Ganizo yaikulu ya Voltaire ndipo maganizo ake ndi akatswiri andale

Mfundo za French Chenicheni kugona kusinthika makhalidwe a anthu, zomwe adzauka kupanduka. ophunzitsa chapadera anali Sharl Monteske ndi Voltaire, ndipo kenako Jean-Zhak Russo ndi Denis Diderot.

Malingaliro a Montesquieu ndi Voltaire sanali ofanana pankhani ya boma ndi anthu. Komabe, akhala ofunika chitukuko cha dziko latsopano. Ganizo yaikulu ya Voltaire osiyana maganizo oimira ena a chi.

mbiri yamoyo ndi maphunziro

Voltaire anabadwa (pobadwa anapatsidwa dzina la François-Mari Arue), Paris (Kingdom) November 21, 1694. Mayi ake anali mwana wa khoti chigawenga. bambo ake ankagwira ntchito odziwitsa ndi wamsonkho. Voltaire sanatenge ntchito bambo ake, komanso yekha, choncho mu 1744 iye yekha mwana wapathengo wa musketeer osauka ankalemba ndakatulo.

Mu ubwana wake, iye anaphunzira pa Akatolika College, kenako anayamba kuphunzira malamulo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mnyamata mwadala kumvera bambo ake, iye anayamba kupeza njira moyo wawo. Kuyambira 1718 iye yolembedwa ndi pseudonym wa Voltaire, chomwe ndi Kusunga Zinthu Zanu Mwachinsinsi dzina lake chodzaza ndi cholemba "wamng'ono".

Pa maphunziro Zotengera ndakatulo kangapo adakhala Bastille. Nthawi yoyamba izo zinachitika mu 1717. Chifukwa kumangidwa anali achipongwe Zotengera kuti akonze Duke wa Orleans, amene anali regent la France.

Pa moyo wa Voltaire, mobwerezabwereza anakumana ndi kuopseza kumangidwa. Iye anauzidwa kuti achoke France. Wafilosofi mu njira yake ankakhala England, Prussia, Switzerland. Ndi 1776, anakhala munthu wolemera kwambiri mu France, amene anamupatsa mpata kulenga awo "ukulu yeniyeni" mu malo a Ferney.

Voltaire kuchokera chuma chake, maganizo andale amene anali monarchist, anali mu makalata ndi anthu ambiri otchuka a nthawi. Izi zinaphatikizapo mutu wa amitundu;

• Mfumu ya Prussia - Frederick 2.
• Mfumukazi ya Russia - Catherine 2.
• Mfumu ya Poland - Stanisław August Poniatowski.
• Mfumu ya Sweden - Gustav 3.
• Mfumu ya Denmark - Akristu 7.

Pa zaka 83, ndi mphunzitsi wodziwika anabwerera ku Paris, komwe anamwalira patapita nthawi yochepa. mtembo wake zimasungidwa mu crypt wa anthu dziko kwambiri - Pantheon.

Mfundo nthanthi ya Voltaire

Mwachidule za nzeru Voltaire akhoza kunena ichi - iye anali kutsatira za empiricism. Mu ena a zolemba zake, iye analimbikitsa chiphunzitso cha English nzeru zapamwamba Locke. Komabe, iye anali mdani wa French sukulu zakuthupi.

nthanthi nkhani yake yaikulu anafalitsa mu "Pocket Dictionary wa Philosophy." Mu nkhani imeneyi sankafuna chomwe ndi chipembedzo. Voltaire inachokera pa chidziwitso sayansi nthawi yake.

Voltaire ndi maganizo zoyambirira za munthu yafupika chakuti aliyense ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu:

• ufulu;
• chitetezo;
• kufanana;
• katundu.

Komabe, ufulu ayenera kutetezedwa ndi malamulo zabwino chifukwa "anthu anakwiya kwambiri." Komabe, malamulo ambiri izi nzeru zapamwamba mtundu anavomereza kuti sichoyenera.

Umoyo-nthanthi maganizo

Ganizo yaikulu ya Voltaire mu malingaliro chikhalidwe yafupika zosowa lochitira anthu. Mu maganizo ake, ayenera zigwirizana olemera, ophunzira ndi amene akuyenera kugwira ntchito kwa iwo. Iye anakhulupirira kuti anthu ntchito mlingo chimene, chifukwa maganizo awo angawononge zonse.

Voltaire anali adherent wa absolutism otsalira. Mpaka mapeto a moyo wake anali monarchist. Malinga ndi iye, mfumu tiyenera kudalira mbali ŵakusanga wa anthu mu nkhope ya luntha ndi nzeru ena.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu za chikhulupiriro

Ganizo yaikulu ya Voltaire, kuli Mulungu yafupika chakuti iye ndi mtundu wa injiniya amene anatulukira, analenga ndi kupitirizabe kugwirizana dongosolo la chilengedwe.

Voltaire anali ndi kulibe Mulungu. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti: "Ngati Mulungu kulibe, icho akanayenera anatulukira." Izi ndi zomveka wokhalapo wapamwamba anapereka wamuyaya komanso zofunikira. Komabe, udindo wa nthanthi ndi kuti mutsimikize kuti mphamvu ya Mulungu kuchita osati mwa chikhulupiriro, koma ndi kufufuza wololera.

Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti chikhulupiriro si oyenera kuululira linakhalapo. Inamangidwa pa zikhulupiriro ndi zinthu zambiri zosiyansiyana. Choonadi okha mbali iyi ndi kulambira Mulungu ndi malamulo ake. Malinga ndi Voltaire, kulibe Mulungu, ngati theism, deism zikusiyana absurdity ake.

Political ndi malamulo maganizo a Voltaire

Wafilosofi chachikulu sichinayambe amasiya wapadera ndondomeko ntchito ndi lamulo. Komabe, maganizo andale ndi malamulo a Voltaire kulandira chithandizo chapadera. maganizo ake onse pa dziko la lamulo, lamulo anaika mu ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Mu prose izo likukwaniritsa mtima wotsutsana wa mwini, amene akuseka ndi amakana maziko maganizo a mtundu ang'onoang'ono. ntchito ndi zinapatsira ndi mzimu wa ufulu, kulolerana ndi anthu.

zowoneka chachikulu

Chifukwa cha zonse zoipa chikhalidwe nzeru zapamwamba ankaona ulamuliro wa umbuli, zikhulupiriro ndi tsankho kuti kuletsedwa maganizo. Zonsezi anabwera ku mpingo ndi Chikatolika. N'chifukwa chake mu ntchito yake wophunzitsa asamenyana na ansembe, kuzunza kwa chipembedzo ndi tsankho.

Last, mbewu mpingo, amapha ufulu wa chikumbumtima ndi mawu. Ichi ndi wopatsa moyo kuyambira ufulu uliwonse. Choncho Voltaire sanakane zoti kuli Mulungu ndi kufunika chipembedzo.

Ganizo yaikulu ya Voltaire sanali demokalase. Chenicheni sichikanayankha antchito wamba. Wafilosofi sankaona anthu a ntchito yadzaoneni, choncho lingaliro ake sanawatengere iwo ku nkhani. Komanso, koposa zonse akhagopa anthu. Izi Voltaire ndi malingaliro ake ndale wosiyana ndi anthu ena a nthawi.

Kuyanjana pakathi pa anthu adadziwa yekha m'njira ndale ndi malamulo. Anthu onse ayenera kukhala nzika ndi ufulu wofanana amadalira malamulo ndi kutetezedwa ndi iwo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye ankakhulupirira kuti malo a munthu pakati pa anthu ayenera zimadalira lili chuma. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu kuti azivota poyerekezera ndi zabwino anthu akhale eni okha, koma si anthu onse wamba.

Ngati khoti, Voltaire kulimbikitsa mayeso chilungamo, amene maloya adzakhala nawo. Wozunzikirapo sanamvere ndipo ankafuna kutaya iwo.

Kumbali ya nzeru zapamwamba maboma anali wothandiza mafumu mtheradi, ndi wolamulira ŵakusanga mutu. Komabe, iye ankakonda kuchita boma la ku England. Constitutional lachifumu ndipo pamaso pa magulu awiri amene amatsatira akutiakuti, adzalemekezedwa Voltaire.

Monga mfundo anthu, woganiza analenga zamoyo wake ndale. Komabe, maganizo malamulo a Voltaire chinabweretsa chitukuko zina za ziphunzitso za ndale ndi malamulo. malingaliro Voltaire a Pamlingo wamkulu kapena wamng'ono, atagonjetsa mu maganizo onse a French Choonadi.

kulimbikitsa

Vuto Voltaire sankalemekeza ntchito ya bambo ake. Komabe, akadali zogwirizana miyoyo yawo ndi mlandu mu zaka 1760-1770. Choncho, mu 1762, anakhala kampani kuletsa chiweruzo cha chilango cha imfa chimene loletsa Protestant Jean Calas. Iye mlandu wa kupha mwana wake. Voltaire anatha kukwaniritsa ndi sanam'peze ndi mlandu.

akuvutika ena a mazunzo andale ndi achipembedzo, amene amateteza ndi mphunzitsi anali Sirven, Comte de A Lally, chevalier de A La Barre. Political ndi malamulo maganizo a Voltaire anali kulimbana ndi Mpingo ndi tsankho ake.

Voltaire-wolemba

Mu mabuku, Voltaire chifundo lolemera m'ma 18. Iye amadziwika kwa buku lake nzeru zaumunthu, ntchito kwambiri, ndakatulo. The peculiarity ntchito zake m'njira yosavuta ndi Kufikika, aphoristic, Zotengera.

Zopeka anali kwa mwini si mapeto palokha, koma njira. Mothandizidwa ndi iye akulimbikitsa maganizo ake, kuti zionetsero potsutsana ndi atsogoleri ndi autocracy, kulalikira kulolerana ndi ufulu wa anthu.

sewero

Pa moyo wa wolemba ndipo adalemba 28 mavuto chakale, Pakati pa kaŵirikaŵiri olekanitsidwa, "Oedipus", "Zaire," "Kaisara," "ana amasiye Chinese" ndi ena. Iye akhala anavutika mkubwela kwa seweroli, koma mapeto ake anakhala wosanganiza pamodzi ndi zomvetsa chisoni ndi azithunzithunzi.

Mu mavuto atsopano bourgeois moyo maganizo andale ndi malamulo a Voltaire zasintha za zisudzo, iye anatsegula chitseko kwa magulu onse a sewero. Iye anazindikira kuti anthu sangavutike kuuzira maganizo awo ndi thandizo la zilembo kuchokera makalasi m'munsi. wolemba anabweretsa siteji munda, msilikali, mtsikana yosavuta, kulankhula ndi mavuto omwe ali pafupi kwambiri anthu. Iwo anachititsa chidwi amphamvu ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo ndi wolemba. Izi masewero bourgeois monga "Nanin" "Chinthu", "ufulu Yehova."

Voltaire laibulale

Atamwalira nzeru zapamwamba chidwi laibulale wake Ekaterina 2, amene wolingana. Russian Mfumukazi apatsidwa kanthu kwa mtumiki wake, amene takambirana zonse ndi wolowa nyumba a Voltaire. Mu mavuto amenewa anali kupita ndi makalata munthu wa Catherine Komabe, munagulidwa ndi Beaumarchais. Atalemba iwo, ndi ena kusinthidwa, napereka pa pempho la Mfumukazi.

Laibulale anatengedwa ndi chombo mu 1779. Pamafunikanso 6814 mabuku ndi 37 inalembedwa. Poyamba izo kuyikidwa mu Hermitage. Mu ulamuliro wa Nicholas 1, kupeza laibulale Anatseka. Amadziwika kuti A. S. Pushkin anali kugwira naye pa dongosolo wapadera wa mfumu, pamene analemba "The History of Peter".

Mu 1861, Alexander 2 analamula kulanda zinthu zonse zilipo mu Imperial Library Public ku St. Petersburg.

Mabuku muli notsi patokha Voltaire. Oterewa nkhani osiyana kafukufuku. Voltaire, maganizo ndale, monga onse a moyo, kukopa komabe anthu ambiri anzeru, olemba asayansi ndale ndi azambiriyakale, anali chidwi kwambiri munthu. Chidwi Munthu wake ndi ntchito akalipo.