Koopsa zochitika za miyala ndi njira

Kuthandiza pa zigawo zosiyana za masoka dziko achibadwa ndi zotsatira awo amasonyeza kuti anthu kaya ayi koma mokwanira anaphunzira njira izi ndi zimene, kapena osati kukakamizidwa ndondomeko chitetezo malo zingakhale woopsawo.

Ngati sikukadatero, padzakhala ovulala ambiri. chiwerengero chawo limasonyeza kuti oopsa geophysical ndi miyala zochitika adakali mu ndondomeko ya kafukufuku asayansi padziko lonse lapansi.

Lingaliro la tsoka

Aliyense chodabwitsa zachilengedwe entailing kunyema kapena kusintha chilengedwe, ndi oyenerera monga masoka achilengedwe.

Iwo akhoza kukhala a miyala, geophysical, nyengo, hydrological, zamoyo zachilengedwe, kapena ngakhale khalidwe danga. Kuti chifukwa cha zimene kusintha kapangidwe, mawonekedwe kapena makhalidwe nyengo ya mapulaneti onse, ndi chigawo chomwe mufuna. Kuwonjezera zachilengedwe, pali zomangamanga oopsa ndi njira Geological ndi zochitika, nthawi zambiri akuwonetseredwa pa kumanga pa malo olakwika, kapena phukusi anthu mu chilengedwe.

Lingaliro la "zoipa" ntchito mu nkhani ya lalikulu zotsatira owononga chodabwitsa achilengedwe. Mawu "mwachibadwa" mu nkhani iyi ikutanthauza chikhalidwe pangozi ya chiwonongeko cha. Yaitali kuphunzira Kapangidwe ka Earth, nyengo yake ndi malo m'mlengalenga, komanso zida yolondola tcheru, si nthawi zonse amatha 'kuchenjeza "anthu za ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, pakutchulidwa cha tsunami n'zovuta kulosera, ngakhale kudziwa njira kunachitika pansi pa nyanja.

Pofuna kudziwa kusintha ndi masoka achilengedwe, pali mabungwe wapadera lonse.

Lingaliro la masoka Geological

zowopseza Geological si zachilendo masiku ano. Ngakhale Ziwerengero akhakula asayansi, Earth zaka zoposa biliyoni 4.5, wachibale zinthu zina mu mlengalenga, komabe ndi dziko wamng'ono, kudutsa magawo awo chitukuko.

Natural zowopseza chiyambi Geological - tsoka chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha lithosphere dzikoli. Izi makamaka monga geophysical njira - zivomezi ndi kuphulitsa mapiri. Tsoka Geological chikhalidwe - kugumuka ndi mudflows. Onsewo ali ndi mphamvu milingo yawo, asayansi oyenerera pamlingo wapadera.

Kuwonjezera kuphunzira zochitika zimenezi, pali chiwerengero cha mfundo ndi malamulo, kusamalira mwamsanga achoke kwa anthu ndi kuwonongedwa zotsatira za masoka achilengedwe.

zivomezi

Onse njira zinkachitika m'chikondi cha dziko lapansi, anasonyeza pamwamba pake mu mawonekedwe a zivomezi. Chotero woopsawo zochitika Geological zokhudzana ndi chakuti mkati tectonic njira lapansi amakhudza zigawo ake akunja.

Imperceptible anthu, koma msampha tcheru njira kayendedwe ka mbale tectonic amachititsa lonselo kuti nthawi zonse zoyenda. N'chimodzimodzinso kwa mapiri ndi chala matanthwe a. Zonsezi ndi chifukwa cha zivomezi. Ena zigawo za lithosphere pansi pa chobvala Dziko Lapansi, pamene ena adzawuka, ntchitoyi mosalekeza yodziwika ndi mabacteria awiri zivomerezi wa dziko - Mediterranean-Asia Pacific.

The ntchito yaikulu ya seismologists asayansi ndi kuphunzira mphamvu bwanji kutumphuka dziko lapansi, ndi mphamvu pafupipafupi awo. Kudziwa mphamvu ya zivomezi pali tebulo apadera mozama ndi mphamvu amadza ndi anakonza mfundo.

chivomezi Anavutika

Pali umboni kuti kalelo panali ngozi miyala. Zitsanzo za izi - wapita pansi madzi kapena m'mizinda anawonongedwa. Malinga ndi asayansi, mwamphamvu ndi pafupipafupi zivomezi zaka 10-12 zikwi zapitazo anali apamwamba. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira pang'onopang'ono achangu mu matumbo a Dziko Lapansi.

Komabe, nthawi yathu ndi zitsanzo zambiri za chivomezi, ikuchitika mu nthawi yochepa ambirimbiri anthu:

• Indonesia Chaka 2006 - 6618 akuvutika.
• Indonesia mu 2009 - anthu oposa 1,500.
• Haiti chaka 2010 - 150 000 akuvutika.
• Japan 2011 - 18 000 anthu.
• Nepal 2015 - zoposa 4,000 akufa.

Izi woopsa zochitika Geological zinachitika oyambirira 21 atumwi TH, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mobisa ntchito tectonic pa dziko komabe si mkulu.

mapiri

Osungunula chiphalaphala ku pakati likuyenda nthawi zonse, ndipo pamene chifukwa cha kukameta ubweya mbale zolakwa tectonic ndi ming'alu kuoneka, ndi pansi kuthamanga iri yofulumira pamwamba kutumphuka. Choncho kuwonetseredwa zachilengedwe zowopseza - masoka Geological monga kuphulitsa mapiri.

Asayansi m'kagulu atatu mitundu ya mapiri :

• Phiri lomwe zinatha amadziwika kuphulika ake pamaso chitukuko anaonekera ndipo unasinthika Padziko Lapansi. Only mu dongosolo lawo ndi madipoziti mu zimaphala asayansi kuweruza mphamvu anali, ndipo pamene iwo anasiya kukhala yogwira.
• Ndi ngozi Geological ndi matalala mapiri, ngakhale kuphulika awo posachedwapa n'kutheka zaka zapitazo. Komabe, iwo nthawi "amoyo" ndi zomwe zimachitika kwambiri mu matumbo a Dziko Lapansi. Iwo kuopseza kuthekera kwa anthu, monga iwo angakhoze "kudzuka" nthawi iliyonse.
• Kuopsa kwambiri moyo wa munthu ndi yogwira mapiri, amene kuya ndi njira zonse zimene zimachititsa zivomezi ndi mpweya chiphalaphala.

Pakali pano, chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha mapiri yogwira mlandu la zilumba Indonesia, akudziwika ngati "mphete ya Moto". Archipelago kutalika 40 000 Km Amakhala makamaka zolakwa tectonic, amene amapanga pafupifupi 90% ya mapiri onse a dziko.

mapiri osati loopsa okha monga zochitika zoopsa miyala kuti atsagane nawo - kumasulidwa mpweya ndi phulusa mu mlengalenga, chiphala chiphalaphala, utuluke matope, zivomezi ndiponso kusefukira kwa madzi.

Zotsatira za kuphulitsa mapiri

Ndi chododometsa m'munsili kuphulika kwa phiri ndi:

• Chiphalaphala utuluke - zigwirizana formations lapansi, anasungunuka ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 1000 kapena zambiri. chiphalaphala kayendedwe zimadalira wochindikala tilili phiri lingayambire pakukhala ochepa masentimita / h, ndipo mpaka 100 Km paola.
• Chiphala mtambo - mmodzi wa zochitika zoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa tichipeza mpweya otentha ndi phulusa kuti nazitentha pa njira yake. Mwachitsanzo, kuphulika kwa Mont Pelee (Martinique) mu 1902, mtambo ofanana chinapululutsa pa liwiro la 160 Km / h mu maminiti pang'ono kuphedwa 40 000 anthu.

• utuluke matope ndi lahars. Zinyalala aumbike ku phulusa mapiri lahars - chisakanizo cha kusungunuka chisanu, dziko lapansi ndi miyala. Pansi lahars mu 1985 anapha mudzi wonse (25 000 anthu) ku Armero tsoka (Colombia).
• gasi chiphala wapangidwa sulfide hydrogen ndi oxides sulfure, ndi kumapha anthu.

Izi si onse oopsa Geological njira ndi zochitika kugwirizana ndi kuphulitsa mapiri. Mtundu uwu wa chiwonongeko choopsa n'chobadwa kwa m'badwo wathu, komanso m'mbiri yonse ya anthu.

kugumuka

Ngati mapiri ndi zivomezi zochitika geophysical, masoka achilengedwe monga kugumuka, zigumukire ndi mudflows - ndi njira miyala.

Chifukwa kugumuka (kusonkhanitsa miyala) lero 80% ndi osathandiza zochita za anthu. Kawirikawiri miyala kwa nthawi yaitali kudziunjikira ndipo sangakhoze kukhudzidwa ndi zaka za mlengalenga, koma kusintha otsetsereka a phiri, zodabwitsa zivomerezi, kukumba mvula kapena mitsinje akhoza kusintha chirichonse mu nkhani masekondi.

Kugumuka chifukwa zochita za anthu zimagwiritsa ntchito yodula mitengo, ulimi zosayenera pa phiri otsetsereka ndi kuchotsa nthaka.

Mwa ichi, malo omwe iwo amakhala ndi akuya wosanjikiza dothi, zithunzi anawagawa yaing'ono, sing'anga ndi lalikulu. Pa malo a ngozi zachilengedwe (Geological kosangalatsa amachititsa miyala) kungakhale phiri, sitima zapamadzi, pamodzi ndi yokumba. Yotsirizira imakhudzana ndi zochita za anthu - maenje, zinyalala lotayako mabomba, ngalande.

sill

vuto lina kwa moyo wa munthu masoka achilengedwe ndi mudslides. Amakhala ndi madzi, dothi ndi miyala ndipo nthawi zambiri kugwirizana ndi kuukitsidwa kwa madzi mu mitsinje phiri. Ngakhale kuti anakhala kusonkhana amatenga maola 1 mpaka 3, zoopsa zomwe zingayambitse limakhaladi mpaka kalekale. Mwachitsanzo, mmizinda ndi chiwerengero cha anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi anthu oposa 50 000 zawonongedwa pamene mudslides ku Peru mu 1970.

Chifukwa nthawi zambiri anamugwira ndi mvula kapena kusungunuka chisanu pamwamba pa phiri. Mu kapangidwe kake, iwo anagawira mu matope, ndipo gryazekamennye vodokamennye. Kupewa anthu, mudflow m'madera chilili damu wakupambana madzi koma kusiya otaya miyala ndi matope. Wogwira ndi yomanga madzi ndi ngalande catchment.

Yeniyeni matope utuluke kulibe, koma n'zotheka kuwerengetsa pafupifupi Mwina mvula (choyambiriracho kung'anima) kapena kuwonjezera kutentha pafupifupi (glacial Amunafikina).

chigumukire

Monga amati 80% ya chigumukire chifukwa zochita za anthu. Masiku ano ndi malo Masewerera a Ski pogwiritsa amene akufunitsitsa kulandira "gawo" la zikuwonjezereka masiku ano. Chigumukire - misa ya chisanu, kupangidwa monga amasonkhana pa phiri otsetsereka.

Ndi kudzikundikira zigawo chisanu ndi katundu, koma osati kuphwanya pa pang'ono kugwedezeka kapena kusungunuka. Malinga otsetsereka ndi msinkhu wa otsetsereka chigumukire lingatithandize liwiro 100 Km / h. Akutsika kuchokera m'phiri, yaing'ono poyamba, izo kumawonjezera, "prihvatyvaya" njira ya chisanu ndi miyala. Kuletsa chigumukire zosatheka. Kawirikawiri n'zofanana mabasi ndi obadwa kwa m'tsinde mwa phiri.

Mu mbiri ya zodabwitsazi Geological ali ovulala angapo, mogwirizana ndi chiwerengero kuti angatchedwe chigumukire tsoka. Mwachitsanzo, mu Turkey kuyambira 1191 ndi 1992, anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi zochitika zimenezi anali anthu oposa 300.

Kusintha dziko

Monga Tingaone pamwamba kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, ngozi Geological - tanthauzo ndi timapangira chabe masoka achilengedwe. Dziko lodziwika masoka, chimene chinapangitsa lonse kapena m'dera kusintha kwa nyengo ndi thandizo dongosolo.

Pa chitsanzo cha masoka zomwe zachitika mu nthawi yathu, ife tikhoza kutchedwa kuphulika wa Krakatoa (1883), chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kwa zaka 5. A chipilala mpweya ndi phulusa ndi kuphulika kwa phiri wawuka mwa pafupifupi 70 kuchokera mu msinkhu, ndi zidutswa za atabalalika 500 Km. Kuyambira phulusa, nthawi yayitali mu mlengalenga, kutentha lonse amagwa madigiri 1.2.

Akulakwitsa kutumphuka padziko lapansi chifukwa cha zivomezi kungachititse ngoziyo zachilengedwe. kusintha malo amachititsa chiwonongeko cha malo zomera kukula kumeneko ndi zinyama wamoyo.

Engineering ndi miyala zochitika

Chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri za ngozi miyala ndi anthu. Engineering ndi ntchito yomangayi anthu amalenga nkhawa zina pa njira tectonic. Pa kudzikweza, mwachitsanzo, ndi kuphwanya madamu Earth misa, amene akugwa pansi pa chikoka cha mphamvu kunja pa iwo.

Izi zinachitika kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ku France. Ili pansi wosanjikiza damu sandstone sanali zizikhala ndi choviikidwa kulemera nyumba, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kusintha kwa malo ndipo akuvutika anthu.

Mabomba a nthaka opangidwa pa zomangamanga, miscalculation ndi kupanda chidziwitso cha njira tectonic akudutsa m'dera lililonse la matanthwe a pansi padziko zambiri m'mavuto. Popewa izi, anayamba malamulo zomangamanga ndi miyala Kafukufuku.

Mophweka kwambiri luso umoyo ndi chitetezo anthu kusukulu.

Kuphunzira zochitika zachilengedwe ku sukulu

Phunziro kuphunzira ngozi miyala, chitetezo moyo, amapereka chidziwitso chofunikira ana kumvetsa zinangokhalako zokha zikuchitika padziko Lapansi.

Nkhani yakuti "chikhazikitso cha Moyo Safety" amapereka maonekedwe a munthu mu sukulu za nzeru ndi luso khalidwe labwino, kupulumuka ndi kupereka thandizo pa mavuto oopsa chifukwa cha zochitika zachilengedwe.