Kodi Kukhonde, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani Kumafunikira?

Kuti tiyankhe funsoli, chimene Kukhonde ndi wosavuta. Izi amafotokozera mapulani, kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kuyambira m'masiku a Greece wakale. Ngati mukuganiza kuti cipo anamuona, inu Mukulakwitsa. Tiyang'ane masiku zipembedzo Russian banknote a $ 100, kumbali inayo, lomwe limasonyeza milimo ya Bolshoi Theatre. Forward wa mizati eyiti, chokhala ndi denga triangular, limene fano la Apollo mu Quadriga ntchito Klodt - izi ndi Kukhonde. Ndipo ndizo pafupi kumene ndi pamene anachita izi amafotokozera kamangidwe, ena mwa nyumba wotchuka kukometsera izo, yesani kukuuzani m'nkhani ino.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Mawu "khonde" lachokera ku porticus Latin, kutanthauza "zomera". Kukhonde pa zomangamanga - gawo yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda wa kapangidwe popangidwa ndi mamembala otero akuthandiza amene amathandiza denga, ngati utsi, arches ndi pilasters. Childs, ndi njanjira mkati khoma la nyumbayo ndipo ndi lotseguka pa chimodzi kapena zingapo maphwando akunja. Choncho, chinthu ichi tichipeza zigawo zitatu zikuluzikulu: mizati, zochokera entablature awo ndi pediment, amaveka korona dongosolo lonse. Kodi Kukhonde? Photos anapereka m'munsimu, atsimikiza izi bwino.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pakhonde panali lidalengedwa ndi mapulani Greek. Anagwiritsa ntchito osati monga chinthu kamangidwe, komanso dongosolo kumbali-yekha. Kuchokera wakale Kukhonde Greek anaitenga ndipo kenako bwino ntchito mwa omanga ku Roma. Kuchokera kumeneko chinafalikira padziko lonse ndipo kunathandiza kwambiri pa zikhalidwe zambiri za ku Ulaya. popeza kuti n'zotheka Kukhonde anali wodziwika mu Ulaya, kumene chokongoletsedwa ndi pamakoma a matchalitchi ndi nyumba zachifumu. Great kutchuka anali mu European classicism zaka XVIII-XIX.

Nchifukwa Chiyani Kumafunikira?

Mapulani ntchito mchitidwe uwu kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana:

• kuti kalembera wa pakhomo waukulu nyumbayi;
• monga mtolo gulu pakati pa mkati ndi zokolola mwambo;
• monga chinthu chomaliza cha okhudza malo chapakati gulu loyimba olamulira nyumba yachifumu.

mitundu

Kukambirana zokhudzana Kukhonde, ndikofunika kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu yake. Ngati mulibe kupita mapulani ndi kumanga mfundo, gulu zophweka kwambiri potengera chiwerengero cha mizati ntchito pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana.

ndime zinayi, monga dzina lake likunenera, ali miyendo inayi. Iwo anali chimagwiritsidwa ntchito akale zomangamanga Greek ndi Aroma kumanga akachisi ndi nyumba pagulu. Wotchuka zinayi ndime pakhonde panali pa zomangamanga - izo ndi kumpoto kwa White House mu United States.

Zisanu ndi ndime Doric chokongoletsedwa pamakoma a nyumba ndi nyumba zachipembedzo za Greece wakale, monga Kachisi wa Poseidon pa Cape Sunium kapena Kachisi wa Concordia mu Agrigento. Mtundu wa Kukhonde ndi ntchito azikongoletsa ena akachisi kalembedwe amaayoni, monga Erechtheion ku Athens Acropolis. Pambuyo kulamulira mwa madera kum'mwera kwa Italy Agiriki izo anatenga Etruscans ndi Aroma. Lero, mmodzi wa zitsanzo zabwino anasunga wa Roma zisanu columned Kukhonde ndi Mezon Karre ku French Nîmes. Ndipo mu St. Petersburg, pavilions Admiralty choyang'ana Neva embankment, mukhoza kuona chakale Russian zitsanzo za zinthu izi mapulani.

Octastyle - izo porticos wapangidwa ndi nsanja eyiti. Ntchito chakale zomangamanga Greek, iwo n'zochepa kwambiri, koma anapulumuka nyumba zimenezi ndi zinthu deta monga Roma Pantheon, kapena ku Atene Parthenon. Mtundu wa pakhonde ndi amene kukometsera wapakamwa wa Bolshoi Theatre mu Moscow ndi Synod yomanga St. Petersburg.

Decastyle - Mwachitsanzo, Kukhonde la New Hermitage ku St. Petersburg ndi College University mu London khumi zipilala zogwiriziza.

City pakhonde - Bologna

Ngati mizinda ina yonse ndi mayiko a nyumbayi, chokongoletsedwa ndi chinthu ichi, muyenera kuyang'ana, mu Bologna, Italy, zimenezi Kukhonde, nzika aliyense amadziwa ndi mokondwera kukusonyezani mmene kufika mzindawo. About 38 Km wa arcades ili chabe pakati mbiri ndi cloisters, pakhonde kudutsa mzinda. Ndithu chidwi ndi nkhani ya maonekedwe awo. Kalekale Bologna nkhani lakuthwa ndithu ndi mafakitale ndi malonda malo. Akuluakulu pa nthawi anabwera ndi njira m'malo luso mwa zinthu ziwiri anaganiza kukuza malo zothandiza nyumba chifukwa cha kuchotsa mbali ya gawo pa msewu. Komanso, monga mawonekedwe a malonda osiyanasiyana mafakitale m'madera lotseguka chidwi cha anthu am'deralo ndi alendo. Poyamba, arches awo amapereka mwa matabwa matabwa, amene ndiye m'malo ndi nsangalabwi ndi mwala zogwiriziza. Ambiri a iwo ali ndi mapulani komanso mbiri phindu.