Howard Carter: yonena, photos, zopereka kuphunzira mbiri. Howard Carter ndi manda a Tutankhamun

Ngakhale kuti kuyambira tsiku pamene Howard Carter napeza m'manda a Tutankhamun, wakhala pafupi atumwi, chidwi kutsegula kwa katswiriyo British silinathe. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi queues wosatha pa zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho kumanda wotchuka, nthawi unachitikira zakale yaikulu padziko lonse. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, popeza tikulankhula za anapeza kwambiri koposa zonse, kuposa mu Iguputo.

Howard Carter, ndi yonena za wasayansi ya m'tsogolo

Mu 1874, m'banja lalikulu amadziwika pa nthawi ya English nyama zojambulajambula Samuel Carter, yemwe ankakhala ku Norfolk, Mwana, amene anapatsidwa dzina la Howard. Pamene atakula mwanayo, bambo anga ankayesetsa kumupatsa maphunziro kunyumba, amene amalola kutenga malo oyenera pa anthu. Kupeza mwana wanga mphatso kwa zojambula Samueli anayesetsa kuphunzutsa iye luso mu luso limeneli.

Chifukwa kugwirizana bambo wake mu dziko la sayansi, seventini Howard Carter woyamba nawo kukaona mabwinja a ku Egypt motsogozedwa ndi kutsogolera Egyptologist Flinders Petrie nthawi imeneyo. Iwo anapatsidwa udindo wa zojambulajambula, amene analola mnyamata amabwera mu kukhudzana ndi zinthu za mibadwo makedzana, n'kumamva kudzimva zosangalatsa za malo. ulendo uwu unali sukulu kwambiri, ndi katswiriyo m'tsogolo.

Chiyambi cha ntchito ya sayansi

Kuyambira pamenepo, moyo Carter anali odzipereka pa kuphunzira zakale, zobisika mu mchenga wa Nile Valley. zaka ziwiri pambuyo kuwonekera koyamba kugulu ake maulendowa sayansi Petri iye akukhala nawo ntchito inanso yaikulu zagwiridwa ndi Maziko a zinthu zofukulidwa Iguputo. kafukufuku zinachitikadi mu yamakhonde chikumbutso kachisi wa Mfumukazi Hatshepsut, kumadzulo kwa Thebes. Zinali iwo amene anatenga achinyamata wasayansi ulemerero poyamba.

Kudziwika, anapeza iwo mu asayansi, tiyeni Carter mu 1899 kutenga malo olemekezeka kwambiri pa anthu, kukhala Inspector General wa mu Dipatimenti ya Aigupto Antiquities. Nthawiyi ndi mndandanda atulukira ndi iye, Pakati odziwika angatchedwe manda a Saint-Nef mu Qurna.

Ndi mkulu positi unachitikira mpaka 1905, pamene iye anakakamizidwa kusiya - malinga ndi Baibulo limodzi chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi mmodzi wa mamembala otchuka wa atolankhani Komano, pambuyo famously chonena kampani ya Afalansa loledzera anakonzekeletsa chipolowe m'gawo la wina wa mbiri yakale maofesi. Zikusokoneza ntchito yawo yoyang'anira, katswiriyo Howard Carter sanaleke kafukufuku wa sayansi ndipo ukugwira kupenta.

Kuyambira mgwirizano ndi Ambuye Carnarvon

Watsopano, 1906, chochitika zinachitika adzakhala kwakukulukulu kudziwa tsogolo la Carter ndi anakonzeratu anapeza zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wake. Pa msonkhano wa anthu British sayansi Howard anapereka zofufuzafufuza katswiriyo ndi zakale wokhometsa Ambuye Carnarvon, amene anakhala zaka zambiri mnzake ndi kuthandizira.

Official chilolezo kwa yomanga ya abwenzi atsopano amene mwalandira yekha mu 1919, pamene mawu a ankalola sewerolo wakale wa sayansi m'dera T. Davis. Ndi nthawi iyi mu Valley wa amiyali tinali kukumba mibadwo zingapo zakale ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti zinthu zake ali wotopa. Komabe, okayikira mfundo sanali kutsimikizira Carter. Kafukufuku mwatsatanetsatane yasonyeza chigwa kuti akadali nawo malo okwanira osafikiridwa ndi asayansi. Awa anali makamaka m'madera ataphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa chomenyedwa unatsala pa zofukulidwa m'mbuyomu.

malingaliro Scientific Carter

Poyerekeza anapeza Mitembo yokhala yapita anapeza mu Valley wa amiyali, nkhani malo zotheka manda kuno, limene lili asayansi, Howard Carter anazindikira kuti dziko lapansi lidakali limodzi zambiri Amama, sanaidziŵe ndipo zikuoneka chidwi chachikulu kwa asayansi. Monga zakuthambo, ndipo pamaso zakutali ku kupeza nyenyezi yatsopano, theoretically pa pepala zikutsimikizira linakhalapo, ndi Carter, pa kudziŵa kale anapeza wabwera kukhulupirira kuti kuli manda a zosadziwika pano. Kunena mwachidule, pamaso kupeza manda a Tutankhamun, Carter alingalira pa izo.

Komabe, mfundo imeneyi, ngakhale lamphamvu, inasanduka zotsatira weniweni chogwirika, anachita ntchito zazikulu, ndi makamaka anatumikira Carter. M'nzake zinali zochepa amayang'anira zonse za zofukulidwa kupitirirabe ndi ndalama za iwo. M'pofunika kupereka msonkho kwa iye - popanda ndalama zake, palibe mphamvu Carter, dziko kwa nthawi yaitali Ndaona chuma cha Tutankhamun.

Yambani mchitidwe

Iye anawonjezera Kuvuta wasayansi, ndipo anayamba Yoyamba ya Dziko lonse. Zafukulidwa mu nthawi iyi ikuchitika, koma nthawi ndi nthawi pa intervals yaitali. Monga munthu wopalamula usilikali, Carter sanathe kuthera nthawi ake onse amudziko amakonda. Ambiri kusokonezedwa kulenga mwakhama manda achifwamba zaka nkhondo. Kugwiritsa chakuti chifukwa cha zochita nkhondo wofooka ulamuliro boma pa kuteteza zipilala zakale, unceremoniously ndinkakhala nalo iwo, pachiswe moyo ndi chitetezo ofufuza.

Only mu 1917 kunali kuyamba kuyeretsa pansi pa Valley wa amiyali zigawo za makhalidwe amene anapeza kumeneko M'zaka za nthawi. Pakuti malo yomanga mwapadera, zochepa m'manda atatu: Ramses II wa, Ramesses VI ndi Mernept. Pa zaka zinayi ntchito; anali kwambiri maganizo ndipo anatenga ambirimbiri a mapaundi, sichoncho zidapatsa zotsatira chogwirika.

Ulendo omaliza

Zolephera kuti dogged ofukula pa zaka zapitazi, kutsogozedwa ndi Ambuye Carnarvon kakasi. Kupempha bwenzi m'chilimwe cha 1922 lake malo banja, analengeza kuti akufuna kutsiriza ntchito yake, osati sulivshie, monga mmene taonera, palibe koma ndalama. Only otentha otsimikiza Carter anakhoza kumupulumutsa ku Carnarvon wamantha kuchita ndi kumuuza Iye kuti kuwonjezela chilolezo kwa nyengo ina.

Kumapeto kwa October 1922 Govard Karter (chithunzi nyengo alembedwera koyambirira kwa nkhani ino) adapitiriza ntchito. Kwathunthu kuyeretsa pansi pa Valley wa amiyali, anali kuchotsa zotsalira za kwake kwa ogwira ntchito amene ntchito pano mu nthawi wakale wa pomanga manda a Ramses VI. maziko zawo zinapangidwa mchenga pa gawo lalikulu. Ntchito imeneyi unatenga masiku ambiri, koma kamodzi anamaliza masitepe mwala, malo mmodzi wa nyumba ya apezeka kuti apite mwakuya mu dziko lapansi, ndipo zikuoneka kuti anali asanakhalepo anaukitsa zofukulidwa.

masitepe chachinsinsi

Chirichonse anatchula mfundo yakuti amakumana khomo ena manda sankadziwika. Poyembekezera anapitiriza mafuno abwino kwa ntchito mwakhama. Posakhalitsa, kuchotsa lonse chapamwamba mbali ya masitepe, akatswiri anakumana pakhomo lotseka kumanda. Carter anaona kuti pakhomo ndi kuoneka bwino ❖ kuyanika aliyense kusindikiza embossed, chosonyeza milungu ya mankhwala mu mawonekedwe a ankhandwe, ndi akapolo womangidwa, amene anali chizindikiro cha manda a mafumu.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuona kuti m'zaka zapitazo, Carter anali kawiri pafupi kuti khomo mwachinsinsi, koma nthawi zonse anaphonya mwayi wake. Kwa nthawi yoyamba izo zinachitika, polemba ulendo wa T. Davis imachitika zofukulidwa apa, ndipo iye sanafune chisokonezo ndi zotsalira za kwake mwala, analamula kusamutsa ntchito kudera lina. Nthawi yotsatira icho chinachitika, pamene zaka zisanu zapitazo Carter kwambiri sanafune kuzidziwa, ngati izo zikanakhala kumana mwayi yajambulidwa alendo bwinja izi kwabasi.

Chimwemwe loyamba anapeza

Pogwidwa khomo zachinsinsi ndi zisindikizo bwinobwino, Carter anathyola dzenje yaing'ono ndi kuika tochi wake mkati, wotsimikiza kuti ndimeyi wodzazidwa kalekale wosanjikiza chomenyedwa ndi zinyalala. Potsimikizira kuti pali akhala kupita achifwamba, ndipo mwina manda kukaonekera pamaso pa iwo mu mawonekedwe awo oyambirira.

Ngakhale maganizo onse amphamvu - chimwemwe wotulukira, akuchedwa kuti mkati, ndi mphamvu ya anapeza ubwenzi - Carter anachita monga adamfunsa kwa iye maphunziro owona a Chingerezi njonda. Monga mnzake, Ambuye Carnarvon anali pa nthawi imeneyo ku England, Howard Carter sanayese n'komwe kulowa m'manda popanda amene ndalama zaka zonsezi ntchito. Iye analamula kukonzanso mudzaze pansuwo wa ndumbi, ndi England anatumiza uthengawo mwachangu, amene anamuuza mnzake za anapeza yaitali.

Kudikira Ambuye Carnarvon

Mphekesera za kutsegula kwa maliro sankadziwika msanga analiza mozungulira ndi wafunsira vuto limene isanafike Ambuye anasiya kukumana yekha Govard Karter. Manda - malo si Amama, komanso amayamikira m'manda naye. Mwachibadwa, mfundo izi kukhala nyambo achifwamba, angathe cholowa acite iliyonse. Choncho, ambiri bwinobwino funso linauka mmene kuteteza zamtengo wapatali ndi okha ku mlendo osafunika. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, ndi masitepe zikubweretsa chitseko, osati Mzimu, koma watsirizika pamwamba chomenyedwa wolemera, ndipo chotsatira kuika wotchi chitetezo.

Pomaliza pa November 23 anafika, Ambuye Carnarvon, ndi mu kukhalapo kwake, masitepe anali kachiwiri anamasulidwa ku makhalidwe a. Patapita masiku awiri, pamene zokonzekera zonse anamalizidwa, ndipo atolankhani, amene anali pakhomo, sketched ndi kujambulidwa anayamba dismantling losindikizidwa pansuwo wa ndumbi. Pa nthawiyi, zinali zoonekeratu kuti chinachake chachitika, chimene zaka akulakalaka Howard Carter - manda a Tutankhamun anali pamaso pake. Izi anali umboni ndi lolembedwa pa imodzi zikusonyeza.

Khomo lachiwiri kuti Howard Carter anapeza

Tutankhamun maloto anakhala chenicheni. Pamaso pake, panali njira ochepa. Pamene chopinga mu njira zawo chachotsedwa, mu kuwala kwa nyali, ofufuza anaona mumbali, yopapatiza kulowera, komanso wokhala ndi makhalidwe ndi kuwatsogolera mwachindunji ku chipinda kwa manda. Aluya ganyu kuchita zofukulidwa, adawamasulira, kubweretsa nthaka madengu nsugwi. Potsiriza unadza mfundo yaikulu. M'mawa wa November 26, akatswiri anaimirira patsogolo pa khomo lachiwiri, komanso kusunga okha wakale yosindikiza Tutankhamun.

Pamene dengu lotsiriza la chomenyedwa inaletsedwa, Carter wachita kumtunda kwa kutsegula chitseko, ndipo zimenezi zinamuthandiza kukankhira mu kafukufuku. kafukufuku anasonyeza kuti danga kuseri kwa chitseko mfulu kwathunthu. Ntchito tochi, Carter anapenya mkatimo. Kodi iye anawona kuposa mmene ankaganizira. Pamaso zinatipatsa chipinda, ngati holo owonetsera zakale. Elizabeti anadzazidwa ndi zinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri, zomwe zambiri asayansi ataona kwa nthawi yoyamba.

chuma cha Tutankhamun

Choyamba, mu diso Goggles katswiriyo anathamangira atatu chachikulu golide bedi wonyezimira dully mu kuwala kwa nyali ya. Pambuyo pawo zinkaoneka wakuda, anapanga zonse kutalika chithunzi cha Farao, chokongoletsedwa ndi kokha golide. onse danga chipinda anadzazidwa ndi onse zifuwa zonse zamtengo wapatali, ntchito zabwino kwambiri za Miphika alabasitala ndi zodzikongoletsera zosiyanasiyana za golide ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Mu chuma ichi analibe chinthu chimodzi chokha - sanali sarcophagus kapena Malemu amene anali chuma onsewa.

Tsiku lotsatira mandawo magetsi, ndipo anatsegula chitseko chachiwiri ndi kuwala kwake. Tsopano asayansi anakumana lalikulu ndipo mumzindawo ntchito - zinthu zonse zimene ziri kumbuyo izo, anali kujambulidwa, sketched ndi malo molondola anasonyeza pa dongosolo la chipinda. Pasanapite nthawi zinadziwika kuti pansi pa mabokosi awiri zobisika pakhomo chinsinsi china kakang'ono mbali, komanso odzazidwa ndi zamtengo wapatali.

Kugwira ntchito ndi zinthu zopezeka kumanda

Zonse Howard Carter azindikira zofuna processing sayansi ndi systematization. Choncho, pambuyo November 29, 1922 pamaso pa akuluakulu anapanga kutsegula wapadera la manda, ntchito ndi anapeza kuti zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho aitanidwa akatswiri kutsogolera ku malo ambiri sayansi yadziko. Mu Valley anamwali anasonkhana odziwika zakale epigraphists, asayansi conservators, aluso ndi ojambula.

Koma patangopita miyezi itatu, pamene zinthu zonse apezeka ndi njira yoyenera kuchotsedwa kumanda, tinayamba kutsegula chachitatu anapeza mu ndondomeko ya chitseko. Pamene iye kutulutsidwa kumbuyo kwake chinali chakuti yotsutsana ndi Howard Carter - manda a Tutankhamun, ndi zambiri mwachindunji, zina maliro.

Amama, kumene zaka zikwi zitatu

Pafupifupi buku lonse la malo wotanganidwa gilded likasa kutalika mamita 5,08, m'lifupi mamita 3.3 ndi msinkhu wa mamita 2,75. Mkati monga zidole, limodzi mkati zina ena atatu ang'onoang'ono likasa. Pamene ofufuza za amapenda nawo, natengedwa kunja, maso awo anali quartzite sarcophagus. Pambuyo chivindikiro wakhala kukwezedwa mkati anaona anthropoid (mu mawonekedwe a munthu chithunzi) bokosi lokutidwa ndi golide. pachikuto pake anasonyeza Tutankhamen kwambiri atagona ndi manja anawoloka.

Mkati awiri zambiri za bokosi chomwecho, chimodzimodzi chikufanana wina ndi mnzake, kotero kuti iwo ali cha kapangidwe kwambiri. Pamene kusamalitsa onse anali yotengedwa, kotsiriza kwa iwo, amene anamwalira zaka zoposa zikwi zitatu zapitazo, mwapeza atakulungidwa mu nsalu zovala Malemu wa Farao. Nkhope yake yokutidwa chigoba golide anapanga ndi ungwiro kwambiri komanso vesivshaya makilogalamu naini.

Kodi Howard Carter anavomereza anapeza kwambiri pa mbiri ya zinthu zakale zokumba pansi. Wolamulira wa Igupto, amene anamwalira ndili wamng'ono ndi mpumulo mu lotseguka katswiri manda yomweyo anakhala chinthu anthu miyandamiyanda ya anthu. Wabweza lonse kutchuka ndi Howard Carter yekha. Athandiza kuphunzira mbiri zakale za ku Iguputo, anadzetsa mwa iwo anali kwakukulu kwambiri kotero kuti analola lonse njira zatsopano chithunzi cha mwambo wa maliro wa nthawi Middle Ufumu.