Kusiya kupembedza chikhalidwe cha m'ma XVII. Kukula kwa zilumikizano za chikhalidwe Europe

m'ma XVII - zana kwa Transitional mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko. Nthawiyi akuti ndi nthawi. Ndi pamene dziko lathu kupanga maziko kwa kusintha wotchuka Petro. The chigawo chachikulu cha ndondomekoyi - ndi kusiya kupembedza chikhalidwe.

nyengo mwachidule

Nthawi zogwirizana ndi chidwi nthawiyi, amene akuonetsera kuti kusintha kwa Peter ine chiyani osadzuka balamanthu. Anali chifukwa achilengedwe a onse yapitayi chitukuko cha dziko. Mu nkhani imeneyi, atumwi anaphunzira nzofunika chifukwa nthawi ino pakhala kusintha kwakukulu pafupifupi muzochitika zones za moyo pagulu. kusintha bwanji ndale, chuma, anthu. Komanso, Russia wabwera kusewera ndi otchuka ndi kuonekera mbali mgwirizano wa mayiko ku Ulaya. Choncho, kusiya kupembedza chikhalidwe tiyenera kuziganizira pa nkhani ya zaluso tatchulawa.

Malangizo chachikulu cha chitukuko

M'zaka za m'ma yapita, chipembedzo akuchita malo mu mbiri ndi luso la Russia. Boma, anthu, maphunziro ndi chimafotokozera izo, zomwe anasiya chizindikiro noticeable pa moyo ndi maganizo a anthu. Komabe, m'zaka XVII, khalidwe lomwe atsopano chitukuko: kukodzedwa kugwirizana ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, kotero mu dziko lathu, zinawukhira zikayenda yachilendo. Ophunzira mabwalo a anthu anayambanso kukhala ndi chidwi kudziwa yakale, sayansi, chikhalidwe ndi potsiriza, kuti njira Loona za moyo.

Zonsezi ndi noticeable kwambiri zimakhudza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu Russian. malangizo wina wa chitukuko, amene anatchulidwa nthawi zogwirizana - ichi ndi azimuth kubwereka zomwe chachikulu ndi zaluso ochokera m'mayiko. Poyamba ichi chidachitika yekha akubwera pafupi Muscovite olamulira ndi ophunzira otchuka amene akhoza kugula mtengo katundu yachilendo. chiwerengero cha anthu otere pang'ono ndi pang'ono kukula. Izi wosanjikiza kakang'ono ndipo kenako anakhala thandizo kwa Peter Ine pa kusintha wake.

preconditions kusintha

Kusiya kupembedza chikhalidwe zayamba chifukwa cha lonse yapita chitukuko cha mbiri Russian. mfundo ndi yakuti ngakhale Ages Middle, akalonga a Moscow anaitana alendo kukhoti wake kwa nyumbayo, komanso madokotala, amisiri, amisiri ndi ojambula zithunzi. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi kukuitanani Ivan III wotchuka wa ku Italy wamanga Aristotle Fioravanti kwa nyumba pafupi Mfundo Cathedral mu Moscow Kremlin. Chitsanzo china - ntchito ya luso Greek zojambulajambula Feofana Greka mu Russia.

Zikatero ndi zogwirizana nthawi chithandizo ambuye yachilendo anali osowa. Komabe, iwo anali kuwulula. Choyamba, tikulankhula za chibadwa cha anthu Russian kwa sankakhala zinachitikira Western European. Kachiwiri, wakhala chofunika zochitika monga kusiya kupembedza chikhalidwe.

nkhani banja

Literature kwa zaka za m'ma 17 ali bwino kwambiri anasonyeza kukuchititsa zimenezi kwa malowedwe a chidziwitso yolembedwa ndi zina zomwe paluso. chakuti nthawi chuma panali Mitundu latsopano, omwe cholinga chawo chinali awaphunzitse, komanso kuchereza owerenga. Pankhaniyi, pa mbuto ikulu pali munthu, chilakolako chake ndi kufuna tipite patsogolo m'moyo, kukwaniritsa udindo wina. Mitundu zikuphatikizapo otchedwa nthano zoweta. zitsanzo ndi ntchito, "The nthano za Savva Grudtsyn", "A nthano ya Tsoka ndi tsokali" ndi ena. Mbali zawo chinali chakuti ankaganizira pa fano yosiyana otchulidwa m'nkhaniyi, gawo yovuta ya mavuto. Ndipo Chofunika, olemba akhala powasamalira kwambiri makhalidwe a anthu ochita zisudzo a.

Zotengera

Literature kwa zaka za m'ma 17 ndi chidwi ndi chakuti inakhalapo pa Zotengera izi. Olemba mu njira m'malo nditaona kunyoza zolakwa za bureaucracy ano. Monga ulamuliro, phunziro la nthabwala anakhala nduna, oweruza, ziphuphu ndi kuba. Zina mwa ntchito wotchuka polemba chinenero ichi angatchedwe "The nthano za bwalo Shemyakin", "A nthano za Ruff Ershoviche" ndi ena. Maonekedwe a ntchito za mtundu zikusonyeza kuti chikhalidwe Russian walowa msinkhu wina wa chitukuko. Chikhalidwe wakudziko mabuku unaoneka. Ndipo analankhula za kusintha kwenikweni mu chikumbumtima anthu.

mbiri

Chiyambi cha m'ma zinali zodzaza ndi zothetsa nzeru kwa dziko. Smoot, dynastic kusokonekera, kumuopseza Zitsulo adani boma yimitsira a mafumu a - zonse sanadabwe, kwambiri ndi maganizo a anthu. Anthu anayamba mwachangu kumvetsa chimene chinachitika. olemba ambiri ndi olemba m'mabuku awo anayesetsa kupeza chifukwa cha tsoka zikuluzikulu chomwe chinadabwitsa boma Moscow. Zinthu zimene kumvetsa ndi kudziwa zomwe zinachitika ndi kusonyeza mosinthana kwambiri maganizo a magulu ophunzira. Ophunzira anayamba yosanthula kusintha zimene zinachitika mu dziko. Kotero, polemba chinenero chatsopano cha Nkhani, kawirikawiri odzipereka kwa Nthawi ya Mavuto ( "nthano za 1606").

Kusintha dziko

Anthu chikhalidwe cha m'ma XVII - ndi limodzi mwa mavuto pochita mokwana za funso la zimene anali kutsogolera kwa kusintha mu luso la dziko lathu mu nthawi ya pansi kuphunzira. Popeza kuti mabwalo ophunzira a anthu kwambiri chidwi kudziwa boma. mafumu ambiri ankabwera Michael ndi Alekseya Romanovichey analanda zomwe kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Komanso chilengedwe m'tauni ndipo ankawerenga anakhala chidwi Mabuku a, amene adali chizindikiro Mmenemo choonekera kusintha chikuchitika.

Anthu chikhalidwe cha masiku ano akhala chidwi kwambiri Mitundu zakuthupi ndi zosangalatsa. Iwo anali ndi chidwi zisudzo, nkhani, Zotengera. Chiwerengero cha kuwerenga anthu chawonjezeka poyerekezera ndi nthawi yapita. Mabuku kuchuluka, anayamba kufalitsa zipsera. Pa bwalo ankachitika chuma ed. Zonsezi zimasonyeza kusintha kwambiri maganizo a nyengo, imene inali maziko maganizo kwa kukonza Petrine m'nthawi yotsatira.

Kusintha kwambiri khalidwe

Chikhalidwe cha m'ma 17 wakhala siteji kukonzekera pa chitukuko cha lolemera chabwino luso pansi Peter I. Mmenemo muli Mitundu latsopano m'madera onse a chilengedwe luso. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri parsuna - zithunzi za mafumu ndi anthu ena otchuka omwe sanali pochitika kufanana Komabe, mtundu wanyimbo analandira boma. Chinanso kwambiri chinali chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri a otchuka ndi adatengedwa ndi kumadzulo katundu European mwanaalirenji, umene sunali apo kale. Choncho, pafupifupi Sophia - Vasily Golitsyn - anakonza zazikulu chinachake wake ngati chopereka cha katundu mtengo kunja kwa kunja. Ambiri operekedwa okha ndi mabuku ndi malaibulale. Kusintha kumeneku kunapangitsa njira kuloŵerera la anthu ophunzira za luso Western.

zinthu chikhalidwe

Chikhalidwe cha m'ma 17 anayamba mogwirizana kwambiri ndi kusintha ambiri andale m'dziko. Mfundo yakuti pa nthawi zakuthupi bwino pali chizolowezi noticeable kubwerekera maganizo patsogolo ndi kukhala ndi moyo wa West. Komabe, ngongole izi sizinathe yotengedwa ndi kuchuluka ngati zikuluzikulu, monga m'nthawi ya lotsatira. Koma choti kuwulula ndithu. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha anali anamuona pa dera lankhondo, monga ndi Romanovs woyamba anakhazikitsako maalumali latsopano la chitsanzo West European. Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri wotchuka S. M. Solovova, pa nthawi ino, "anthu anasonkhana mu msewu," ie. E. onse a dziko dzachetsa kusintha ndi kusintha.

kulemba

m'munda wa chikhalidwe, imene kusintha inkachitika, anali motere: mabuku, kupenta, zomangamanga. Ndi mabuku kale takambirana. Iwo ayenera zidzawonjezedwa kuti m'nyengo anaphunzira kufalitsa kulemba mu dziko. Makamaka mwachangu mabuku amanena yapachiweniweni: primers, mabuku galamala. Komanso, amatsegula kusukulu. Pakati pawo, ndi Asilavo-Greek-Latin Academy, lomwe ndi limodzi mwa mabungwe otchuka yophunzitsa Russia.

Zooneka zaluso

pachithunzipa komanso panali kusintha. The ndondomeko kusiya kupembedza chikhalidwe nakhudza limeneli, zimene kale zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Kuyenera anawonjezera kuti ena kusintha anali iconography. Pamodzi ndi zilembo za makolo ovomerezeka, aluso anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe luso Western. Mwachitsanzo, fryazhskie kalembedwe. Amisiri ntchito anatsogolera amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida. Ndi wolemba wina wotchuka kwambiri, mmisiri anali Simon Ushakov.

yomanga

Kusintha m'ma anakhudzanso m'madera a chikhalidwe, monga zomangamanga ndi zisudzo. M'zaka za m'ma XVII, anayambanso linasokonekera pambuyo nthawi yovuta yomanga zochitika mwala. Ndi zoletsedwa sikumanga mipingo mu hema-kalembedwe, pamene iye anali wosiyana Byzantine. Akachisi zinamangidwa ndi domes asanu mu mawonekedwe a anyezi ndi. Pali kalembedwe latsopano: otchedwa Naryshkin Baroque. Mbali yache ndi ntchito mitundu ofiira ndi oyera, komanso kuchuluka kwa zodzikongoletsera. Kusiya kupembedza chikhalidwe Russian nthawi chuma kusonyeza kuti kuenjezera yomanga boma. Manda wotchuka ndi Terem Palace mu boma la Russia, m'zipinda amalonda 'ndi nyumba zina.

chatsopano tione

Kusintha chachikulu kalembedwe maonekedwe zambiri zimachitika ulamuliro wa Peter I. Iye ali m'malo nkhanza ndi mawonekedwe eccentric anapanga bwalo wake ndi olemekezeka onse amavala Western European kavalidwe, kumeta ndevu zawo ndipo analamula madona kuvala zovala zokongola kuti anali otchuka pa fashionistas yachilendo. Komabe, m'zaka 17 zovala kakusintha kusintha zinthu zina. Choncho, pa bwalo la Choyamba Mfumu akalambula kale kuona anthu otchuka mu zovala German. Golitsyn komanso Pamilunguyo zatchulidwazi Western mafashoni European.

mtengo nthawi

Mbiri ya chikhalidwe Russian conventionally limapangidwa magawo angapo: nyengo wakale, kalonga, akale Lazaro, nthawi yatsopano, XIX atumwi, Soviet ndi gawo ano. Mu mndandanda wa zaka anaphunzira lofunika kwambiri, chifukwa anakhala gawo kukonzekera kwa kusintha kwakukulu kwa Peter I. Panthawi imeneyi, mmene zinthu zinalili kwa chiyanjo cha chidziwitso yolembedwa sayansi ndi chikhalidwe. Akatswiri ena ngakhale wokonda kuona kufala kwa Choonadi malingaliro m'dziko lathu. Kusiya kupembedza chikhalidwe Russian m'zaka 17 anakhudzidwa m'mbali zonse za moyo. Ndipo kuti pali kusiyana zake zikuluzikulu kuchokera luso isanafike nthawi zonse, pamene sankakhala mwa zinthu Western ndi zaluso wakhala ayi komanso mbiri yakale kudziwa wakhala akupangidwa bwino kwambiri.

Ikani mu poto-European chitukuko

Dziko la chikhalidwe ndi kuchuluka zake zonse koma ndi kusintha ambiri mzere. Kumayambiriro kwa yatsoka ndi zosiyana kwambiri achipembedzo. Chikhulupiriro wafala mbali zonse za anthu ndi kuthandauza za chikhalidwe chawo. Koma m'kupita mu zaluso ndi chikumbumtima chikhalidwe seeps kudziwa boma, lomwe amasintha maganizo a anthu. Pokhalabe wamphamvu chipembedzo ambuye ayamba kuonetsa chidwi kwambiri munthu, nkhawa za dziko lapansi.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, chikhalidwe ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa m'zaka 17 ku Russia anadutsa njira yomweyo ya chitukuko komanso kuti mayiko West European. Komabe, ndife a chikumbumtima achipembedzo akadali kwakukulukulu anatsimikiza mtima wa anthu, ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe cha moyo. chakuti m'mayiko Western European anayamba kufalitsa kudziwa yakale kale mu XII-XIII zaka. Ndipo dziko lathu yekha mu nthawi ya pansi obwereza. Pa nkhani imeneyi, chipembedzo ndi m'zaka zotsatira unatenga malo apamwamba mu dziko.

Relations ndi West

Pa nthawi chuma kukuza zikulumikizana Russia ndi Europe. ambuye okhonda anayamba yofunika chachikulu mu chikhalidwe cha dziko lathu. Mwachitsanzo, abale Agiriki anayambitsa wotchuka Asilavo-Greek-Latin Academy. Simeon wa Polotsk, Belarussian kubadwa zatenganso mbali mu kufala kwa maphunziro m'nyumba yachifumu. Iye chinachititsa kuti mabuku ndi ndakatulo.

M'zaka ichi, dziko lathu lafika amathandiza kwambiri m'bwalo lonse, kuloŵa Mgwirizano wa limati Western. Mwachitsanzo, Russia anatenga gawo mu Zaka Makumi Atatu nkhondo. Zonsezi andithandiza pa moyo ndale za dziko, amene ankaona ngati mbali ya malo Ulaya. Kusintha maganizo osati pachionetsero ndondomeko chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro, komanso moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndipo ngakhale zovala za m'ma 17 umboni chakuti mabwalo ophunzira a anthu anamva chidwi anansi awo.

chikhalidwe

Ngakhale kuti izi, luso Russian anakhalabe m'malo ndiwofatsa. Ngakhale ambiri ayamba kukwaniritsa mayiko a ku Ulaya Western, mbali ina ya anthu koma sanasangalale ndi luso zoweta ndi zosiyana novelties yachilendo. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kusintha Peter anali amaona zachilendo ndi mlendo kwa mzimu Russian. Choncho, m'njira imeneyi, kusiya kupembedza chikhalidwe ayenera kulankhula ndi otetezedwa ndi mosamala kwambiri.

The kusintha zomwe zachitika pa anthu, mosakaika, kupereka malo kwa amalitchula siteji makamaka yofunika nthawi chitukuko. Koma sitiyenera kunyalanyaza mfundo yakuti mu chikhalidwe ambiri Russian anakhalabe ake makolo wapadera mbali yake. Loyamba ndilochokera, ndithudi, abwera kwa dziko anthu. Kutenga pa zovala, mafashoni, mabwalo ambiri a anthu koma anakhalabe okhulupirika kwa miyambo yakale, miyambo, ndi zizolowezi. Izi makamaka bwino kunaonekera pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Peter I. Mfumu nacho chitsutso cha boyars, amene sanafune kuvomereza zaluso lake. Komabe, mfumu yoyamba ya anapeza kufalikira pakati pa anthu amene Pamilunguyo malamulo a rapprochement ndi Ulaya.