Kodi dongosolo mtsinje? Mtsinje waukulu ndi makhwawa

Pa iliyonse mitsinje Africa otaya, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, iwo osati chakudya nyanja, nyanja ndi nyanja, komanso kupereka mizinda mwatsopano madzi ndi midzi. Kuyambira kalekale anthu akhala akuyesa kumanga midzi pafupi madzi. Masiku ano, pafupifupi aliyense likulu, zikhale Moscow, Paris kapena Tokyo, ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi mtsinje waukulu chimene chinaperekedwa kamodzi m'Baibulo. Koma kodi dongosolo mtsinje, kumene izo zimachokera ndi komwe iwo umagwera?

mfundo zofunika

Izo sizikanakhala ziri m'nyanja ndi m'mitsinje, ngati sadaikemo iliyonse lachiwiri la madzi kuti kuwonjezera maukonde kudutsa maiko onse. magwero iwo kutenga mkulu mu mapiri, kapena kuchokera ku kasupe pa phiri pa njira ya madziwo ali mosalekeza anadyetsedwa Madzi a mvula kuti kupereka watersheds. Mtsinje waukulu ndi zambiri buku madzi ambiri, amapereka dzina a dongosolo limene anamanga ku makhwawa omwe amatuluka mu izo. Mwachitsanzo, machitidwe monga Yenissei kapena Volga. Si nthawi zonse Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa mtsempha wamagazi waukulu ndi makhwawa kotero mosapita m'mbali. Kawirikawiri kulabadira magawo kusankha monga kutalika, otaya malangizo, kapangidwe m'malire, mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi. Kodi dongosolo mtsinje tikhoza kuphunzira kuyang'ana pa Amazon, dera lake ndi symmetrical bwino.

maiwe

Dziko dera lonse, amene mphamvu ya mtsinje wotchedwa dziwe ake. Aliyense zimatengera mtundu wa ellipse kapena akufanana ndi peyala. Mtengo wa mwachindunji ali ndi mphamvu pa moyo chuma ndi ndale za anthu a mderali anthu, mizinda ndi mayiko. Aliyense akudziwa kuti madzi - ndi moyo, ndi kumene sikokwanira Mwachitsanzo, mu Africa, palibe kukula. N'chifukwa chake makolo athu anzeru anayesa adzaikidwe pafupi ndi madzi. Ngati inu muyang'ana pa kuchuluka wotanganidwa malo maiwe osiyana pa paliponse, tinganene kuti yabwino kwambiri poyerekezera ndi zinthu hydrographic wa dziko ili mu South (67%) ndi North (49%) a America. Kumene, chifukwa pali lalikulu machitidwe mtsinje wa Amazon, Orinoco, Mississippi ndi Colorado.

watersheds

Watersheds - ndi mizere makonzedwe kapena mikwingwirima, amene maiwe anasiyanitsidwa ndi mzake. The okulira chachikulu cha dziko amatchedwa ocular (A. Tillo) ndipo amauza dziwe losambira ya Arctic ndi Atlantic nyanja, omwe ali 53% malo okwana dziko, ndi kukhetsa m'chigawo cha Pacific ndi nyanja ya Indian iwo nkhani% 25. yogawa amenewa ndi chifukwa Kapangidwe ka padziko lapansi, chifukwa kugombe awiri otsiriza a m'nyanja ali lili ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene kusokoneza njira ya mtsinje, komanso lalikulu kufunika mvula. Otsala 22% ya dziko za otchedwa ziro-kumaliseche dera lomwe amakhala ndi chakuti mtsinje ukuyenda kumeneko, alibe mwayi wopeza nyanja, ndipo chotero, m'nyanja. Mmodzi wa dera lalikulu kwambiri ngalande ndi Central Africa ndiponso chipululu cha Sahara ndi Kalahari. ndi dongosolo mtsinje popanda okulira chiyani? Yaikulu komanso yofunika kwambiri watersheds ali pa nsonga ya mapiri chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, mu America, dongosolo ndi Cordillera wa Andes, ndi Alps ku Ulaya.

Asia

Hydrology lililonse Africa ndi wapadera ndipo ali ake mbali mwini khalidwe. Kwambiri mitsinje Asian kuthamanga kunayambira ku HimalayasI ndi yachonde Chitibeta, ndipo zikuphatikiza Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganges, Irrawaddy, Mekong, Yangtze, Salween ndi Yellow Mtsinje. mitsinje iyi ndi kasupe waukulu, monga chakudya chikhalidwe onse olemera a m'madera amenewa, ndi kugwa chifukwa kwa ofunda ayezi nyanja. Inu kusankha chinthu china mitsinje Asian, ena a iwo akhoza kugawidwa awiriawiri, chifukwa gulu lirilonse ali kunayambira ku malo amodzi, koma ndiye iwo kupatukana kudzakomananso pa malo a ngalande. Iwo Irtysh ndi ob mitsinje, Ganges ndi Brahmaputra, Tigirisi ndi Firate mitsinje, Amu Darya ndi Syr Darya. Pafupifupi mtsinje ndi dongosolo mtsinje ndi waukulu chifukwa chakuti dera limene zidzachitika, ndi kuperekedwa zigwa.

Europe

mtsempha wamagazi madzi ndi mmene otsika Asian onse m'litali ndi m'lifupi. Mbali yaikulu angatchedwe moyandikana chiyambi, zomwe mapeto nyenyezi woboola pakati mitsinje divergence Akumenya Mwachitsanzo - izo Valdai Hills, ndi anayamba mitsinje monga Volga makhwawa Ilmenite, ndi Dnieper ndi Western Dvina. Mitundu maiwe ambiri mbalambanda, koma pamodzi, chifukwa iwo ali pafupi mapiri.

North ndi South America ndi Africa

Koma gawo la maiko awa chifukwa cha mitsinje kwambiri utumiki wa madzi ndi yaitali. Mu North America, ambiri mwa madzi a Nyanja limabweretsa mtundu, chakudya padziko lonse lapansi madzi oyera nyanja. Mu miyala Mountains kum'mwera kwa Africa pali mtsinje, amene amapereka madzi ake mu Pacific ndi nyanja ya Atlantic, n'koyenera dzina lake "Nsomba zopezeka m'nyanja zikuluzikulu awiri". Mu Africa, mtsinje dongosolo chiwembu kawirikawiri mawu mathithi kuti salola kukhala navigation, koma amangonena za malire m'munsi. Koma kumpoto kwa Africa kudziwika otaya mitsinje monga Nile, Niger ndi Congo. Iwo yodziwika ndi pakalibe okulira, amene imawachititsa kuphatikiza mu chapamwamba. Kotero ife anayang'ana pa zimene dongosolo mtsinje, makamaka kugawa ake ndiponso dongosolo la maiwe a.