Franz Josef Land. Franz Josef Land - Island. Franz Josef Land - maulendo

Franz Josef, mmene chilumba (a okwana 192) ndi malo okwana mamita lalikulu 16.134. Km, lili Ocean Arctic. Mbali yaikulu ya dera la Arctic mbali ya chigawo cha Region Arkhangelsk Primorsky. Mwachirengedwe, ndi mbali 3 kwambiri: kum'mawa, pakati komanso kumadzulo. Woyamba zikuphatikizapo zilumba Wilczek Land (2 sq. M. Km) ndi Gream Bell (1.7 sq. M. Km). Iwo anasiyanitsidwa ndi otsala a ku Austria Khwalala. Yaikulu ndi nambala ya gulu la zilumba ili m'chigawo chapakati. Iye amatsuka British Channel ndi Khwalala la Austria. Kapangidwe ka dera kumadzulo zikuphatikizapo chilumba waukulu wa mgwirizano - George Land dera 2.9 Nchito zikwi sq M.. Km. Franz Joseph kwakukulukulu ali mbalambanda, yachonde ngati pamwamba. kutalika kwake avareji 400-490 mamita ndi chimbuzi - mamita 620.

kudziwika

Kuli gulu la zilumba kum'mawa kwa Spitsbergen ananeneratu osati umodzi waukulu Russian wasayansi, choyamba Lomonosov, ndi kumbuyo kwake Schilling ndi Kropotkin. Yotsirizira mu 1871, anapereka kwa Russian Geographical Society ulendo dongosolo la kuphunzira, koma boma anakana kuonetsetsa ndalama. The zilumba za Franz Josef Land anatulukira kokha mwa ngozi. Izi zinachitika pamene ulendo Austria ndi Hungary molamulidwa ndi Yu samalipira ndi Karl Weyprecht anapita mu 1872 kukhala yakumpoto. Komabe, sitima anakodwera ndi ayezi, ndipo pang'onopang'ono izo anatchula za kumadzulo kwa Dziko Latsopano. Mu 1873, August 30, bwalo "asilikali Tegetgoff" nakocheza kugombe la dziko osadziwika. Pa nthawi yomweyo, wolipira ndi Weyprecht anali kafukufuku kumalire ake a kumpoto ndi kum'mwera. Izi zisanachitike, komwe ndi Franz Josef Land, izo sizinali kudziwika kwa aliyense. Mu April 1874 samalipira anatha kukwaniritsa mfundo ndi ndondomeko 82 ° '5 kumpoto kumpoto. Ndipo anapezanso kuyambirira chiwembu zilumba. Pa nthawi imeneyo, akatswiri ankaganiza kuti tichipeza angapo malo lalikulu. dziko Open wapatsidwa dzina anatchuka kwambiri Franz Joseph Ine, Mfumu ya Austria.

kuloŵerera

Mu 1873 samalipira ndi Weyprecht anali ankafufuza kum'mwera a gawo, ndipo m'chaka cha 1874 anawoloka izo kudutsa kuchokera kum'mwera mpaka kumpoto pa sleds sled. Ndiye kunali koyamba chifaniziro zojambula za Franz Josef Land. Map, monga kunapezeka ina, anali kwambiri zolakwa. Mu 1881-1882 gg. lotseguka malo pa yatchi "Eira" anapita Scot B. L. Smit. Ndipo mu zaka 1895-1897. English malo, Frederick Jackson, pakhala Kafukufuku ambiri yofunika ya kum'mwera chakumadzulo, chapakati ndi kum'mwera m'madera a chigwirizano. Patapita gulu wapangidwa m'zilumba zambiri kuposa kuyembekezera. Komabe, iwo anali zochepa kwambiri kukula poyerekeza ndi kulemba pa wolipira mapu.

Padziko nthawi yomweyo, mbali kumpoto-kum'mawa ndi pakati pa chilumbachi anapita Nansen ndi Johansen. Mu June 1896 Norway Nansen mwangozi anapeza za. Northbrook yozizira Frederika Dzheksona. M'chaka cha 1901 kwa gombe la kum'mwera kumadzulo ndi kum'mwera wa chisumbucho, anapita ndi kumulondolera Kupenda awo wotsatila asilikali S. O. Makarov. Pa pafupifupi kukula kwa gawo lonse unakhazikitsidwa. Ndiye, mu 1901-1902 gg. ntchito kafukufuku anapitiriza asayansi American Baldwin ndi Ziegler. Adawatsata kuchokera 1903 mpaka 1905. ndi cholinga kuwafika Pole ndi ulendo watsopano unapangidwa bungwe pa ayezi. Iwo akutsogozedwa ndi Ziegler ndi mbale. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1913 mpaka 1914-TH mu Bay Chete pachilumbachi Hooker anatsogolera gulu ntchito geographers G. Ya. Sedova. M'chaka cha 1914 wotsalayo mamembala lomaliza la ulendo Brusilov - Albanov ndi Conrad - anali kupita m'munsi chakale Jackson-Harmsworth. Inali pa Cape Flora pa. Northbrook. geographers Pali anapulumutsidwa-zapamwamba bwalo "St. Fock".

Inalowa kuti Russia ndi chitukuko zina

Mu 1914, kukafunafuna Gulu G. Ya. Sedova ulendo anapita ku chilumba pa chiyambi cha Islyamova. Iye ananena m'dera mbali ya m'dziko la Russia ndi anakweza mbendera. Mu 1929, mu Bay Kanthu pa. Hooker Soviet asayansi siteshoni kafukufuku woyamba linatsegulidwa. Zikomo kwa iye, Franz Josef Land Panopo pachaka kuvomereza Soviet kumalo ozizira Maulendo. Mu 50 ntchentche. mzaka zana makumi awiri anali reorganized magulu Rada asilikali chitetezo. Mmodzi wa iwo anatenga Franz Josef Land. M'munsi asilikali anali pafupi. Gream Bell. Apa izo aikidwa 30 osiyana Rada private aviakomendatura kampani. Last serviced ayezi airfield. Koma uwu si chuma chonse njira pa kutaya Franz Josef Land. Alexandra Island anatenga 31-TH osiyana Rada kampani ya "Nugarskaya". mayunitsi a kwambiri kumpoto mayunitsi lankhondo la Soviet Union. Kumayambiriro 90 ntchentche. iwo inathetsedwa. Mu 2008, mu njira ya kafukufuku Chombo nyukiliya lotchedwa "Yamal" anapezeka wosiyana za. Northbrook mbali ya dziko. Polemekeza mkulu wa Arctic izo unatchedwa Yuri Kuchiev. September 10, 2012 ulendo AARI pa Chombo nyukiliya "Russia" linatsegulidwa mbali ina wapadera wa. Northbrook.

anthu

Pa Franz Josef Land ndi mizinda yambiri palibe nzika. Kapangidwe zosakhalitsa anthu zikuphatikizapo FSB malire alonda, ndodo ya okwerera kafukufuku. Nthawi palinso moyo mbali ya asilikali mpweya chitetezo. Akamagwira chida motetezera madera kumpoto Russian. Malinga ndi kukanikizana malipoti mu 2005 ku dera la pachilumba Hayes anatsegula poipa kwambiri positi ofesi "Arkhangelsk 163 100". nthawi yake ntchito ayenera kukhala linali ora 1, 10 11 maola Lachiwiri mpaka Lachisanu. Monga wa September 2013, pansi pa chizindikiro 163100 kutchulidwa positi ofesi "Angelo" (a. Hayes, Franz Josef Land). ndandanda ntchito yake - kuchokera maola 10 kuti 11 Lachitatu lililonse.

oundana

Anabisa ambiri padziko zilumba (87%). Mphamvu zimasiyanasiyana 100 mpaka 500 m. Kuchokera kutsika kwa namkholowa nyanja ayezi anapanga kenako. Mokulirapo atengeke icing kumadera a kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa dera lonse. Latsopano formations amaoneka okha pa nsonga za mapepala ayezi. Pankhaniyi, malinga ndi zotsatira za maphunziro aphimba Franz Josef Land mofulumira kwambiri m'mbuyo. Ngati anati mlingo wa kwe sizinasinthe, m'dera glacier zaka 300 zikhoza kutha mpaka kalekale.

Franz Josef Land. Hot, ozizira?

Mu mmene kufala Islands gulu kozizira nyengo. pafupifupi pachaka kutentha ali pafupi. Rudolf ukufika -12 ° C. Mu July, mu Bay Islands Matama Hooker mpweya umafunda kwa -1,2 ° C, ndi pachilumba cha Hayes, kumene Observatory. Krenkel (kumpoto kwenikweni siteshoni nyengo mu dziko), - kuti + 1,6 ° C. Kutentha ambiri January pafupifupi -24 ° C ndi otsika ufikira kwa -52 ° C. Peak gusts mphepo - 40 m / gawo. akutsikira ku avareji mamilimita 250 550 chaka The mpweya zone kudzikundikira mapepala ayezi.

The nyama ndi zomera za Arctic

The zomera chivundikiro chimakhala chogwidwa zilumba ndere ndi lichens. Palinso grits, msondodzi kumalo ozizira, saxifrage ndi kozizira poppy. Mwa nyama munakwanisa kuona chimbalangondo kumalo ozizira. Zokayikitsa kuti nkhandwe woyera. Madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi anthu walrus ndi, zeze chisindikizo, beluga, narwhal, ringed chisindikizo ndi chisindikizo bearded. Watanthauzo awa akuimira mu zomera za zilumba mbalame - pali mitundu 26 yokha ya mapiko. Pakati pawo, scrapers, wakuda miyendo kittiwake, Guillemot, woyera gull auks pang'ono, Meya neri Al. M'chaka, iwo kupanga madera mbalame.

maulendo Kutsogoleredwa ku North Pole

Kodi zimenezo ndi sitima ku zilumba za Franz Josef Land? Tours ku Arctic lingathe kukopedwa pa mtengo wa 875 076 rubles. ($ 24,995). Inde, mtengo kwambiri! Chilolezo zingaphatikizepo oyendayenda ndi ulendo timu mu malo "Franz Josef Land". Mosakayikira, ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zosankha ambiri odabwitsa komanso apamwamba tchuthi. Pulogalamu ulendo amapereka kukwaniritsa "pamwamba pa dziko" - madigiri 90. yakumadzulo. pa bolodi dziko wamphamvu kwambiri nyukiliya zoyendetsedwa Chombo "Zaka 50 Chigonjetso". Kugonjetsedwa thambo achisanu ya Arctic umatha ndi kanyenya pa ayezi chivundikiro, zosangalatsa, "Padziko Lonse" wozungulira kuvina ndi kusambira mu Ocean Arctic. Pobwerera, anzake adzapatsidwa mwayi maulendo ndege pa zilumba za zilumba, ndi panorama zosaneneka amene kwenikweni adzakwanilitse kukongola kwake. Mailosi 540 ku North Pole ndi malo a nambala yaikulu zisindikizo, mbalame kozizira, walruses ndi zimbalangondo. Pamene akukonzekera ulendo alendo ayenera kuganizira mfundo yakuti ulendo zikuchitika kutali, pang'ono odziwika ndi lakutali lonse. Chifukwa, pulogalamu njira zitha kuwoneka monga ambiri, exploratory dongosolo ulendo, chifukwa mchikakamizo cha zinthu zina monga zinthu ayezi, nyengo ndi ena. Iye akhoza kusintha. Malinga ndi chizolowezi zaka khumi, palibe ulendo ulendo si kubwereza chimodzimodzi yapita ku Arctic. Khalidwe la North Pole awaonera yake. Izi ndi peculiarity ndi kulunjika wa cruises ulendo.

Total dongosolo kuyenda

1 tsiku

Kufika mu Murmansk, ankafika pa ayezi. Pa doko pokonzekera pamene gulu la apaulendo adzakhala kukwera, yaima dziko wamphamvu kwambiri Chombo nyukiliya ndi lyric yakuti "Zaka 50 Chigonjetso". Patapita nthawi chombo adzasiya kumtunda ndi kupita kukakumana ndi zokumana latsopano, akudutsa pa Kola Bay.

tsiku 2

Mu Nyanja Barents. Mbali yaikulu iliyonse ulendo - yokonza okwera ku mbali ya ulendo yachilendo. Mamembala a gulu bungwe anaziphunzitsa alendo ndi malamulo chitetezo pa bolodi chotengera ndi ndege, komanso kukuuzani mokoma onse obwera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ankafika ku Arctic.

tsiku 3-5

A molunjika ku Arctic. Atatu amatsata odzazidwa tsiku m'chombocho, anthu m'basimo adzakhala tiyanjane ndi mfundo chidwi mbiri ndi chikhalidwe chodabwitsa m'derali.

tsiku 6

Kufika pa North Pole. Pa njira kopita kapitawo wanu m'mbuyo ayendetsa enieni ndithu Chombo kuti ndondomeko ya wokondedwa - 90 ° kumpoto kumpoto. Pambuyo kukatseka chombo tchuthi tsika pa abwino ayezi floe ndi khalidwe akhala mwambo chikhalidwe "wozungulira ulendo dziko." Pamakhala mwambo wina chidwi - adzadzipereka apaulendo manotsi, amene ndiye anaikidwa kapisozi zitsulo ndi agwera mu kuya kwa nyanja Arctic.

tsiku 7-9

Kopita - Franz Josef Land. Ngakhale kuti cholinga chachikulu cha ulendo ali kale, apaulendo adzakhala kuyembekezera zambiri zochitika chidwi kwambiri. The nyumba bwino anasunga kulola kuyan'ana zochitika zofunika kwambiri pa mbiri zimene zinachitika chilumbachi, zaka zambiri zapitazo. Mwa iwo Dziwani pa nyumba ya. Bell, anamanga mu 1881 ndi Lee Smith ulendo ophunzira, ndi mabwinja a msasa zakale za. Northbrook. Kumeneko mu 1896 panali msonkhano kwambiri Nansen ndi Jackson. Komanso ofunika kukacheza ndi Cape la Norway, kumene ambiri miyezi 7 anatsogolera kafukufuku migwirizano F. Nansen ndi Johansen; kulemekeza pokumbukira wasayansi G. Ya. Sedova, amene fano anakhala zinachitika khalidwe waukulu pamene kulenga buku "atsogoleri awiri" Kaverina. Pristine thambo la Arctic ndi m'maganizo a zokongola amapereka alendo zake Franz Josef Land. Photos anatengedwa limeneli, mosasintha tisangalatse ndi apadera ndi kukongola. Oundana chokhala zimaphala mwezi, pamodzi ndi makalapeti Mipikisano wachikuda wa ndere ndi yowala mitundu poppies kulenga zodabwitsa, akuchitiridwa zinkakhalira mogwirizana. Mokakamizidwa mbali ya malo Arctic komanso masauzande a rookeries ndi walrus rookeries, nadzaza m'mphepete mwa nyanja kaja Franz Josef Land zilumba. Photo pa chifuwa cha mtundu kumalo ozizira amalola kugwila mphindi lofunika kwambiri pa moyo ndi kusunga m'chikumbumtima kwa zaka zambiri.

tsiku 10-11

Mu Nyanja Barents. Ndi nthawi yoti tibwerere kwa mzinda wa Murmansk. Pobwerera, woyendetsa adzakhala kuitana apaulendo chakudya pa nyumba yake. Pali Anthu adzatha kumasuka ku kampani ya chidwi ndi kusangalatsa kumvetsera nkhani zoona za utumiki pa Chombo kuchokera ku gwero.

Kodi m'gulu la mtengo okwana Ulendowu

• Kuyenda mkati mwa Chombo "Zaka 50 Chigonjetso".
• Maulendo maulendo gulu. Izi zikuphatikizapo maulendo onse m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kupita ku malo a kufunika m'mbiri komanso zinthu zina mu ndege za helikoputala.
• Maulendo pa zodiacs (by chigamulo cha mtsogoleri wa maulendowa chifukwa zikuipiraipirabe nyengo akhoza waived).
• Program nkhani za kukonzekera naturalists odziwika ndi akatswiri a m'chigawochi.
• Anayi chakudya (kuphatikizapo mitanda atsopano masana); khofi ndi kuwala zokhwasula-khwasula tsiku lonse; kumwa madzi.
• Nsapato za jombo renti kwa nthaŵi ya sitima ya.
• zipangizo pazankhani kwa review ndi ulendo tsikulo ndi zithunzi pa DVD.
• Wotumizira ndi ndalama luso.
• jekete Special kwa ulendo.
• inshuwalansi Medical ndi ngozi pa bolodi.