Duns Scot: chofunika kwambiri cha malingaliro

Ioann Duns Skot anali mmodzi wa azamulungu kwambiri Francis. Anakhazikitsa chiphunzitso amatchedwa "scotism" ndi mwapadera scholasticism. Duns anali wafilosofi ndi logician, lotchedwa "Doctor Subtilis" - dzina lakuti iye anali kupereka kwa mwaluso, unobtrusive kusanganikirana worldviews osiyana ndi nzeru zaumunthu chiphunzitso chomwecho. Mosiyana ndi anzeru ena otchuka Zapakati, kuphatikizapo William wa Ockham ndi Thomas Aquinas, Scotus unachitikira zolimbitsa voluntarism. Ambiri a maganizo ake akhala akuthandiza kwambiri pa tsogolo la nzeru ndi zamulungu, ndi zifukwa kuli Mulungu kuphunzira ndi ofufuza a zipembedzo ndipo tsopano.

moyo

Palibe amene akudziwa zenizeni pamene Ioann Duns Skot anabadwa, koma mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti dzina lake, iye afunika Duns mzinda womwewo, yomwe ili pafupi ndi malire Scotland ndi ku England. Ngati ambiri nzeru zapamwamba anzake kum'patsa dzina lakuti "ng'ombe" kutanthauza "The Scotland". Wake woikidwa March 17, 1291. Popeza kuti wansembe wodzipereka kwa ulemerero wa gulu la anthu ena kumapeto kwa 1290, tikhoza kuganiza kuti Duns Scotus anabadwa mu kota woyamba wa 1266 ndipo anakhala churchman yomweyo pamene anakwanitsa zaka malamulo. Mu unyamata wake, nzeru zapamwamba tsogolo ndi wazamulungu limodzi ndi Franciscans anamutumiza Oxford m'ma 1288. Pa chiyambi cha chinayi m'ma woganiza ndinali ku Oxford, kuyambira pakati pa zaka 1300 ndi 1301, iye anakhala nawo pa zokambirana wotchuka zamulungu - pomwepo, mwamsanga pamene Inde nkhani za pa "mawu". Komabe, iye sanali yovomerezeka Oxford monga mphunzitsi okhazikika, monga abbot m'dera anatumiza zingamuthandize chithunzi mu yapamwamba University of Paris, kumene lectured kachiwiri pa "mawu".

Duns Scotus, ndi nzeru zomwe wapanga amathandiza kwambiri chikhalidwe dziko, koma sadathe kumaliza maphunziro ake Paris chifukwa cha nkhondo kupitiriza pakati Papa Bonifesi VIII ndi French Mfumu Philip Fair. Mu June 1301 ndi nthumwi za mfumu amakayikira aliyense mu French Francis kunyumba, kulekanitsa royalists ku Papists. Amene anathandiza Vatican, anamuuza kuti achoke France kwa masiku atatu. Duns Scotus ankhaimilira papists, ndi chifukwa chakuti iye anakakamizidwa kuchoka m'dzikolo, koma nzeru zapamwamba anabwerera ku Paris mu chaka cha 1304, pamene Bonifesi anafa, ndipo m'malo ndi latsopano Papa Benedict wa XI, anakwanitsa kupeza chinenero mfumu. Sizikudziwika pamene Duns zaka zambiri za ukapolo amakakamizidwa; mbiri yakale amati iye anabwerera kuphunzitsa pa Oxford. Kwa kanthawi ndi wodziwika anakhala ndi lectured ku Cambridge, koma munthawi sizitheka mwachindunji nthawi imeneyi.

Scott anamaliza maphunziro ake ku Paris ndipo analandira udindo wa mbuye (mutu wa koleji) padziko chiyambi cha 1305. Pa zaka zingapo zotsatira, wakhala akugwira kukambirana yaikulu pa nkhani ankaonetsetsa. Order ndiye anamutuma kuti Francis Nyumba ya Asayansi ku Cologne, kumene Duns lectured pa scholasticism. Mu 1308 nzeru zapamwamba anafa; tsiku la imfa yake mwalamulo ankaona pa November 8.

Phunziro la metaphysics

Chiphunzitso cha nzeru ndi zamulungu ndi limodzi ku zikhulupiriro ndi maganizo kuti chogwidwa nthawi ya moyo wake. Medieval imalongosola maganizo amene kufalitsa Ioann Duns Skot. Philosophy, mwachidule anafotokoza masomphenya ake a Mulungu, komanso ngati ziphunzitso za aphunzitsi Chisilamu la Avicenna ndi Averroes, makamaka chifukwa cha maudindo osiyana analemba Aristotelian "Metaphysics". Malingaliro zofunika ali motere "kukhala", "Mulungu" ndi "kanthu". Avicenna ndi Ibn Rushd, kwakhudza isanachitikepo pa chitukuko cha nzeru ankaonetsetsa Mkhristu, ndi maganizo kosiyana lotsutsa pankhaniyi. Choncho, Avicenna amakana kopanda kuti Mulungu ndiyo mfundo yaikulu metaphysics chifukwa chakuti palibe sayansi sangathe kutsimikiza kuli mutu wake; pa metaphysics yomweyo amatha kusonyeza kuti kuli Mulungu. Malinga Avicenna, sayansi amaphunzira akamanena za kukhala. Munthu m'njira inayake correlates ndi Mulungu, nkhani ndi milandu, ndi chiŵerengero izi zimathandiza kuti kuphunzira sayansi ya kukhala, zimene zikuphatikiza mu chinthu Mulungu ndi osiyana ake zinthu, komanso nkhaniyo kanthu. Ibn Rushd kenako okha pang'ono akugwirizana ndi Avicenna, kutsimikizira kuti kuphunzira kukhala akamabadwa adzatenge phunziro ake zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu makamaka osiyana ndi Mulungu. Popeza kuti sayansi, osati sayansi wolemekezeka wa metaphysics alinga kuti kuli Mulungu, sitingathe kutsimikizira mfundo yakuti nkhani ya metaphysics ndi Mulungu. Ioann Duns Skot, ndi nzeru zomwe kwakukulukulu akutsata njira ya chidziwitso cha Avicenna, amathandiza kuganiza kuti metaphysics amaphunzira zolengedwa, wapamwamba umene, mosakaika, ndiye Mulungu; Iye - yekha wangwiro wokhalapo, amene ena onse amadalira. Ndi chifukwa chake Mulungu ndi chapatsogolo mu metaphysics a dongosolo, amene mulinso chiphunzitso cha transcendental kunyezimiritsa chiwembu Aristotelian siyana. Transcendentalers - uyu pokhala khalidwe lawo la pokhala ( "umodzi", "Chabwino", "Chabwino" - mfundo imeneyi transcendental monga iwo azikhala ndi thunthu, ndipo zikuimira limodzi la matanthauzo a thunthu) ndipo chiri chonse chimene m'gulu zotsutsana wachibale ( "komaliza "ndi" wopandamalire "," zofunika "ndi" makonzedwe "). Komabe, mu chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso, Duns Scotus ananenetsa kuti aliyense chenicheni akugwa pansi pa mawu oti "chinthu" tinganene kuti monga phunziro la sayansi ya metaphysics.

universals

Medieval nzeru zachokera ntchito zawo zonse pa machitidwe ontological gulu - makamaka kachitidwe anafotokoza mu ntchito "siyana" Aristotle - kuonetsa ubale kwakukulu pakati anthu analengedwa ndi kuonetsetsa anthu sayansi za iwo. Mwachitsanzo, mungathe kudziwa Socrates komanso Plato a mitundu ya anthu amene nawonso, a mtundu wa nyama. Abulu komanso a mtundu wa nyama, koma kusiyana kwa kutha kuganizira rationally chimasiyanitsa munthu ndi nyama ina. Mtundu nyama "", pamodzi ndi magulu ena zoyenera kuti (mwachitsanzo, mtundu "zomera") amatanthauza gulu la zinthu. Zoonadi zake za izi si adatsutsana wina. nkhani wolongolola Komabe, udindo ontological wa genera awa ndi mitundu. Kodi alipo kwenikweni, kapena ekstramentalnoy ndi mfundo monga zolengedwa za maganizo a anthu? Kodi genera ndi mitundu ya anthu munthu kapena ayenera kuwachitira osiyana, mu mawu ake? Ioann Duns Skot, amene nzeru zachokera view lake la chikhalidwe ambiri, amalipira kwambiri chidwi nkhani zimenezi ankaonetsetsa. Makamaka, iye ananena kuti chikhalidwe ambiri monga "anthu" ndi "animalic" Kodi alipo (ngakhale iwo kukhala "kwambiri zochepa" mokhala anthu) ndipo kuti iwo generality okha, ndi choonadi.

chiphunzitso wapadera

N'zovuta kulandira m'gulu lingaliro limene motsogozedwa Ioann Duns Skot; makoti anasunga magwero pachiyambi ndi nkhani zimasonyeza kuti mbali zina za zenizeni (mwachitsanzo, genera ndi mitundu) maganizo ake yosakwana umodzi kachulukidwe. Choncho, nzeru zapamwamba akumufunsira ya mfundo mokomera mapeto kuti si onse mgwirizano weniweni ndi umodzi wa kuchulukitsa. Mu mfundo wamphamvu anatsindika kuti ngati zinthu zinali zosiyana, kuti onse amene ali zosiyanasiyana weniweni adzapanga zosiyanasiyana lapadera. Komabe, aliyense awiri wosiyana zinthu quantitatively osiyana ndi mzake mofanana. Zotsatira zake n'zakuti Socrates ndi kukhala osiyana ndi Plato mmene ndi osiyana akalumikidzidwa ndi zojambula. Pankhaniyi, nzeru anthu sangathe kupeza kanthu wamba pakati Socrates komanso Plato. Iwo likukhalira kuti ntchito mfundo za chilengedwe "munthu" kwa umunthu awiri, munthu amagwiritsa yosavuta yonama m'maganizo mwake. Izi mapeto chotheka zimasonyeza kuti zosiyanasiyana kachulukidwe silili, koma chifukwa pa nthawi yomweyo ali lalikulu, kotero pali ena ochepera kachulukidwe, zosiyanasiyana ndi ofanana poyerekeza umodzi kachulukidwe.

Mfundo ina inali yakuti, pakalibe nzeru, amatha kuganiza chidziwitso, malawi moto adakali kubala lawi latsopano. Ndimapanga moto ndi lawi anapanga adzakhala ndi akalumikidzidwa mgwirizano weniweni - zitheke, zomwe zikutsimikizira kuti vuto ndi chitsanzo cha causation lomveka. Awiri mitundu lawi motero amadalira chikhalidwe ambiri a nzeru ndi umodzi, kakang'ono kuposa kachulukidwe.

vuto indifferentsii

Mavuto awa mosamala kuphunzira scholastics mochedwa. Duns Scotus ankakhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe ambiri mwa iwo okha osati anthu, mayunitsi palokha, monga mgwirizano wawo zosakwana lapadera. Pankhaniyi, chikhalidwe komanso si konsekonse. Potsatira nkhani za Aristotle, Scotus akuvomereza kuti chilengedwe imalongosola mmodzi wa anthu ndipo amatanthauza zinthu zambiri. Kodi kumvetsa mfundo imeneyi ya munthu woganiza akale, Universal F ayenera kukhala osayanjanitsika, kotero kuti angatanthauze F onse akuyenda kotero kuti chilengedwe ndipo aliyense wa zanyengo osiyana anali ofanana. Mu mawu yosavuta, F chilengedwe imalongosola lililonse F munthu mofanana bwino. Scott akuvomereza kuti Mwanjira imeneyi, ngakhale chikhalidwe ambiri sangathe konsekonse, ngakhale amakhala ndi zina indifferentsii mbadwa: chikhalidwe ambiri simungakhoze kukhala ndi katundu chomwecho kwa mtundu wina wamba zokhudza mtundu winawake wa zolengedwa ndi zinthu. mfundo zofanana pang'onopang'ono akubwera scholastics onse mochedwa; Duns Scotus, Uilyam Okkam ndi anzeru ena akuyesetsa poyera kuti kuli gulu ndi zomveka.

Udindo wa nzeru

Ngakhale Scot woyamba anati kwa kusiyana universals ndi chikhalidwe ambiri, amayandikira kudzoza wotchuka mawu a Avicenna kuti kavalo - izo zangokhala kavalo. Kodi kumvetsa mawu izi Duns, ambiri chikhalidwe osayanjanitsika kwa munthu kapena chilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti Ndipotu sangaonekerenso popanda individualization ndi universalization, pa chikhalidwe chawo ambiri, si okha kapena anthu ena aliwonse. Potsatira mfundo imeneyi, Duns Scotus limafotokoza lonse ndi payekha ndi zinthu mwangozi chikhalidwe ambiri, choncho - akufunikira olungama. Maganizo amenewa ndi osiyana, scholastics onse mochedwa; Duns Scotus, Uilyam Okkam ndi ena anzeru ena ndi azamulungu kupereka mbali yofunika ku maganizo a anthu. Izo zikupanga okwana nzeru chikhalidwe konsekonse, kukakamiza ake kukhala wa gulu choncho, likukhalira kuti mwa mawu kachulukidwe, mfundo yomweyo angakhale mawu uliri anthu.

kuli Mulungu

Ngakhale kuti Mulungu si nkhani akamabadwa, izo koma akuimira cholinga cha sayansi; Metaphysics amafuna ulipodi ndi chikhalidwe chauzimu. Scott amapereka Mabaibulo angapo umboni kuti kuli winawake wanzeru kwambiri; zonse izi ofanana mu mawu a khalidwe Nkhani, kapangidwe ndi njira. Duns Scotus adalenga kovuta kwambiri kutsimikizira kuti kuli Mulungu lonse nzeru ankaonetsetsa. mfundo zake amakonzedwa mwa magawo anayi:

• Pali muzu kuti sakhudzidwa kukhala pervoitog.
• Only chikhalidwe chimodzi choyamba milandu itatu yonse.
• Natura ali woyamba mu aliyense wa kuzenga milandu, wopandamalire.
• Pali m'modzi yekha wopandamalire wokhalapo.

Kutsimikizira mfundo choyamba, atchula zimayambitsa mfundo sanali modal:

• Iwo amalenga mudzagwiritse X.

Choncho:

• X analengedwa ndi ena ake ovomerezeka ena Y.
• Kapena Y ndi muzu, kapena amalenga mtundu wa umunthu lachitatu.
• Mndandanda analengedwa ndi Mlengi sangathe mpaka kalekale.

Choncho, mndandanda umatha ndi muzu - wochita kulengedwa Munthu yemwe angathe kubala, kaya zinthu zina.

Kumbali ya modalities

Duns Scotus, amene yonena imakhala yokha ya nyengo maphunziro ndi kuphunzira mfundo izi si kuchoka mfundo za nzeru ankaonetsetsa wa Ages Middle. Bukuli lilinso Baibulo modal mfundo wake:

• N'kutheka kuti pali mwamtheradi woyamba wamphamvu causal mphamvu.
• Ngati pali akhoza sanalembedwepo chakuti mzake, ndiye, ngati A alipo, ndi palokha.
• Mwamtheradi woyamba wamphamvu causal mphamvu sangathe zimachitika ku chamoyo china.
• Choncho, mwamtheradi woyamba wamphamvu causal mphamvu palokha.

Ngati mtheradi choyambitsa kulibe, ndiye palibe kuthekera weniweni linakhalapo. Pomaliza, ngati izo ziri zoona choyamba, sikutheka amadalira zifukwa zina. Popeza pali kuthekera weniweni linakhalapo, zikutanthauza kuti alipo lokha.

Chiphunzitso cha wapadera

Duns Scotus chopereka nzeru dziko ndi yofunika kwambiri. Kamodzi wasayansi akuyamba kuwalozera m'mabuku ake kuti phunziro la metaphysics ndi kukhala ngati zimenezi, anapitiriza lingaliro, kukangana kuti mfundo yakuti ayenera bwino ikukhudzana bwanji ndi zonse zimene anaphunzira metaphysics. Ngati mawu amenewa ndi oona okha ndi gulu lina la zinthu, chinthu si umodzi anafunika kukhala kuphunzira izi sayansi nkhani inayake. Malinga Duns, kufanizira - izo zangokhala mawonekedwe pazikhala kufanana. Ngati mfundo ndi lofunikira anatsimikiza mtima zosiyanasiyana zinthu metaphysics yekha ndi chitsanzochi, sayansi sangathe umodzi.

Duns Scotus amapereka zinthu ziwiri kuzindikira za zochitika wopezeka:

• chitsimikiziro ndi negation za mfundo zofanana ndi kulemekeza kutsutsana phunziro munthu anapanga;
• mfundo zodabwitsazi angakhale pakati amatanthauza syllogism lapansi.

Mwachitsanzo, popanda kutsutsana tikhoza kunena kuti Karen anali m'gulu la jurors okha (chifukwa angakonde kupita kukhoti kuposa kulipira chindapusa), ndipo nthawi yomweyo motsutsana ndi chifuniro chake (chifukwa ndinkaona yosalipidwa pa mlingo maganizo). Pankhaniyi, kutsutsana ndi n'zosatheka, popeza maganizo "udzalankhula 'mofanana. Kwenikweni syllogism "zopanda moyo sangathe kuganiza. Ena Zitsulo zofufuzira zidazo ndikuganiza yaitali kwambiri pamaso panu kupereka zotsatira. Choncho, ena Zitsulo zofufuzira zidazo ndi zamoyo zinthu" kumayambitsa mapeto chotheka, kuyambira lingaliro la "kulingalira" ntchito kuti ndi ofanana. M'lingaliro miyambo, mawu ntchito kokha mu mzere oyamba; yachiwiri ikutchula, iye ali ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsira.

chikhalidwe

Lingaliro la ulamuliro wachilengedwe Mulungu anaika chiyambi cha positivism, ozama mu mbali zonse za chikhalidwe. Ioann Duns Skot ankakhulupirira kuti zamulungu ayenera kufotokoza nkhani maganizo a mabuku achipembedzo; iye kufufuza njira zina zatsopano kuphunzira Baibulo, zochokera ulamuliro wa chifuniro cha Mulungu. Chitsanzo ndi lingaliro waweruzidwa: khalidwe zikuyenela mfundo ndi zochita anthu amaoneka kuti woyenera kapena osayenera Mulungu wopindulitsa. malingaliro Scott ankatumikira monga kulungamitsa chiphunzitso chatsopano cha kukonzedweratu.

Wafilosofi amaganizira ndi mfundo za voluntarism - kachitidwe kuti zikutsindika kufunika kwa chifuniro cha Mulungu ndi ufulu anthu mu mafunso onse ongolankhula.

Chiphunzitso cha kutenga mimba kwachiyero

Koma zamulungu, kupambana lapadera kwambiri Duns ankaona podziteteza kwa kwachiyero CHAKUBADWA mwa Namwali Mariya. Mu Middle Ages izo zoyenera nkhaniyi mikangano zambiri za maphunzira auzimu. Nkhani zonse, Mariya akanatha kukhala namwali pa kubadwa kwa Kristu, koma malemba m'Baibulo, ofufuza sanamvetse kuthetsa vuto zotsatirazi: pokhapokha imfa ya Mpulumutsi naye anachokapo manyazi a tchimo lobadwa nalo.

nzeru ena Great zaumulungu wa mayiko Western anagawidwa m'magulu angapo, kutsutsana nkhani imeneyi. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti ngakhale Foma Akvinsky anakana zotuluka pa chiphunzitso, ngakhale ena Thomists sitili okonzeka zoti izi. Duns Scotus, nayenso anapereka mfundo zotsatirazi: Mary ankafuna chiwombolo, monga anthu onse, koma mwa ubwino wa kupachikidwa kwa Khristu, lolembedwa pamaso pa zochitika zogwirizana zinachitika, iye mbisoweka ndi manyazi a tchimo lobadwa nalo.

mfundo imeneyi wapatsidwa ndi mawu apapa a chiphunzitso cha kwachiyero CHAKUBADWA. Papa Yohane XXIII analimbikitsa kuwerenga chophunzitsa Duns Scotus patsogolo ophunzira.