Kodi cytoplasm? Kapangidwe, zikuchokera ndi katundu wa cytoplasm ndi

Kodi cytoplasm? matabwa ake ndi zikuchokera ndi chiyani? Kodi ntchito kodi kuchita? M'nkhaniyi, ife anayankha mwatsatanetsatane mafunso onsewa. Komanso, tiona mbali structural wa cytoplasm ndi katundu, komanso kulankhula za gulu la yankho colloidal, kapangidwe ka nembanemba selo ndi organelles ma yovuta.

The mayunitsi structural wa zimakhala onse ndi maselo a ziwalo. Awiri mitundu ya gulu structural

Amadziwika kuti maselo kupanga zimakhala za zomera zonse ndi nyama. Izi structural unit wa zamoyo zonse zingasiyane mu mawonekedwe, kukula ndiponso kapangidwe mkati. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo ali mfundo zofanana mu zamoyo, kuphatikizapo kagayidwe, kukula ndi chitukuko, irritability ndi masiyanidwe. Mitundu zosavuta moyo zigwirizana maselo limodzi ndi kubereka kugawa.
Asayansi mitundu iwiri ya kapangidwe foni ya gulu wakhala allocated:

• prokaryotic;
• eukaryotic.

Ali kwambiri kusiyana mu dongosolo lawo. The foni prokaryotic kusasintha pakati akusowa. khromozomu lake limodzi ili mwachindunji mu cytoplasm, kuti si wosiyana zinthu zina. Chotero eg ndi mmene mabakiteriya. cytoplasm awo ndi osauka zikuchokera nyumba, koma pali ribosome yaing'ono. Eukaryotic ndi zovuta kuposa maselo prokaryotic. DNA yake zokhudzana ndi mapuloteni ndi mu DNA, imene ili mu organelles osiyana khungu - phata. Iwo ndi wosiyana ndi organelles ena a Kakhungu porous kwa chipinda ndipo imakhala zinthu monga chromatin, madzi nyukiliya ndi nucleolus. Komabe, pali chinthu chimodzi mu mitundu iwiri ya gulu la ma. Ndipo prokaryotes ndi eukaryotes ndi zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo nthanoyi mkati anapereka wapadera colloidal njira, muli organelles zosiyanasiyana ndi kutsegula zosakhalitsa.

Eukaryotic selo: ndi cytoplasm. kapangidwe kake ndi ntchito

Kotero, ife timapita ku mtima wa kafukufuku wathu. Kodi cytoplasm? Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane ichi atsopano. The cytoplasm ndi chigawo yaikulu maselo unali pakati pa maziko ndi Kakhungu plasma. Theka-madzi, ndi chinamulowerera ndi tubules, microtubules, microfilaments ndipo filaments. Komanso pansi cytoplasm akhoza anazindikira njira colloidal amene amakhala ndi kayendedwe ka particles colloidal ndi mbali zina. Mu ichi theka-sing'anga wopangidwa mwa madzi ndi osiyanasiyana mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga, anakonza nyumba selo, organelles, komanso kutsegula zosakhalitsa. The ntchito zofunika kwambiri ndi cytoplasm. Iwo akuchita kulembetsa zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse ma mu dongosolo limodzi. Chifukwa tubules ndi microtubules cytoplasm selo amachita ntchito ya mafupa ndi amapereka malo kwa ndondomeko zokhudza thupi ndi amuzolengedwa. Komanso, amapereka mwayi onse organelles selo ndi amapereka kuyenda. mbali nawa selo cytoplasm n'chofunika kwambiri, monga iwo kulola structural unit wa zamoyo zonse kuchita ntchito zawo. Tsopano inu mukudziwa chomwe cytoplasm. Komanso kudziwa mtundu wanji wa udindo mu selo ndi zomwe zimatengera "ntchito" Ankachita. Kenako tikambirana kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka njira colloidal mwatsatanetsatane.

Kodi pali kusiyana kulikonse mu cytoplasm zomera ndi nyama maselo?

Membranous organelles, yomwe ili mu njira colloidal, ankaona Golgi zida, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, ndi akunja plastid cytoplasmic Kakhungu. Maselo nyama ndi zomera losiyana zikuchokera semiliquid sing'anga. The cytoplasm mu selo chomera ali organelles wapadera - ndi plastids. Iwo ndi enieni matupi mapuloteni kuti amasiyana ntchito, maonekedwe ndi mtundu inki ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Plastids zili cytoplasm ndi amatha kusuntha pamodzi ndi izo. Iwo amakula, zikupitiriza ndi kupanga mankhwala organic munali michere. The cytoplasm selo chomera ali zitatu plastids. Chikasu kapena lalanje otchedwa chromoplasts, wobiriwira - chloroplasts, ndi colorless - leucoplasts. Pali mbali ina khalidwe - ndi Golgi zovuta ankaimira dictyosome anabalalikira m'zigawo cytoplasm lapansi. Maselo nyama, mosiyana kwa mbewu, ndi cytoplasm zigawo ziwiri zilipo. Wakunja wotchedwa ectoplasm, ndipo amkati - endoplasma. Wosanjikiza woyamba ndi pafupi selo nembanemba, ndipo chachiwiri - pakati pa iwo ndi porous Kakhungu nyukiliya. Ectoplasm wapangidwa ndi ambiri microfilaments - mwawo mamolekyulu wa globular akitini mapuloteni. Endoplasm lili organelles zosiyanasiyana, granules ndi yodziwika ndi kukhuthala m'munsi.

Hyaloplasm mu chipinda eukaryotic

Maziko a cytoplasm wa eukaryotes ndi otchedwa hyaloplasm. Ndi slimy, colorless, si yunifolomu njira imene njira kagayidwe kachakudya mosalekeza zimachitika. Hyaloplasm (m'mawu ena, masanjidwewo) ndi colloidal dongosolo ndi dongosolo zovuta. Kapangidwe zimapezekanso RNA ndi mapuloteni sungunuka, lipids ndi polysaccharides. Komanso ali ndi chidwi kuchuluka hyaloplasm nucleotides, amino zidulo, ayoni zochita kupanga, komanso mankhwala a mtundu Na ^- kapena Ca ^2+. The masanjidwewo ali ndi dongosolo homogeneous. Ilipo mu njira ziwiri zomwe zimatchedwa gel osakaniza (olimba) ndi Sol (madzi). kusintha nonse pakati pawo zimachitika. Mu gawo madzi pali dongosolo thinnest filaments mapuloteni otchedwa mikrotrabekulami. Amanga nyumba yonse mwa selo. Ndipo mu malo kumene Podutsa gulu la ribosomes. Mikrotrabekuly ndi microtubules ndi microfilaments kupanga mafupa cytoplasmic. Iwo imalongosola ndi nthawi malo organelles selo onse.

zinthu Organic ndi zochita kupanga ku maselo colloidal njira

Tiyeni tione zimene mipweya ya cytoplasm chiyani? Zinthu zopezeka selo akhoza wachinsinsi m'magulu awiri - organic ndi zochita kupanga. Woyamba anafika mu mapuloteni, chakudya, mafuta ndi zidulo mkati. Chakudya ndi alembedwera cytoplasm wa mono-, di- ndi polysaccharides. Ndi monosaccharides, timibulu colorless, kukoma zambiri wokoma monga fructose, shuga, ribose ndi zina zotero. D. mamolekyulu Large polysaccharides zigwirizana monosaccharide. Muchipindachi, iwo amakhala ndi wowuma, glycogen ndi mapadi. Lipids, i.e. mafuta mamolekyulu, zatsalira anapangidwa wa glycerol ndi mafuta zidulo. cytoplasm kapangidwe: zinthu zochita kupanga amene timapemphera makamaka madzi, zomwe kawirikawiri chimachititsa 90% ndi kulemera. Iye amachita mu cytoplasm ntchito zofunika. Madzi ndi zosungunulira konsekonse, amapereka elasticity, ndi unkagwira ntchito mwachindunji kayendedwe ka zinthu, onse mkati ndi pakati pa maselo. Ponena zazikulu kuti maziko a biopolymers, oposa 98% ya kapangidwe okwana wotanganidwa ndi mpweya cytoplasmic, hayidirojeni, kaboni ndi asafe. Pambali, selo lili sodium, calcium, sulfure, magnesium, chlorine ndi ena. The salt mchere alipo monga anions ndi cations, mmene chiŵerengero Mzimuyo acidity awo.

The katundu wa njira colloidal muchipindachi

Tiganizire moposera, kodi mbali yaikulu ya cytoplasm lapansi. Choyamba, ndi cyclosis zonse. Ndi okhudza maselo ambiri cytoplasm kuyenda. Choyamba zilembedwe anafotokoza m'zaka za m'ma 18, Italy wasayansi Corti. Cyclosis ikuchitika mu cytoplasm, kuphatikizapo mu tyazhah yolumikiza ndi cytoplasm kuti phata la. Ngati zoyenda pazifukwa zina mabasi - afa eukaryotic selo. The cytoplasm ndiyo kwenikweni mu cyclosis zonse, amene wapezeka ndi kayendedwe ka organelles. Liwiro zoyenda a masanjidwewo ndi zimadalira zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo kuunika ndi kutentha. Mwachitsanzo, mu khungu la anyezi mamba cyclosis liwiro ndi za 6 m / s. cytoplasm kuyenda mu thupi chomera ali akuthandiza kwambiri pa kukula ndi chitukuko, kulimbikitsa zoyendera zinthu pakati pa maselo. The chachiwiri chuma chofunika ndi kukhuthala kwa njira colloidal. Ndi zosiyana kwambiri malingana ndi mtundu wa chamoyo. Ena zamoyo cytoplasm kukhuthala kokha pang'ono kuposa ndi kukhuthala madzi, ena M'malo mwake, kukwaniritsa kukhuthala glycerine. Akukhulupirira kuti amadalira kagayidwe. Kusinthanitsa tima zikachitika, m'munsi kukhuthala kwa njira colloidal. Chinthu china chofunika ndi semipermeable. The cytoplasm mu kapangidwe kake ali Kakhungu Kuchepetsa. Iwo chifukwa wapadera amapanga, angathe kusankha pochitika mamolekyulu ena zinthu ndi kuti muphonye ena. Kusankha permeability wa cytoplasm ndi amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu ndondomeko ya moyo. Si nthawi zonse mu moyo, kusintha ndi zaka ndipo ukuwonjezeka mwa zamoyo zomera ndi kuwonjezeka kuwala kwambiri ndiponso kutentha. N'zovuta Musaone kufunika cytoplasm lapansi. Ndi nawo kagayidwe mphamvu, zoyendera zakudya, excretion exotoxins. Amagwiritsidwanso tinganene osmotic chotchinga masanjidwewo ndi zochitika pa lamulo njira kakulidwe, kukula ndi kugawikana selo. Kuphatikizapo cytoplasm amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu DNA kugawanika.

Features kuimira selo

zomera ndi nyama maselo onse kuchulukitsa ndi kugawa. Pali mitundu itatu kudziwika - mozungulira, mwachindunji ndi Kuchepetsa. Woyamba amatchedwanso amitosis. Sitipereka chulutsa kumachitika motere. Poyamba, "pereshnurovyvaetsya" pachimake, ndiyeno gulu la cytoplasm amapezeka. Chifukwa, maselo awiri anapanga, amene pang'onopang'ono kukula kwa kholo lapansi. Mtundu uwu wa Chigawo nyama ali osowa kwambiri. Childs, zidzachitika mozungulira magawano, mwachitsanzo mitosis. Ndi zambiri amitosis zovuta ndi yodziwika kuti pali kuchuluka kaphatikizidwe mu phata ndi anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa DNA. Mitosis ali magawo anayi, ndipo amatchedwa - prophase, metaphase, anaphase ndi telophase.

• Gawo loyamba amakhala ndi mapangidwe ndi chingwe koyilo chromatin pa phata, khromozomu ndipo kenako monga "studs". Mu nthawi iyi pali zikusiyana centrioles kuti mitengoyo ndi kupanga achromatin spindle.
• Gawo lachiwiri la mitosis yodziwika mu khromozomu kuti, kufika pazipita helix kuyamba udzakhazikitsidwe pa equator maselo mwadongosolo.
• Mu gawo lachitatu akuwaza DNA mu chromatids awiri. Pankhaniyi, wosemedwa spindle ulusi ndi mwana anakoka DNA kwa mizati zosiyana.
• Mu gawo lachinayi la mitosis amapezeka dispiralizatsiya DNA ndi mapangidwe envelopu nyukiliya owazungulira. Pa nthawi yomweyo gulu la cytoplasm amapezeka. Ife mwana selo uli diploid ya DNA.

Chigawo Kuchepetsa achilendo kwa maselo kugonana. Mu mtundu uwu wa chulutsa selo amapezeka mapangidwe wophatikizidwa DNA formations. Kupatulapo ndi imodzi unpaired khromozomu. Chifukwa, kuchepetsa magawano m'zipinda awiri mwana kulandira theka la khromozomu akonzedwa. The apakatikati mmodzi yekha wamkazi selo. Kugonana maselo ndi chiwerengero theka DNA, okhwima ndi angathe umuna, wotchedwa mkazi gametes wamwamuna.

Lingaliro la nembanemba cytoplasmic

Nyama zonse, zomera, maselo ngakhale mabakiteriya losavuta ndi yapadera pamwamba wagawo loletsa ndipo kumateteza masanjidwewo ku malo akunja. Cytoplasmic Kakhungu (plasmalemma, selo nembanemba, plasma Kakhungu) ndi wosanjikiza kusankha permeable la tinthu (mapuloteni, phospholipids), lomwe lili ndi cytoplasm. Amakhala subsystems zitatu:

• plasma nembanemba;
• nadmembranny zovuta;
• submembranny minofu ndi mafupa hyaloplasm contractile zida.

Kapangidwe ka Kakhungu cytoplasmic kuti: izo limapangidwa zigawo ziwiri za mamolekyulu zamadzimadzi (bilayer), molekyu iliyonse zoterezi mchira ndi mutu. Michira akukumana mzake. Iwo hydrophobic. Hydrophilic mutu mkati ndi maselo kunja. The bilayer zikuphatikizapo mapuloteni molekyulu. Komanso, asymmetrical ndi osiyana lipids anakonza mu monolayer a. Mwachitsanzo, mu chipinda eukaryotic mamolekyulu mafuta amapezeka mkati moyandikana ndi cytoplasm ndi, Kakhungu theka. Glycolipids ili basi mu wosanjikiza lakunja ndi zimam'patsa maunyolo awo nthawi zonse anawauza kunja. Kakhungu Cytoplasmic ali ntchito zofunika kuphatikizapo Kuchepetsa zili mkati mwa selo ku malo akunja, timatha kudutsa zinthu zina (shuga, amino zidulo) m'zipinda. Plasmalemma amachita kulanda zinthu mu khungu, komanso linanena bungwe lawo outwards, i.e. kusankha. Kudzera pores ndi ozama madzi, ayoni ndi zazing'ono molekyulu zinthu, ndi tinthu coarse ndi kuwapititsa ku selo mwa phagocytosis. Pamwamba pa mitundu Kakhungu microvilli invagination ndi diverticulum, amene bwino osati akuyamwitsa ndi kumasula zinthu, komanso kulankhula ndi maselo ena. Kakhungu walola kuphatikana a "mgwirizano wa zamoyo zonse" pamalo osiyana ndi facilitates kayendedwe.

Organelles mu cytoplasm wa zikuchokera. Endoplasmic reticulum ndi ribosomes

Komanso hyaloplasm cytoplasm lili organelles ambiri ndi tosaoneka zosiyana mu dongosolo. anafikapo ku zomera ndi nyama maselo zikusonyeza kuti iwo amagwira ntchito zofunika ndi zofunika kwambiri. Kumlingo, izi maphunziro morphological mofanana ndi thupi la munthu kapena nyama, amene anapereka mwayi kuitana organelles awo. Mu cytoplasm ndi kusiyanitsa kuonekera mu maso kuwala organelle ndi kupatsidwa zinthu za m'mwazi zovuta, mitochondria, ndi centrosome. Mothandizidwa ndi elekitironi maso mu masanjidwewo anapeza microtubules, lysosomes, ribosomes ndi madzi a m'magazi maukonde. The cytoplasm wa selo atagonjetsa mwa njira zosiyana, ndipo amatchedwa "endpolazmaticheskaya maukonde." Kakhungu awo khoma anakumana ndi organelles ena onse ndipo zimapanga dongosolo aliwonse amene amachita kagayidwe mphamvu, komanso kayendedwe ka zinthu mwa maselo. Makoma a ngalande awa ndi ribosomes, amene amaoneka ngati mikanda ting'onoting'ono. Iwo akhoza adzaikidwa singly kapena magulu. Ribosomes zigwirizana pafupifupi wofanana chiwerengero zidulo ribonucleic ndi mapuloteni. Komanso mu kapangidwe kake m'gulu magnesium. Ribosomes silingakhoze kokha kukhala mu EPS njira, komanso ufulu kugona mu cytoplasm, komanso zimachitika phata, kumene iwo anapanga. Zogwiritsira ngalande ndi ribosomes amatchedwa granular endoplasmic reticulum. Pa iwo, kupatula ribosomes zili michere zimene zimachititsa kaphatikizidwe chakudya mafuta. Mu cavities mkati mwa njira selo ndi mankhwala zinyalala. Nthawi zina yophunzitsa EPS vacuoles anapanga - cavities wodzazidwa ndi selo kuyamwa ndi Kakhungu zochepa. organelles amayesetsako turgor kuthamanga. Lysosomes ang'ono chowulungika mapangidwe. Iwo anabalalikira m'zigawo cytoplasm lapansi. Lysosomes anapanga mu EPS kapena Golgi zovuta, kumene wodzazidwa ndi michere hydrolytic. Lysosomes tinapangidwa kudya particles mkati maselo chifukwa cha phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm: kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya organelles ake. Mbale Golgi zovuta, mitochondria, ndi centrosome

Golgi zovuta umaimiridwa ndi maselo munthu mbewu corpuscles chokongoletsedwa zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndi nyama - tubules, thovu ndi akasinja. Izi organoid kwa zosintha mankhwala ndi achire wotsatira wa chisindikizo mu cytoplasm wa secretions cha ndende. Iwo anagwiritsanso kaphatikizidwe wa polysaccharides ndi glycoproteins mapangidwe. Mitochondria - ng'ombe ndi ndodo woboola pakati, filamentous kapena mtundu granular. Iwo okha nembanemba ziwiri, zomwe zigwirizana wosanjikiza awiri a phospholipids ndi mapuloteni. Kuchokera nembanemba mkati mwa organelles awa achoke cristae, makoma amene ali michere. Ndi thandizo lawo, kaphatikizidwe wa adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria nthawi zina amatchedwa "zomera ma mphamvu" chifukwa iwo amapereka mbali yaikulu ya triphosphate adenosine. Izo ntchito ndi selo monga gwero la mphamvu mankhwala. Komanso, mitochondria ntchito zina, kuphatikizapo transduction chizindikiro selo imfa, selo zosiyanasiyana. Centrosome (pakati selo) wapangidwa ndi centrioles awiri, amene anakonza pa ngodya kwa wina ndi mzake. organelle Izi alipo zomera zonse ndi nyama (kupatula bowa pulayimale ndipo m'munsi), ndipo ndi udindo kudziwa mizati pa mitosis. Selo kugawa koyamba anagawa centrosome. Izi ndipamene achromatin spindle amene imalongosola DNA ziphunzitso divergent kwa mizati. Anasonyezanso mu organelles selo ndi organelle mwina wapadera cholinga, monga cilia ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Komanso, pamisinkhu zina zingakhale ndi kulolerana, ndiyo mchitidwe nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, zakudya monga m'malovu a mafuta, mapuloteni, wowuma, glycogen, etc ...

Lymphocytes - maselo kiyi wa chitetezo cha m'thupi

Lymphocytes - ndi maselo zofunika cha gulu la maselo oyera a anthu ndi nyama ndipo kutenga mbali zosiyanasiyana immunological. Iwo agawidwa ndi kukula ndi makhalidwe structural mu subgroups zitatu:

• kakang'ono - osachepera 8 microns awiri;
• sing'anga - awiri a 8 mpaka 11 microns;
• mkulu - oposa 11 microns awiri.

lymphocytes Small amachuluka mu magazi a nyama. Ali ndi phata lalikulu ozungulira kugonjetsa voliyumu ya cytoplasm lapansi. The cytoplasm wa lymphocytes mu subgroup uyu amaoneka ngati felemu nyukiliya kapena chikwanje, pafupi ndi mbali ya pakati. Nthawi zambiri masanjidwewo lili angapo granules azurophilic kukula ang'onoang'ono. Mitochondria, zinthu mbale ya zovuta ndi EPS tubules ochepa ndipo zili pafupi M'mimbamo nyukiliya. Sing'anga ambiri lymphocytes imakonzedwa penapake mosiyana. mtima wawo ndi nyemba woboola pakati muli kuchuluka kochepa wa Zachepetsedwa chromatin. Ndi wosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi nucleolus. Cytoplasmic lymphocytes wachiwiri ndi wachitatu magulu ali onse felemu. Awiri odziwika makalasi a lymphocytes, otchedwa B- ndi T-lymphocytes. Choyamba anapanga nyama mu fupa mielovidnoy mafuta. Maselo amenewa angathe kupanga immunoglobulins. Ndi thandizo lawo B lymphocytes kucheza ndi antigens, kuzindikira otsiriza. T-lymphocytes ochokera ku maselo mafupa mu thymus (mu magawo ake yokhudza kotekisi gawo). Awa ndi cytoplasmic Kakhungu pamwamba histocompatibility antigens, komanso maselo ambiri mwa amene kuzindikira particles yachilendo. lymphocytes Small makamaka anapereka T-lymphocytes (70%), Pakati pali ambiri maselo yaitali ankakhala. Ambiri B-lymphocytes kutha - kulikonse kwa mlungu umodzi kuti mwezi umodzi.

Tikukhulupirira Nkhani athu akhala othandiza, ndipo tsopano inu mukudziwa chimene cytoplasm, ndi hyaloplasm plazmelemma. Monga bwino, kodi ntchito, kapangidwe ndi tanthauzo kwa moyo wa thupi la nyumba selo lapansi.