" ndalama zimene anapangidwa kuchokera hryvnia siliva. Iyo inali ndodo siliva, amene m'gulu 4 "akanadulidwa" mbali. Chidutswa ali notches omwe akusonyeza kulemera ndipo potsatira mtengo.

Lililonse ruble akhoza kugawidwa amachepetsa awiri, ndiye iwo anatchedwa "poltinas". Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 13, ndi hryvnia onse Kenako anabalalikira dzina "ruble", ndipo m'zaka za m'ma 14 anayamba yosonyeza sitampu mfiti, akalonga mayina ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana.

Ndalama Ancient Lazaro zinkagwira ntchito kulipira katundu, komanso kulipira chindapusa mosungira chuma cha kalonga. Choncho, pakuti kupha kwa nzika za ufulu anali muyeso apamwamba chilango - "Vira" imene zingawatayitse 5 hryvnia pa smerd ndi 80 hryvnia munthu wolemekezeka. Kwa ziwalo bwalo woyikidwa chiganizo poluvire. "Poklepna" - chilango cha defamation - anali wofanana UAH 12.

Malipiro a misonkho ku thumba kalonga amatchedwa "tiweramitse", ndi chilamulo, lofalitsidwa kwambiri Yaroslav Wanzeru - "tiweramitse woona", kuonetsa kukula kwa msonkho umene pa aliyense ammudzi.

Ndalama Moscow ukulu

"Coinless" nthawi anathawa pakati pa Kievan Lazaro kwa zaka za m'ma 14, pamene kumene anayamba minting ndalama, lotchedwa "ndalama". Nthawi zambiri, mmalo mogwiritsa ntchito coining ndalama siliva wa Golden gulu, amene anamenya otchulidwa Russian. Chopangidwa ndalama yaing'ono ankatchedwa "poludengi" ndi "chetverettsy" ndi mkuwa - m'madamu.

Panthawi imeneyi zolemba banki sitinakhale nawo anazindikira nkhope mtengo, pamene chopangidwa kuchokera 1420 Novgorod ndalama ndi kale pafupi ndi iye. Iwo anali kupangidwa zaka zoposa 50 zikutsatiridwa - mawu akuti "The Great Novgorod".

Kuyambira 1425 panali "ndalama Pskov," koma kachitidwe logwirizana la ndalama anatuluka okha kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 15, pamene mitundu 2 ndalama unatengedwa - Moscow ndi Novgorod. Anakhala maziko a ruble mwadzina, amene mtengo unali wofanana 100 200 Novgorod ndi Moscow ndalama. Waukulu ndalama woyezera kulemera chimaonedwabe siliva Hryvnia (204.7 g), kumene ndalama osewera 2.6 rubles.

Only kuyambira 1530 kuti walandira chomaliza 1 ruble ndime phindu, omwe ntchito lero. Ndi 100 khobiri poltina - 50, ndi makokedwe - 10 makobidi. The ndalama zochepetsetsa - Altyn - anali wofanana kopecks 3, 1 khobiri ayenera oveteredwa 4 khobiri.

Ruble zinapangidwa ku Moscow, ndi ndalama zochepa - mu Novgorod ndi Pskov. Mu ulamuliro wa otsiriza a mtundu wa Rurik, Fedor, nawonso anayamba timbewu khobidi mu Moscow. Ndalama anagula kulemera chomwecho ndipo image, kutanthauza kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo yamtundu umodzi.

Mu nthawi ya Polish ndi Swedish utakhala ndalama anataya mitundu osakwatiwa, koma pambuyo kulengeza mu 1613 a mfumu ya Romanov mafumu ndalama ndapeza maonekedwe omwewo ndi fano lake. Popeza kuti mapeto a 1627 Moscow timbewu ndi yokhayo mu dziko.

Ndalama maukulu ena

Nthawi zina Russian ukulu zinapangidwa ndalama. Ambiri ntchito yopanga ndalama analandira pambuyo wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy anapanga ndalama wake woyamba, amene anafaniziridwa wankhondo ndi lupanga pa mahatchi. Iwo anali opangidwa ndi ndodo chabwino siliva, limene kale flattened. Ambuye ntchito chida chapadera ndi chithunzi okonzeka - onani, kuchokera zotsatira za zomwe siliva ndalama apatsidwa yemweyo kukula, kulemera ndi mamangidwe.

Posachedwa saber wokwerapo wakhala m'malo ndi mkondo ndi ndalama wotchedwa chifukwa uyu anali "khobiri."

Otsatidwa ndi Donskoi maukulu ambiri anayamba timbewu ndalama zawo, chosonyeza iwo akalonga kulamulira. Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana izi inasanduka mtengo mwadzina la ndalama, ndi kovuta kuchita malonda, kotero kuthamangitsa kwina, koma dziko panali dongosolo limodzi ndalama inaletsedwa kupatula Moscow.

Resana

Kuwonjezera amamwa ndalama lonse analiko Russia akale amene ankatchedwa "kudula". Iwo anatero, kudula dirham Abbasid Caliphate. Mtengo mwadzina la "odulidwa" ndi wofanana 1/20 a hryvnia, ndipo makope anapitiriza mpaka m'ma 12. Kutha kwa ndalama ndi danga Kievan Lazaro chifukwa chakuti caliphate kwalekeka kuti zinapangidwa dirhams, ndi "kudula" linasintha kunoy.

Russia ndalama za m'ma 17

Popeza 1654, ndalama zambiri anali ruble poltina, polupoltina ndipo anagunda jackpot. The ndalama zocheperako sanafunike.

Rubles m'masiku amenewo anali opangidwa ndi siliva, ndi poltinas chikufanana ndi iwo, kusiyana awo zinapangidwa mkuwa. Polupoltiny analinso siliva ndi makobidi - mkuwa.

Ndi kufufuma izi zinachititsa lamulo lachifumu kwa opotoka kusintha mkuwa mtengo siliva, chifukwa cha zimene anakula mankhwala ndipo anayamba zachiwawa. Great kupanduka mu 1662 mu Moscow, amatchedwa "mkuwa kupanduka" Anatsogolera chakuti lamulo linachotsedwa ndi minting wa ndalama zasiliva anachira.

Peter 1 Kusintha

Kwa nthawi yoyamba weniweni kusintha ndalama zinachitikadi ndi Peter 1 mu 1700. Zikomo kwa iye timbewu anayamba minting rubles siliva, theka ruble, polupoltin Altyn, hryvnia ndi mkuwa masenti. Gold ducats anapanga. Kwa iwo zinali za billets golide chonse, amene adayikidwa ndi embossing zolemba ndi zithunzi.

Panali losavuta (w - 3,4 g) ndi iwiri chervontsi (6.8g chosonyeza Peter 1 pa obverse ndi pa n'zosiyana a mphungu). Komanso mu 1718 anabwera ndalama loyamba ndi chithunzi cha mtengo nkhope - dvuhrublevik.

Pafupifupi zikutsatiridwa, zipembedzo izi kuti analipo kale zana la 20.

Ndalama Kievan Yairo tsopano

Masiku ano, pali:

• zlatniki Vladimir - 11;

• Serebrenikov Vladimira - zoposa 250;
• Serebrenikov Svyatopolka - 50;
• Serebrenikov Yaroslava Mudrogo - 7.

Kwambiri mtengo ndalama wakale Russia - Vladimir zlatniki (oposa 100 000 $) ndi ndalama zasiliva Yaroslava Mudrogo (60 000 $).

numismatics

The sayansi kuti Maphunziro ndalama, wotchedwa numismatics. Zikomo kwa iye, okhometsa umatha amayang'anitsitsa mbiri ndi ndalama mtengo wa ndalama. Ndalama rarest wa Kievan Lazaro ali pachionetsero zakale mbiri, komwe alendo akhoza kuphunzira mbiri ya Ndalama ndi mtengo panopa msika.