Voltaire: malingaliro ofunikira. Mfundo nthanthi ya Voltaire

Makumi awiri oyamba mu November 1694 ku Paris mu banja mwana boma. The mnyamata dzina lake François-Mari Arue (cholembera dzina - Voltaire). Iye anaphunzitsidwa pa koleji wachikatolika. Banja lonse anafuna Voltaire ntchito malamulo, koma anayamba kulemba. Francois adalipo Zotengera Komabe, zokonda zake zinali ovomerezedwa ndi kufufuza, chifukwa iye anali mlendo kawirikawiri ndende chifukwa cha ndakatulo yake.

Ufulu anali Voltaire, maganizo ndi malingaliro ankatengedwa molimba mtima ndi kufika. Mu nkhani, Iye adalowa monga wotchuka nzeru zapamwamba, wolemba, wolemba ndakatulo womenya ndi obscurantism, zotentheka, exposer wa Mpingo wa Katolika.

Voltaire wochotsedwa ku France ndi zaka zambiri mu England, pamene iye anapanga mumtima mwake. Pamene iye anabwerera kudziko lakwawo, analemba "nthanthi Letters", motero atatchuka. Tsopano ambiri sadziwa amene Voltaire. Maganizo a choonadi, omwe umabwera kudzera mu ntchito zatchulidwazi, anali anayamba kudwala ndi mabuku ambiri mbiri ndi nzeru za anthu.

Francois anadzudzula dongosolo ang'onoang'ono pamaso pa rationalism. Iye ankafuna ufulu wa anthu onse. Kwambiri maganizo awa anali wolimba mtima. Iwo anamvetsetsa ndi Voltaire yekha. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za ufulu yafupika chakuti yekha amadalira malamulo, zingakhale abwino, monga nzeru zapamwamba iye ankaganiza. Komabe, sanazindikire ofanana. Voltaire ananena kuti sindiyenera kukhala wogawanika mu olemera ndi osauka, si kukwaniritsa. The bwino boma ankaona lipabliki.

Voltaire analemba onse prose ndi ndakatulo. Taganizirani analenga zabwino.

"Candide"

Dzinali anamasuliridwa kuti "zonyezimira woyera". Nkhani zolembedwa ndi kuwawa ndi Izitu n'zovutitsa, izo Voltaire akuganizira dziko chiwawa, kupusa, tsankho ndiponso chinyengo. Malo otero lowopsya la nzeru zotsutsana ndi ngwazi wake amene mtima wabwino, ndi dziko-enaake - Eldorado, kuti anali maloto, ndi chimake cha zolinga za Voltaire. Lofalitsidwa ntchito mozemba chifukwa inaletsedwa ku France. Ntchito imeneyi - mtundu wa poyankha ankhondo mu Europe ndi Ajezwiti. The kutsogolera kwa chilengedwe chake chinali Lisbon chivomezi.

"Namwali wa Orleans"

ndakatulo iyi imene linalembedwa ndi Voltaire. Mfundo zikuluzikulu (lalifupi Inde) ntchito ndi ofala lingaliro la Chatsopano nthawi. Amagwiritsa nditaona ntchito, zinapatsira ndi nzeru, chifukwa cha kukongola kwa kalembedwe kwakhudza pa pofuna kukwaniritsa ndakatulo European.

"History of Charles, Mfumu ya Sweden"

chaluso zimenezi zinalembedwa pa mafumu awiri odziwika a ku Ulaya (Peter Wamkulu ndi Charles). Labor limafotokoza kulimbana kwa iwo. Chikondi yonena za kazembe wa Mfumu Charles, ndi ngwazi ya Poltava, yowala ndi zokongola, anafotokozedwa ndi Voltaire. Wamakhalidwe ntchito chimakhudza mtima. Pa nthawi, ntchito anabweretsa kutchuka kwa Voltaire.

"Mwana wamkazi wa mfumu ya Babulo"

The ntchito pachiyambi, kumene kunali mbali ya mkombero wa nkhani ya nzeru zapamwamba wa. Ganizo ili: munthu wobadwa kuti akhale osangalala, koma moyo ndi zovuta, chifukwa iye ayenera kumva kuwawa.

Voltaire: mfundo zikuluzikulu mwachidule za ankaonera Mulungu

Wafilosofi ntchito anapatsidwa malo apadera a chipembedzo. Mulungu, iye anaimira malingaliro, amene ali pansi pa malamulo a chilengedwe. Voltaire sikutanthauza umboni wa kukhalako kwa Wamphamvuyonse. Iye analemba kuti: "Only wamisala angatsutse kuti kuli Mulungu, chifukwa iye amakhulupirira mu kukhalapo kwake. ' Wafilosofi wovuta dziko lonse chinapangidwa palokha, popanda lingaliro lililonse kapena cholinga. Iye sankakayikira kuti, maganizo a anthu akutsimikizira kuti Mulungu alipo amene watipatsa kuganiza.

malingaliro Voltaire ndi nthanthi za chipembedzo ndi chiyembekezo choti ndiponso zotsutsana, iwo ndi chikhulupiriro akhungu kuposa chifukwa. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa kutsimikizira kuti kuli Mulungu, ngati inu kulemba kuti sayenera litatsimikizika? Iye ananenanso kuti Mulungu analenga dziko lapansi ndi kanthu, ndipo zikuoneka, akodwa mu mfundo zawo, kunena kuti Mulungu ndi vuto kulibe pamaziko a chikhalidwe cha zinthu.

Wafilosofi m'mabuku ake amatiuza kuti palibe sukulu ndipo palibe mfundo sizipanga iye kukayikira chikhulupiriro. Ndicho chimene anali Voltaire wopembedza. Mfundo zikuluzikulu mu dera la chipembedzo yophika pansi chakuti zoopsa kwambiri otentheka achikunja, chifukwa yotsirizira si mpweya "mikangano wamagazi." Voltaire wakhala chikhulupiriro, koma kukayikira chipembedzo, chifukwa yekha nawo iwo. Achikunja, kwakukulukulu - akatswiri wopulupudza kukana chipembedzo amene anayamba chifukwa cha anthu amene kusiya izo, amagwiritsa alibe chikhulupiriro mwa zolinga zabwino uweme.

Mu zolemba zake, Voltaire zifukwa zoti kulibe Mulungu, ngakhale limati chimawononga ukoma. Nzeru za kuonetsetsa kuti anthu osakhulupirira asayansi ankapitako mosangalala kwambiri, motsogozedwa yekha ndi lamulo ndi makhalidwe abwino, osati otentheka amene anakantha misala.

Mind amakhalabe achikunja, chifukwa mosatsata otentheka. Ndi luso munthu aziganiza wakhala anayimira Voltaire mu malo oyamba. Choncho kulibe Mulungu nzeru zapamwamba zikugwirizana ndi zoipa wamng'ono, pamene wokhulupirika kwa Mulungu, koma kuti asayambe maganizo a anthu. "Ngati Mulungu anali, iwo ayenera inatulukiridwa" - monga Voltaire anati, mwachidule mfundo imeneyi imasonyeza malo nzeru zapamwamba, zonse tiyenera kukhulupirira.

Mfundo za chiyambi cha dziko

Voltaire chuma si choncho m'lingaliro loona. chakuti nzeru zapamwamba pang'ono chabe alekanitsa lingaliro ili. Voltaire ntchito zake amayesa kusinkhasinkha za nkhaniyo ndi zija za muyaya, amene chikugwirizana ndi maganizo a materialists, koma osati mbali zonse za ziphunzitso zawo Francois-Marie magawo. nkhani yaikulu, iye saganizira, monga wolengedwa ndi Mulungu, koma malo opanda kanthu koyenera kuti kuli Mulungu.

Voltaire ogwidwawo ladzala ndi nzeru ( "Dziko amalire, ngati pali malo opanda kanthu"), mopitirira ananena motere: "Choncho, vuto anali kukhalapo pachifukwa chilichonse."

Mwa palibe chimachitika (Voltaire). Quotes asalole izi kuganiza. Malinga ndi maganizo a nzeru zapamwamba, ndi inert kanthu, chifukwa Mulungu yemwe amachititsa izo. Mfundo imeneyi inali umboni wakuti kuli Mulungu.

Maganizo Voltaire (mwachidule) maweruzo ake za moyo

Wafilosofi ndi nkhani zimenezi nawo malingaliro a materialists. Voltaire anakana kuti anthu amapangidwa ndi mabungwe awiri - mzimu ndi kanthu, amene chikugwirizana ndi mzake kokha mwa chifuniro cha Mulungu. Wafilosofi ankakhulupirira kuti maganizo ndi udindo thupi, osati moyo Choncho, wachivundi lomaliza. "Kutha kumva, kukumbukira maloto - ndiponso ndi otchedwa moyo" - chidwi kwambiri Voltaire anati. Anagwiranso iye chidwi, ndipo pamwamba pawo ndi zothandiza.

Kodi Mzimu wa imfa

Moyo wa nzeru zapamwamba alibe dongosolo zakuthupi. Zimenezi izo anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti ife sindikuganiza nthawi (mwachitsanzo, pamene ife kugona). Iye sanali kukhulupirira kwa miyoyo. Ndipotu, ngati izi zinali choncho, ndiye, ndi emigrant, mzimu akhoza kupulumutsa onse anapeza nzeru, maganizo ndi izi sizikuchitika. Koma nzeru zapamwamba litsimikizira kuti moyo umapatsidwa kwa ife ndi Mulungu, monga thupi. Choyamba, mu maganizo ake, imfa (kuti iye sanatero).

kaya mzimu chuma

Kodi Voltaire analemba za nkhani imeneyi? Maganizo - kanthu, chifukwa iwo alibe katundu yofanana ndi iyo Mwachitsanzo, sindiyenera kukhala wogawanika.

maganizo

Kumverera kwa nzeru zapamwamba zofunika kwambiri. Voltaire analemba kuti nzeru ndi maganizo tilandira kwa dziko lakunja, ndi kutithandiza mu kuti akuzindikira. Munthu alibe mfundo titadziwa ndi malingaliro. Kumvetsa za dziko chofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu angapo, Voltaire ankaganiza choncho. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za nzeru zachokera podziwa kuti analipo. François anaphunzira mmene maganizo, kuganiza ndondomeko. Ambiri sapita ndinaganiza za nkhani zimenezi. Voltaire akuyesera osati kufotokoza, komanso kumvetsa akamanena za limagwirira cha chiyambi cha maganizo ndi malingaliro.

M'mbuyo pa moyo, mfundo ndi dongosolo la pokhala chidwi ndi Voltaire, anakakamizika kulidziwa bwino m'madera amenewa. Malingaliro a anthu zinali zotsogola kwambiri panthawi imene iye anabadwa. Wafilosofi ankakhulupirira kuti moyo ndi wopatsidwa ndi Mulungu zowawa ndi zokondweretsa. Zochita za anthu wotsogozedwa ndi chizolowezi. Kuganizira zochita zawo amakonda pang'ono, ndipo iwo amachita izo mu "Nthawi yapadera". zochita zambiri zimene zimaoneka chifukwa cha maganizo ndi maphunziro, nthawi zambiri okha achibadwidwe kwa anthu. Anthu Subconsciously chofuna zosangalatsa, koma, ndithudi, amene akufunafuna kusangalala ndi zobisika kwambiri. chilichonse chimene anthu Voltaire akufotokoza chikondi kusadzidalira. Komabe, ndi wachiwiri Francois samaitana M'malo mwake, asamalira ukoma wa mankhwala matenda a chikumbumtima. Iye ukugawa anthu m'magulu awiri:

- umunthu m'chikondi odzikonda okha (wathunthu chisokonezo).

- Iwo amene kudzimana zinthu zawo chifukwa cha anthu.

Munthu isiyana ndi nyama ali ndi moyo potsatira nzeru komanso makhalidwe abwino, chifundo, malamulo. maganizo oti zinalengedwa ndi Voltaire.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu za nzeru ndi yosavuta. Anthu sangakhale popanda malamulo, chifukwa popanda kuopa chilango, anthu wopanda lingaliro labwino ndiponso ku prehistory. Chikhulupiriro nzeru zapamwamba akadali tikunena komanso ufulu kuchita kanthu pokana milandu chinsinsi, ndipo chikumbumtima chingaimitse iwo, chifukwa ndi mtetezi yakumwamba ya izo sangathawe. Voltaire nthawi zonse anali ndi lingaliro la chikhulupiriro ndi chipembedzo, popanda poyamba analibe aliko wa anthu onse.

Maganizo pa Board Management ndi

Izo zimachitika kuti malamulo sali angwiro, ndipo kazembeyo sanali kuchita zomwe, ndipo sachita chifuniro cha anthu. Ndiye amachititsa anthu, chifukwa izo walola kuti zichitike. Kulambira Mulungu m'chifanizo cha mfumu Voltaire ankaona opusa, zimene zinali pa nthawi imeneyo mosavuta. The nzeru zapamwamba ananena kuti iye sangakhoze cholengedwa cha Ambuye atamandike mofanana ndi Mlengi.

Ndicho chimene anali Voltaire. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za munthu uyu, kumene, motsogoleredwa chitukuko cha dziko.