Kodi coking khala ndi kumene ntchito

Kukwera kwa mitengo ya mafuta ndi kufufuza madera zina mphamvu osati zinachititsa kuti chitukuko cha umisiri watsopano, komanso kulabadira zina, zinthu chimodzimodzi zothandiza yaiwisi - malasha. Makampani yofunika kwambiri coking malasha. Kodi phindu lake ndi kumene amapangidwa - walembedwa m'nkhani ino.

ndi coking khala Kodi

khala uyu, amene mu zikhalidwe za coking coke kulandira mphamvu zina ndi kukula. Bwaloli wofunika kwambiri pa malonda ndipo amasangalala kufunika amphamvu m'mafakitale ambiri. Choncho, coking khala ngati mafuta chachikulu ntchito steelmaking ndi mphamvu.

Coking makala amasiyana zina makala zimaonetseratu kusuntha kwa boma pulasitiki ndi sinter pa kukhudzana ndi kutentha popanda mpweya.

Zikuchokera coking malasha

Coking khala ndi mawonekedwe kuikapo maganizo ndi unfortified yodziwika ndi otsika phulusa okhutira (osachepera 10%), okhutira otsika zigawo zikuluzikulu oyaka (15 37%) ndi sulfure (zosakwana 3.5%). Poyerekeza ndi zina malasha, makala coking mkulu kuyaka kutentha ndi yodziwika ndi okhutira m'munsi zosafunika. The chiŵerengero cha zigawo zikuluzikulu mu osiyana madipoziti zipangizo khala zingasiyane pang'ono. Nkofunika kuti tiganizire ndondomeko coking. Choncho, kwenikweni anatsimikiza ndi kapangidwe kake, coking, sintering makhalidwe ndi zizindikiro zina kwa processing wa malasha. Pa gawo la Soviet Union kwa khala coking ntchito mitundu:

• Ndi - coke.
• F - mafuta.
• G - gasi.
• Os - otoschenno-caking.
• SS - silnospekayuschiesya.

ndondomeko coking

Pansi kutanthauza coking ndondomeko ya kusintha khala kuti coke. Amakhala ndi magawo angapo. Pa gawo loyamba yokonza khala coking. Ncho khala ndi kuuluka ndi kupanga analinso wapadera - analinso. Pa sitepe yotsatira ikuchitika coking. Kumachitika mu zipinda zapadera za coke mpweya uvuni ntchito magetsi. Konzekerani mlandu anaika mu uvuni kwa maola 15 kumene nthawi zonse imagwiridwa kulera kutentha kwa 1000 ° C. Chifukwa cha ndondomeko izi akamagwira "coke mkate."

Coking luso m'zaka makumi awiri, zinthu zambiri zasintha, amene analola chitukuko cha madipoziti latsopano malasha.

Akuti pafupifupi 10% ya ulimi padziko lonse ndondomeko khala carbonization chikuchitika. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kukhalapo kwa mkulu mafakitale amafuna makala coking.

Kodi chimasiyanitsa coking ndi khala matenthedwe

Mtengo waukulu makampani kupereka coking malasha, amene ntchito ngati mafuta ndondomeko kumabungwe ambiri mafakitale chuma. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa ankayengera zitsulo. Mbali yaikulu chimene chimasiyanitsa khala coking pa mphamvu - pamaso m'galasi. Izi phulusa zikuluzikulu za malasha, amene anapanga ndi kuwonongeka kwa mbewu, pakalibe oxygen. katundu Vitrain ndi luso kusungunula ndi sintered pansi kutentha. Choncho, mpweya microparticles ali glued ku misa limodzi olimba. Kwakukulu ndende m'galasi apamwamba khalidwe la malasha coking.

Kuchuluka chachikulu cha mankhwala fusible ali khala masitampu amenewa: coke, Mafuta, mafuta, otoschenno-caking ndi coking mafuta.

chilemba cha malasha

Mu chikhalidwe, pali mitundu yambiri ya malasha amene ali osiyana luso zikuchokera, ndi zizindikiro sinterability zigawo oyaka. Coking khala oyenera zopangidwa ochepa. Koma si onse amene ali oyenera sintering mu mawonekedwe woyera. Nthawi zina muyenera zina zigawo zikuluzikulu. Choncho, pali sukulu zotsatirazi wa malasha coking:

1. Ndi - coke. Mu coking izi khala kalasi analandira mwa mawonekedwe woyera wabwino zitsulo coke. Pakuti apamwamba khala khalidwe chinanso zopangidwa ena - molimba mtima kapena gasi.
2. QL - coke mafuta. Ilo liri coking yabwino, makamaka ntchito kupeza coke popanda kuwonjezera sukulu ina ya malasha. The zikuchokera mafuta coke khala lili mpaka 30% a zigawo oyaka. Poganizira vitrain - 1.3%. The makulidwe a wosanjikiza pulasitiki ndi 18 mm. Palibe kusintha coke khalidwe analola Kuwonjezera sitampu kuti 20% CS, Os, ndi KO.
3. KO - coke otoschenny. The makulidwe a wosanjikiza ndi 10-12 mm, chinyezimiro vitrain - mpaka 1%. Monga ulamuliro, mtundu uwu si ntchito nokha, koma molumikizana ndi LCD ndi khala kuyaka.
4. SPE - coke caking nizkometamorfozny. Pa sintering wa mtundu uwu wa malasha coke anapanga ndimakina otsika mphamvu, choncho zimagwiritsa ntchito kwa sintering ndi zizindikiro zina kapena kubala mafuta kupanga.
5. Wapolisi - coke caking. The makulidwe a wosanjikiza pulasitiki ndi 9 mm. Iwo yodziwika ndi sinterability otsika. CS kalasi khala coke ntchito monga mabungwe ang'onoang'ono emaciated chigawo. Ndiponso ntchito m'madera ena a ulimi kwa kuyaka stratified.
6. GC - mpweya coke. Pamene carbonization lochuluka coke zinaphatikizidwa, koma ndi mphamvu otsika makina. sintered mankhwala mosavuta anapatukana mu tiziduswa tating'ono ting'ono. Childs, gasi khala ntchito zosakaniza ndi makala ena coking.

Sintering ankaona yabwino zizindikiro ngati coking khala: molimba mtima, caking, gasi, otoschenno-caking ndi coking mu mawonekedwe woyera. Iwo ali ndi zochepa zosafunika ndipo ali ndi ductility mkulu.

Minda ya ntchito

Cholinga cha coking khala - mafakitale mafuta. Pa kuyaka wa malasha coking limatulutsa yambiri mphamvu kutentha. Choncho, izi mafuta poyatsira kutentha ndi 470ºS. Koma moto - osati njira yokhayo kuchotsa katundu zothandiza mchere izi. Pali ambiri kumabungwe ena a chuma chimene khala coking ntchito bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zachilengedwezi mu njira mafakitale zimathandiza kupeza kwa izo patsogolo, molybdenum, nthaka, germanium, sulfure, gallium ndi zinthu zina. ntchito mafakitale komanso kuwononga ndi makampani malasha. Kotero, iwo ali kukonzedwa mu refractories ndi abrasives. Komanso kuwononga opangidwa zomangira.

Okwana mafuta amapangidwa mwala pa mitundu 300 ya mankhwala. Malasha ntchito monga chuma zofunikira ulimi wa carbon ndi graphite zinthu structural vysokoazotnyh zidulo amene ntchito feteleza. ntchito wogwira mtima zinthu imatulutsidwa pa ndondomeko coking. Choncho, pa distillation wouma khala phula anapanga ndi madzi ammonia. Iwo ali recyclable.

Ndiponso, m'kati coking zigwire mankhwala gaseous, amene ali benzene, phenol, toluene ndi ammonia. Iwo ali gwero la zakudya zina.

M'zigawo za coking malasha Ukraine

Coking malasha Ukraine zimagwiritsa ntchito mabizinezi zitsulo. Choncho, kampani yopanga zitsulo chimachititsa 90% akufunika okwana mtundu wa mafuta. makampani migodi amatipatsa dziko coking khala mkati msika% 60 okha. 40 otsala% wa malasha ankadya kunja. The katundu waukulu wa malasha coking kwa Ukraine ndi Russia.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuchuluka kufunika kwa zipangizo yachilendo yaiwisi mu dziko. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuchepa kupanga zoweta. Komanso, anthu ofuna zinthu zoweta yaiwisi kugwa chifukwa kuchepetsa ubwino wake, monga zitsulo mphero kugwiritsa ntchito malasha ndi okhutira mkulu sulfure.

Mu Ukraine, ndi coking khala opangidwa mu mabeseni: Donetsk, Lvov-Volyn, Dnieper. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha nkhokwe khala ndi anaikira mu Donetsk, Luhansk ndi Dnipropetrovsk madera. Pa mphindi, chifukwa zandale wa coking malasha kum'mawa kwa Ukraine inaimitsidwa.

kupanga malasha Russia

madipoziti lalikulu khala zili Russia. Malinga ndi lipoti, dziko ndi amodzi mwa malo oyamba mu dziko mu nkhokwe malasha. Zoposa 67% ya iwo mu malasha. Awa, 10% ali coking malasha.

The Russian coking khala ncho mu maiwe: Kuznetsk, Pechora, Yuzhno-Yakutsk, Donetsk ndi Kizel. Woyamba maiwe awiri kubala malasha kuchuluka kwambiri.

Nkhokwe ya coking malasha Russia ndi biliyoni 47,3. Matani. Komabe, mbali yaing'ono chabe ndi wokonzeka ntchito. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kupanga coking malasha Russia pa mlingo wa 70 mln. Matani pa chaka. Ichi ndi kumupatsa zipangizo, makampani m'mafakitale dziko.

khala Coking ndi ncho mu Russia azilandira mayendedwe. Kukula kwa kupanga khala chichitike ngati kuwonjezeka kufunika kwa mtundu uwu wa zipangizo chifukwa cha chitukuko cha zitsulo ndi zokhudza chuma Russian.

Ziyembekezo coking msika malasha

Mu zaka za kudza Russian makampani khala akuyembekezera kusintha. m'madera chifungulo cha chitukuko cha mafakitale ogwira dongosolo ofukula kupanga malasha. Choncho, malamulo onse lili kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa migodi ya malasha pamaziko a maofesi mphamvu mphamvu ang'ono ndi sing'anga. Komanso zakonzedwa kukhazikitsa zida pa zomera malasha, amene amalola pokonza khala mu utsi woyera kupanga.

Pankhani mabuku malonda, kufunika kwa coking malasha Russia chidzakula. Mfundo ndi yakuti kuwonjezera mabizinezi zitsulo coke amagwiritsa sanali akakhala zitsulo ndi mafakitale zina zambiri. Choncho, kutulutsa matani 1 yachitsulo nkhumba amafunika za 0.4 matani coke. Koma umisiri zina kuti akhoza m'malo mwake pa malamulo gwero yopindulitsa kwambiri ntchito.

ndi coking lonse mumaganiza msika malasha

Pakali pano, ambiri khala magulu a m'mayiko onse akukumana ndi mavuto mitengo coking malasha. vutoli ndi kulimbikitsa boma kuti akakwaniritse coke ndalama owonjezera. Nawonso ndi chikoka chachikulu pa mitengo ali ndi chizolowezi kuchepetsa makasitomala. Bwanji Kalanga ukapezeka chifukwa chofunitsitsa opanga zitsulo ndi kuchepetsa kupanga. Ku Ulaya ndi ku China, kusowa kwa coking khala chikukulirakulirabe, koma chifukwa yopanga magulu apamwamba. Koma ambiri, voliyumu ya zogula a zipangizo pa dziko msika kugwa.

A pang'ono ziziyenda vuto zipangizo mphamvu yaiwisi mu msika US. Koma mtengo wapitiriza kugwa chifukwa anthu akufuna kuchepetsa zitsulo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi ndichepe yopanga coking khala mu US ndi Europe.

Koma akatswiri kulosera nyamuka mu imports wa uphungu mphamvu mu India. Pa inatha buku la malasha coking dziko lino tithe wachitatu mu dziko.

mtengo wa zipangizo

Kotala chachiwiri cha 2015. anati kuchepa mitengo coking malasha. makampani zikuluzikulu padzikoli kupereka zipangizo pa mtengo umene uli pa 5-10% m'munsi poyerekeza ndi kotala choyamba. Choncho, kampani South African Anglo American ali anapereka Japan ndi coking khala ndi wapamwamba kwambiri chifukwa 116 USD pa matani 1. Mtengo pafupifupi kwa matani 1 coking khala ndi 117 madola US.