Kodi laser kuwala? Laser cheza: magwero ake ndi kutetezedwa izo

Lasers akukhala zipangizo zofunika kwambiri kufufuza m'minda ya mankhwala, sayansi, umagwirira, nthaka, zamoyo ndi umisiri. Ngati ntchito molakwika, iwo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito khungu ndi zoopsa (mu T. H. Burns ndi magetsi) ntchito ndi ogwira ena, kuphatikizapo alendo wamba Laboratories, komanso kuwononga kwambiri chuma. Ogwiritsa ntchito zipangizozi muyenera kuti limvetse mokwanila ndi ntchito zofunika tipewe ngozi pamene muzizigwiritsa.

Kodi laser?

Mawu "laser" (Engl. Laser, Kuwala amveke ndi analimbikitsa umuna cheza) ndi acronym womwenso "kuwala amveke analimbikitsa umuna". Pafupipafupi cheza kwaiye laser uli mkati kapena pafupi mbali yapadziko lapansi ya sipekitiramu mu atomu. Mphamvu kumatheka ndi mkhalidwe mwamphamvu kwambiri mkulu ndi ndondomeko wotchedwa "laser chovutika umuna".

Mawu akuti "cheza" kawirikawiri sanamvetsedwe chifukwa ntchito za zipangizo nyukiliya. M'nkhaniyi, zikutanthauza kufala kwa mphamvu. Mphamvu inasamutsidwa kuchoka malo amodzi kuti wina mwa conduction, convection ndi cheza.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya lasers ntchito mwa mapangidwe osiyana. Mipweya (mwachitsanzo, argon kapena osakaniza a helium ndi Neon) ntchito ngati ntchito madzimadzi, timibulu olimba (mwachitsanzo rube) kapena colorants madzi. Pamene mphamvu umaperekedwa kwa malo awo a ntchito, icho chimapita ndi okondwa boma ndipo zimatulutsa mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a particles kuwala (photons).

A peyala ya kalirole pa malekezero onse a chubu losindikizidwa kapena akuganizira kapena transmits kuwala ngati mtsinje wambiri, wotchedwa laser mtengo. Aliyense malo zikugwira ntchito umabala wapadera mtengo timaganiza ndi mtundu.

Mtundu laser mtengo, zambiri zimaonekera timaganiza. Ndi sanali ionizing ndi zikuphatikizapo ultraviolet (100-400 nm), zooneka (400-700 nm) ndi infuraredi (700 nm - 1 mm) gawo la sipekitiramu wa.

mu atomu sipekitiramu

Aliyense ali wapadera mu atomu yoweyula pafupipafupi ndi kutalika kugwirizana ndi njirayi. Monga kuwala kofiira ali pafupipafupi komanso timaganiza, ndi mtundu onse ena - lalanje, wachikasu, zobiriwira ndi buluu - ndi mafurikwense wapadera ndi mlengalenga ngati kuwala. Ogwiritsa amatha kuzindikira mafunde awa atomu, koma sangathe kuwona sipekitiramu wa.

Pafupipafupi kwambiri pa Popanga madzi a gamma cheza, X-ray ndi kuwala. Infuraredi, mayikirowevu poizoniyu ndi mafunde wailesi kutenga mafurikwense m'munsi a sipekitiramu wa. Looneka kuwala mu yopapatiza therebetween osiyanasiyana.

Laser cheza: mmene anthu

The laser imatulutsa kwambiri kuwala mtengo imatsogoleredwa. Ngati ndi patsogolo, anasonyeza, kapena kuganizira chinthu, mtengo anafa chosakanikirana ndi kuukitsa pamwamba kutentha ndi gawo lamkati la zinthu zikhoza kusintha kapena mapindikidwe zakuthupi. makhalidwe amenewa kuti akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito Opaleshoni ndi mankhwala zipangizo, kungakhale koopsa minofu anthu.

Kuwonjezera cheza, kupereka zotsatira matenthedwe pa zimakhala zoopsa laser kuwala, chimabala zotsatira photochemical. chikhalidwe chake ndi mokwanira lalifupi timaganiza, mwachitsanzo. E. dzuwa kapena gawo buluu a sipekitiramu wa. zipangizo zamakono kubala laser umuna, mmene anthu ali chabe. Wa otsika mphamvu laser sikokwanira kutivulaza, ndi zoopsa iwo angabweretse.

zimakhala anthu amazindikira mphamvu, ndi pa zochitika zina za cheza atomu, laser kuphatikizapo, zikhoza kuwonongeka kwa maso ndi khungu. pamakomo zoopsa maphunziro cheza akhala akufufuza.

Kuopsa kwa maso

Diso la munthu kuti atengeke choipa kupitirira khungu. The diso (mandala akunja kutsogolo padziko diso), mosiyana dermis, ali wosanjikiza kunja kwa maselo akufa amene kuchilango makhalidwe zachilengedwe. Laser ndi cheza ultraviolet ndi chosakanikirana ndi diso kwa diso zimene zikhoza vuto lililonse. Vutoli limodzi ndi edema ndi zaminyewa kukokoloka, ndi kuvulala aakulu - clouding za chipinda zapambuyo.

Maso mwina komanso sachedwa choipa pamene poyera kuti laser cheza osiyana - infuraredi ndi ultraviolet.

Kuopsa kwambiri Komabe, zotsatira za laser pa diso mu zooneka sipekitiramu kuwala - 400 nm (violet) kwa 1400 nm (pafupi infuraredi). Mkati m'dera la sipekitiramu wa matabwa collimated kwambiri za pa malo ochepa kwa diso. Zikachitika mlandu kukhudzana kumachitika pamene diso akuyang'ana mu mtunda ndi mwachindunji kapena anasonyeza mtengo likugunda izo. Pankhaniyi, ndende yake pa diso ukufika maulendo 100,000.

Choncho, chooneka mtanda wa 10 MW / masentimita ² zochita pa diso ndi mphamvu ya 1000 W / ^cm2. Izi ziri zoposa mokwanira kuti kuwononga. Ngati diso osati kuyang'ana kutali, kapena ngati mtengo amasonyeza kuchokera akakufunsani, osati galasi pamwamba, kumabweretsa choipa ndi wamphamvu kwambiri cheza. The laser zotsatira pa khungu lopanda moganizira tingati choncho kuli atengeke choipa pa mlengalenga ngati kuwala izi.

X-ray

Ena kachitidwe apamwamba voteji ndi voltages kuposa 15 kV akhoza kupanga X-ray mphamvu ndithu: ndi laser kuwala gwero - wamphamvu excimer lasers ndi elekitironi ikukoka, komanso madzi ndi ion magwero dongosolo. zipangizozi zifunike chitetezo cha kutentha, kuphatikizapo kwa kutetezedwa yoyenera.

Gawo

Malinga ndi mphamvu kapena mphamvu ya mtanda ndi timaganiza cheza, ndi lasers ndi magulu angapo. Gawo zachokera luso angathe chipangizo kum'vulaza yomweyo m'maso, khungu, kutupa padzuwa mwachindunji kwa mtengo kapena akakufunsani chinyezimiro kuchokera pamalo chimawala. lasers onse malonda imvera chizindikiritso kudzera chinaperekedwa pa zolemba zawo. Ngati chipangizo anali chopangidwa nyumba kapena chizindikiro, malangizo ayenera akamagwira lolingana gulu ake ndi olemba. Lasers amadziŵika ndi mphamvu, timaganiza ndi nthawi yopeza.

zipangizo Safety

zipangizo kalasi yoyamba kupanga otsika Mwamphamvu laser kuwala kwa magetsi. Iwo sungakhoze kufika mlingo oopsa, kotero njira ndi osapatsidwa miyeso kwambiri ulamuliro kapena njira zina anaziika. Chitsanzo: osindikiza laser ndi osewera CD.

chipangizo salembedwa otetezedwa

chachiwiri lasers kalasi zimatulutsa mu sipekitiramu kuwoneka. Izi magwero laser kuwala amene amachititsa munthu wabwinobwino zimene kukanidwa kwambiri kuwala (zimaphethira reflex). Atadziŵa mtengo diso laumunthu blinks 0,25 m, amene amateteza chokwanira. Komabe, laser cheza ndi mu osiyanasiyana kuonekera amapweteka maso, zimakhudza zonse. Zitsanzo: anatchulapo laser, laser yoyeza.

lasers 2a kalasi ali mwapadera cholinga zipangizo ndi mphamvu linanena bungwe zosakwana 1 MW. zipangizozi kuwononga yekha zimakhudza mwachindunji pa 1000 ndi tsiku 8-ola ntchito. Mwachitsanzo wowerenga barcode.

lasers oopsa

Ndi kalasi 3a monga zipangizo zimene sakutaya malinga mwachidule kwa diso mosadziteteza. N'koopsa ntchito moganizira Optics Mwachitsanzo telesikopu, microscopes ndi zoyang'anira. Zitsanzo: a helium-Neon laser mphamvu ya 1-5 MW, ena ozolowera laser ndi milingo nyumbayi.

3 kalasi laser mtengo ungamuphe choipa kapena zimakhudza mwachindunji ndi galasi chifaniziro chake. Chitsanzo: a helium-Neon laser mphamvu ya 5-500 MW, ambiri kufufuza ndi lasers achire.

Maphunziro 4 zikuphatikizapo chipangizo ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya oposa 500 MW. Amakhala oopsa kwa maso, khungu, komanso ngozi moto. Ndinakumana ndi mtanda wa specular wake kapena mawunikidwe akakufunsani zingachititse diso ndi khungu kuvulala. miyezo chitetezo ayenera kumwedwa. CHITSANZO: na-: YAG-lasers, kusonyezedwa opaleshoni, zitsulo kudula.

Laser cheza: Protection

Aliyense zasayansi ayenera kupereka chitetezo chokwanira cha anthu ntchito ndi lasers. Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro zenera kudzera amene cheza angaphunzitse zipangizo 2, makalasi 3 kapena 4 ndi wadzaoneni m'madera kusalankhula ayenera yokutidwa kapena kutetezedwa pa ntchito chipangizo chotero. Chitetezo pazipita, izo tikulimbikitsidwa kuti diso.

• The mtanda ayenera unazunguliridwa mu sanali chimawala lawi kugonjetsedwa chivundikiro zoteteza kuchepetsa wakhudzana mwangozi kapena moto. Agwirizane mtanda ntchito zowonetsera fulorosenti kapena viewfinders sekondale; Pewani mwachindunji diso kukhudzana.
• Pakuti mtengo njira mayikidwe ntchito mphamvu kuthungo. Ngati nkotheka, njira kuyambirira mayikidwe ntchito zipangizo otsika-yotsiriza. Pewani pamaso zosafunika zinthu chimawala m'dera laser.
• Motengera Ndime ya mtengo pamalo kwaopseratu maola, ntchito shutter, ndiponso mavuto ena. Musagwiritse ntchito makoma a chipinda kuti agwirizane mtengo laser kalasi 3 ndi 4.
• Gwiritsani ntchito zida sanali chimawala. Ena zida susonyeza kuwala looneka kumakhaladi galasi mbali yakumwamba ya sipekitiramu wa.
• Samavala zodzikongoletsera chimawala. zokongoletsa zachitsulo komanso azitaya mantha magetsi.

magalasi oteteza

Pamene akugwira lasers 4 makalasi ndi angozi lotseguka, kapena pa chiopsezo chinyezimiro ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi oteteza. Lembani iwo zimadalira mtundu wa poizoni. Mfundo ayenera anasankha kuti adziteteze mawunikidwe, makamaka akakufunsani, komanso kuteteza kuti mlingo kumene zachilengedwe chitetezo reflex chingalepheretse choipa diso. Chotero zipangizo kuwala kusungabe semblance wa mtengo, kuti kupewa amayaka khungu, kuchepetsa kuthekera ngozi zina.

Zofunika kuzilingalira posankha eyewear:

• kapena timaganiza m'dera la cheza sipekitiramu;
• absorbance pa timaganiza makamaka;
• pazipita illuminance (W / masentimita ²⁾ kapena mphamvu mtengo (W);
• kutayipa dongosolo laser;
• Mphamvu mode - pulsed laser cheza kapena mode mosalekeza;
• mphamvu chinyezimiro - specular ndipo akakufunsani;
• m'munda wa view;
• kupezeka kwa magalasi kukonza kapena lalikulu n'kulola kuvala magalasi kuti tikonzedwe masomphenya;
• chitonthozo;
• mpweya wabwino mipata kuteteza misting;
• mphamvu za masomphenya mtundu;
• zimakhudzira kukana;
• mphamvu ya kuchita ntchito zofunika.

Popeza Goggles sachedwa kuwononga ndi kuvala, zasayansi pulogalamu chitetezo pazikhalanso chiphasochi nthawi ya zinthu izi zozitetezera.